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+====The standard is Util==== |
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+====First, human decision-making is governed by principles of biology and physics, denying the existence of free will and proving determinism. ==== |
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+**Coyne 12 **(Professor, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago). "Why You Don't Really Have Free Will." USAToday. January 1, 2012. |
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+The first is simple: we are biological creatures, collections of molecules that must |
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+AND |
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+more than a programmed computer can somehow reach inside itself and change its program |
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+====If determinism is true, the only coherent moral framework is utilitarianism, since it does not assign moral responsibility to the free will of individual actors, but instead simply evaluates the goodness or badness of overall states of affairs. ==== |
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+**Greene and Cohen 04** |
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+Joshua Greene and Jonathan Cohen (Department of Psychology, Princeton). "For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything." Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B (2004) 359, 1775–1785. |
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+Even if there is no intuitively satisfying solution to the problem of free will, |
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+AND |
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+We disagree. There are perfectly good, forward-looking justifications for |
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+====Second, policy makers must rely upon utilitarianism to make decisions.==== |
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+Woller '97 ~~(Gary, Professor of Public Management at Brigham Young University,) "A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics in Restructuring Environmental Policy and Law for the Next Century." Policy Currents 7.2, June 1997, p. 10-11.~~ |
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+Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political |
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+AND |
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+perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy. |