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... ... @@ -1,50 +1,44 @@ 1 -===1NC=== 2 -Freddy Grey - Baltimore 3 -Tamir Rice - Cleveland 4 -Eric Garner - Staton Island 5 -Sandra Bland - Texas 6 -Micheal Brown - Furgeson 7 -These are the black bodies civil society is built upon 1 +====A. Uniqueness – The US Navy currently depends on the production of nuclear power – the Defense Authorization Act Proves==== 2 +**Next Big Future. June 13, 2008**. ~~"US Navy may get more nuclear powered." http://nextbigfuture.com/2008/06/us-navy-may-get-more-nuclear-powered.html~~ 3 + 4 +Research and development work on adapting the design of the Ford (CVN 5 +AND 6 +cruisers have to be built with a nuclear power system at their heart. 8 8 9 9 10 -====Your Framework is flawed, it assumes that we ALL have political influence, a position not available to black people. The impact is colonialism and whiteness in debate==== 11 -**Reid-Brinkley 8** 12 -~~Shanara Reid-Brinkley, Rhetoric PhD and Prof @ Pitt, and the most competitively successful black woman in CEDA history, THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE~~ 13 -Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a "sense 14 -AND 15 -of the "policymaker" and require their opponents to do the same. 9 +====B. Links – Naval Nuclear Power is key to Seapower – Three Reasons:==== 16 16 17 17 18 -==== The plan cannotsolvepoliceviolence -Legalchanges likecivilrights remediesfailbecausethepolicecancommitviolenceLegally– the plan doesn'tchangethat.====19 -** McLeod, 2016–profofLawatGeorgetownUniversityLawCenter** ~~AllegraGeorgetownLawJournalAugust, 104 Geo.L.J.1405ConfrontingtheCarceral StateLexis~~20 - Theparticipantsinthissymposiumexplorewhataccountsfor ourcurrent carceralcrisisandhow12 +====First – Dependence - U.S. Naval dependence on fossil fuels will compound the effects of Oil spikes and destroy U.S. Naval mobility ==== 13 +**Bonner, 2008** ( Kit, April "ARE NUCLEAR-POWERED SURFACE WARSHIPS AGAIN IN THE NAVY'S FUTURE?"). Sea Classics. Apr 2008. FindArticles.com. 18 Jul. 2008. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4442/is_200804/ai_n25137564-e.wey) 14 +Before the Navy agrees to build any more "gold plated" ships, it 21 21 AND 22 - problemandthefactthatthey are conceivingracistviolence asan individual action16 +Not tomorrow, or next year, but within a very few years. 23 23 24 24 25 -==== Theonly ethicalmeans of political discourselies inthe position of Slaveand Savage. The affirmative callsfor larger institutionalaccess within the SlaveMaster civil society without questioning its very existence.The assumptive logic doesn'taccountforthepoliticalontology of RednessandBlackness,thussets the stage for conflictualrelationships likeclassconflict, genderconflict,immigrantrights etc.====26 -** Wilderson10** (Frank B. American writer,dramatist, filmmaker,criticandprofessor of Dramaand African American studiesatthe Universityof California,IrvineRed Whiteand Black: Cinema and the Structureof U.S. AntagonismsDukeUniversity Press Durham andLondon 2010page 1-5, cayla_)27 - WHENIWASayoungstudentatColumbiaUniversityinNew Yorktherewasa19 +====A nuclear navy will solve dependence on foreign oil and make U.S. naval ships less vulnerable to attack==== 20 +**Fabey, 2007** (Michael "Lawmaker calls for more nuclear-powered Navy ships", `lexis nexis,accessed 7/17/08-e.wey) 21 +Congress and the Navy need to make the service's carrier escort ships nuclear powered and 28 28 AND 29 - themselves maynotbeawareofthe ontologicalposition fromwhich theyspeak).23 +Currently only two U.S. yards build nuclear-powered ships - 30 30 31 31 32 -==== Weneedanew languagetoexplainthishorror—withinthecurrent politicalontology,thesubaltern isleft voiceless.Politicalontologycan never takeinto accountgratuitousviolence—it's founded uponalienationandexploitation—theirrelianceon Humanismmakes theSlave's struggleinevitable.====33 -** Wilderson10**(FrankB. American writer,dramatist,filmmaker, criticand professorof Dramaand AfricanAmericanstudies attheUniversityofCalifornia,IrvineRed WhiteandBlack:CinemaandtheStructureofU.S. Antagonisms DukeUniversityPressDurham andLondon 2010page 55-57, cayla_)34 - IN THE INTRODUCTIONandchapter1, wesawhowthe aporiabetweenBlack being26 +====Second – Surge Mobility - A nuclear navy has unparalleled flexibility, higher payload capacity, and can Surge to hotspots==== 27 +**Spencer, 2007 – Heritage Foundation** ("Expanding the nuclear navy", Jack Spencer is a Research Fellow, with Baker Springs Research Fellow in National Security Policy, http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/bakerspring.cfm, accessed 7/18/07-e.wey) 28 +Congress is debating whether future naval ships should include nuclear propulsion. The House version 35 35 AND 36 - can beemancipated through someformof discursive,orsymbolic,intervention.30 +the United States to maintain its maritime superiority well into the 21st century. 37 37 38 38 39 - **====Role ofthejudgeistobe ananti-ethicaldecisionmaker.All decisioncalculus mustrevolvearound theontological entityof the slave.====**40 -** Curry13** ~~2013,Dr.TommyCurryis an associate Profof Philosophy@ Texas AandM,"In the Fiatof Dreams:The DelusionalAllure of Hope, the Realityof Anti-Black ViolenceandtheDemandsof the Anti-Ethical"~~41 - Racismisnotunethicalsimplybecause itisamoralaffronttotheallegedly generalizable33 +====Third – Railguns - Nuclear powered ships are needed to power rail guns which are key to future power projection.==== 34 +**Pike, 2014 – Global Security.org** ~~"Electromagnetic Rail Gun (EMRG)", http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/systems/emrg.htm~~ 35 +Electric drives on future US Navy ships will make possible significant advances in ship design 42 42 AND 43 - newteleological/cultural orientation;anendarkeningpathtowardsanewhumanity.37 +pair of metal conducting rails embedded in a structure made of composite materials. 44 44 45 45 46 -==== Votingforthealternative isanactofburningdownthecivilsocietythat producesviolenceagainstthe slave.Their callsforfreedomwillneverleavetheplantationsandcolorlines of society.Wemustreject theircallforequalityto abandon thewhite-over-black system and PursuenewMethodsof Education.====47 -** Farley5**~~Boston College(Anthony,"PerfectingSlavery",http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp)~~48 - Slaveryiswithusstill. We arehauntedbyslavery.Weareanimated40 +====C. Impacts - Forward Deployed Sea Power is key to Deterring wars – it is the least provocative forward option, it enhances diplomacy and it is a powerful deterrent to war.==== 41 +**National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 1998** ~~1998 Year of the Ocean http://www.yoto98 .noaa.gov/yoto/meeting/nat_sec_316.html 42 +Power Projection The oceans provide access to littoral states. Military presence on the high 49 49 AND 50 - beyond theveil,beyonddeath; hence,the endofforever.44 +the United States with unparalleled peacemaking capability and promote the rule of law. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,117 +1,33 @@ 1 -===CP=== 2 - 3 - 4 -====Text – the United States Congress should pass legislation limiting qualified immunity for police officers by… ought to limit qualified immunity by adopting the Ninth Circuit's decision on Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act's applicability to arrest situations in Sheehan v. City and County of San Francisco as a legal precedent for all circuits on the next available test case.==== 5 - 6 - 7 -====Contention One is Solvency==== 8 - 9 - 10 -====Remember – the Affirmative has No Defense of the Court as an Actor – they may have evidence saying that the Court Can solve, but there is no evidence or arguments for why Court action is Necessary. If we both solve the case Exactly the same, then any Risk of the net benefit means you vote negative.==== 11 - 12 - 13 -====Congress should limit qualified immunity – this will increase accountability==== 14 -**Newman, 2016 - senior judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit **~~Jon O. The Washington Post June 24, 2016 "A better way to punish police How to punish police: Sue them for negligence" https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/heres-a-better-way-to-punish-the-police-sue-them-for-money/2016/06/23/c0608ad4-3959-11e6-9ccd-d6005beac8b3_story.html?utm_term=.c67051e854f7~~ 15 -Suing the officer for money damages in a federal civil rights suit is the only 1 +====Growth is unsustainable – IT IS TRY OR DIE FOR THE NEGATIVE brink at 2017==== 2 +Klein 3-8-15 - social activist known for her political analyses and criticism of corporate globalization, (Naomi, "It is our great collective misfortune that the scientific community made its decisive diagnosis of the climate threat at the precise moment when an elite minority was enjoying more unfettered political, cultural, and intellectual power than at any point since the 1920s", March 8, 2015, The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/08/how-will-everything-change-under-climate-change) 3 +The three policy pillars of this new era are familiar to us all: privatisation 16 16 AND 17 - astrengthenedSection1983remedy availableforthenextepisode of policemisconduct.5 +of policies; it's that we need to think differently, radically differently, 18 18 19 19 20 -====Co ngressionalchange isbetterthanthecourt– it improvespublicacceptance which iskey to shiftingculture–theCourtsparksa publicbacklash====21 - **Stoddard,1997,Lambda'sformerexecutivedirector**~~~~Thomas,November, NewYorkUniversityLawReview"Bleedingheart:Reflectionsonusingthelawtomakesocial change", http://law.ubalt.edu/downlo ads/law_ downloads/Stoddard.pdf~~22 - C. The Legitimacy(Validity)of ChangeAwarenessof change isnever enough8 +====Collapse now allows for sustainable transition – delay guarantees extinction==== 9 +Barry, 8 – President and Founder of Ecological Internet, Ph.D. in "Land Resources" from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a Master's of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" also from Madison, and a Bachelor of Arts in "Political Science" from Marquette University (Glen, "Economic Collapse and Global Ecology", 1/14/8, http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm) 10 +Humanity and the Earth are faced with an enormous conundrum — sufficient climate policies enjoy 23 23 AND 24 - Act that helptoilluminatethedifferentcontextsofthe tworelateddevelopments.12 +global ecosystem collapse would focus upon bringing down the Earth's industrial economy now. 25 25 26 26 27 -==== Litigationluresactiviststothecourt, but kills politicalefforts,drainsresources,and crushesthe movement.====28 -** Rosenberg,2008 - prof.ofPoliticalScienceat theUniversityofChicago **(Gerald"The HollowHope: CantheCourtsGenerateSocial Change," epstein.law.northwestern.edu/research/supctLawRosenberg.doc)29 - In general,then,not onlydoeslitigationsteeractiviststoaninstitutionthat15 +====No impact to economic decline – prefer new data==== 16 +Daniel **Drezner 14**, Professor of IR at Tufts, "The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession", World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164 17 +The final significant outcome addresses a dog that hasn't barked: the effect of the 30 30 AND 31 -s tructurallyconstrainedfrom servingtheirneeds,providingonlyanillusionofchange.19 +surge in protectionist nationalism or ethnic exclusion that might have been expected."43 32 32 33 33 34 -====Contention Two is the Net Benefit – Judicial Independence==== 35 - 36 - 37 -====Judicial activism creates a snowball effect, future abuses of the court power destroy democracy ==== 38 -**Mckeever, 1997 - Institution of Advanced Legal Studies** ~~"The United States supreme court: A political and legal analysis." Pg. ~~ 39 -At the opposite end of the spectrum form the minimal court lies the unlimited court 22 +====Growth causes war – embattles leaders in international crisis – more explanatory potential than diversionary conflict==== 23 +Boehmer, 10 – Ph.D. in Political Science from Pennsylvania State University (Charles, "Economic Growth and Violent International Conflict: 1875-1999," http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10242690903568801~~#tabModule~~JAKE LEE) 24 +The theory set forth earlier theorizes that economic growth increases perceptions of state strength, 40 40 AND 41 -t heCongressand Presidenton atleastsomeimportantmattersof publicpolicy.26 +multiple years are positively and significantly related to the most severe international conflicts, 42 42 43 43 44 -==== Activism destroysjudicial independence byundermining theseparationofpowers====45 - **Jipping2001** - **Director, Center forLawand Democracy**(ThomasJipping,;SeniorFellowin LegalStudies,ConcernedWomenforAmerica;M.A., SUNY-Buffalo,2001, "LegislatingfromtheBench,"43S. Tex.L.Rev.141, l/n)46 - In judicialrestraint,withamoremodestandnormativeviewof judicialpower,29 +====Growth causes poverty ==== 30 +Trainer 2—Senior Lecturer of School of Social Work @ University of New South Wales (Ted, If You Want Affluence, Prepare for War, Democracy and Nature, Vol. 8, No. 2, EBSCO, AMiles) 31 +Rich countries are taking most of the world's resource production. Their per capita resource 47 47 AND 48 -sine qua non of the judicial role in our system of government." n35 49 - 50 - 51 -====Judicial independence is key to global human rights==== 52 -**Alam, 2007**, ~~The New Nation, Prof. Syed Ahsanul http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/publish/article_33979.shtml 53 - 54 -Another criterion of good governance is independent judiciary, important for preserving the rule of 55 -AND 56 -considered globally for the eligibility when determining whether a country practices good governance. 57 - 58 - 59 -====Global human rights are key to avoid Extinction==== 60 -**Human Rights Web, 1994** (An Introduction to the Human Rights Movement Created on July 20, 1994 / Last edited on January 25, 1997, http://www.hrweb.org/intro.html) 61 -The United Nations Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and UN Human Rights 62 -AND 63 -of the individuals and countries involved, but to preserve the human race. 64 - 65 - 66 -====Contention Three – Agent Counterplans are Legitimate==== 67 - 68 - 69 -====1. The Affirmative defended the Court in CX. They chose to defend the Court to gain the benefit of avoiding Theory arguments and accessing empirical solvency. There is a cost to this choice – once they have specified an agent, they have to defend it – that is why agent counterplans are legitimate. Cross Ex is Binding:==== 70 - 71 - 72 -====a. It's a speech – A Constructive even. An argument or admission there counts as much as in an AC, otherwise CX is a pointless exercise==== 73 - 74 - 75 -====b. Predictable ground – if they won't defend what they said they would defend, then I can Never predict what ground they Will defend.==== 76 - 77 - 78 -====c. Cross Ex functions to clarify arguments – it is slower and it is directed by the questioner ==== 79 - 80 - 81 -===DA=== 82 - 83 - 84 -====A. Uniqueness – The Supreme Court has legitimacy – that's key to enforcement of its decisions ==== 85 -**Hillygus'12 **~~Sunshine, professor of political science at Duke University, Perceptions of Supreme Court Legitimacy, You Gov, 7/15/2012 https://today.yougov.com/news/2012/07/15/perceptions-supreme-court-legitimacy/ LM~~ 86 -In the two weeks since the Supreme Court upheld Obama's Affordable Care Act (ACA 87 -AND 88 -is conditional on perceptions of the ideological direction of the Court's decision making. 89 - 90 - 91 -====B. Link ==== 92 -Overturning decisions looks like judicial activism – this hurts legitimacy 93 -Bigel '93 Alan Bigel, PhD in political science on the effect of court case decisions on public support of and legitimacy of the court, "PLANNED PARENTHOOD OF SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA v. CASEY: CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES AND POLITICAL TURBULENCE," 1993, 18 Dayton L. Rev. 733 94 -In an effort to quell potential criticism of the Court's failure to overrule Roe, 95 -AND 96 -the most compelling reason to reexamine a watershed decision . . . ." n146 97 - 98 - 99 -====The Affirmative would destroy legitimacy – it would be unpopular and over turn precedent==== 100 -**Bernstein 2008** ~~Janessa L. Bernstein, J.D. Candidate, Brooklyn Law School, 2008; B.A., Vanderbilt University, 2003, "The Underground Railroad to Reproductive Freedom: RESTRICTIVE ABORTION LAWS AND THE RESULTING BACKLASH" 73 Brooklyn Law Review 1463, Summer 2008, Lexis~~ 101 -Abortion remains a politically divisive issue within the United States and the world, with 102 -AND 103 -refusal laws that allow doctors and hospitals to decline to perform abortions. n41 104 - 105 - 106 -====C. Impact – Legitimacy key to Democracy which protects minority groups==== 107 -Peretti 1999 (Terri J., In Defense of a Political Court, Princeton University Press) 108 -Should the Court lose its legitimacy and, consequently, its power, we in 109 -AND 110 -role, if we are to believe Philip Kurland, are horrible indeed. 111 - 112 - 113 -====Democracy solves war==== 114 -**Diamond 95**, (Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives, Carnegie Commission, December 1995, http://carnegie.org/fileadmin/Media/Publications/PDF/Promoting20Democracy20in20the201990s20Actors20and20Instruments,20Issues20and20Imperatives.pdf) 115 -Other Threats. This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well 116 -AND 117 -which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built. 33 +devoted to production by the people of the things they most urgently need. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,64 +1,0 @@ 1 -===New and Improved Critical Race Theory - NC=== 2 - 3 - 4 -====The Legal System is systematically racist – it reinforces structural white supremacy and causes African Americans to internalize racialized roles. The system is Indeterminate, meaning it is flexible enough to be implemented in a racist fashion==== 5 -**Butler, 1995 – Prof of Law at George Washington University** ~~Paul Yale Law Journal December, 105 Yale L.J. 677 Essay: Racially Based Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Criminal Justice System Lexis~~ 6 -2. The Radical Critique The radical critique does not discount the role of discrimination 7 -AND 8 -black community, n94 and the large unemployment rate among black men. n95 9 - 10 - 11 -====The Indeterminacy of the Legal System is the root cause of police abuse and violence. The affirmative uses civil lawsuits, which focus on Individual police officers as racist, which ignores that most racism within the system is Legal – the system is Structurally racist. Civil remedies within the system will always be turned back against minorities==== 12 -**McLeod, 2016 – prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center** ~~Allegra Georgetown Law Journal August, 104 Geo. L.J. 1405 Confronting the Carceral State Lexis~~ 13 -The participants in this symposium explore what accounts for our current carceral crisis and how 14 -AND 15 -increased substantially—resulting in more stops and frisks and more arrests. n33 16 - 17 - 18 -====Specifically, civil lawsuits rely on a trial and jury system that will always be biased against them. Gaining access to a rigged game only reinforces the problem==== 19 -**Reinert, 2011 - Professor of Law, Yeshiva University **~~Alexandra University of St. Thomas Law Journal: Fides et lustitia Symposium, Spring 8 U. St. Thomas L.J. 477 Does Qualified Immunity Matter? Lexis~~ 20 -In Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, n2 21 -AND 22 -, with the Supreme Court often expressing hostility to the remedy itself. n9 23 - 24 - 25 -====The affirmative's defense of the legal system ensures widespread authoritarianism—reject their deference to the Rule of Law – using the legal system to fight the racism in the legal system will always fail because it reinforces obedience and creates complacency. This turns case – it causes mass oppression that outweighs all of their impacts. ==== 26 -**Henderson, 1991 - Professor of Law at Indiana University **~~Lynne "Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law," Indiana Law Journal (66 Ind. L.J. 379), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis~~ 27 -Despite our cultural assumption that the Rule of Law automatically prevents tyranny and oppression — 28 -AND 29 -those concerned with the use of law to oppress and punish human beings. 30 - 31 - 32 -**====Critical Race Theory is key to interrogate and end white privilege – it exposes underlying institutional and structural racism====** 33 -**Lopez, 2003 - Professor of Political Science** (Gerardo "The (Racially Neutral) Politics of Education: A Critical Race Theory Perspective", Educational Administration Quarterly Vol. 39, No. 1 (February 2003) 68-94, 6/28, eaq.sagepub.com/content/39/1/68.full.pdf) 34 -Because it is so ordinary, we often fail to see how it functions and 35 -AND 36 -pace that White people determine is reasonable and judicious (Bell, 1995a). 37 - 38 - 39 -====Racism is unacceptable on its face. Rejection of racism is the ethical obligation of a society— it prevents acceptance of injustice. This is a side-constraint on any ethical theory. ==== 40 -**Memmi, 2000 - prof of sociology at Univ of Paris** ~~Albert. Racism. Trans. Steve Martinot. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press, 2000. 41 -The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission 42 -AND 43 -. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible. 44 - 45 - 46 -====Vote negative – reject the Affirmative to constantly criticize the use of legal systems and their justifications. This will open new possibilities for alternatives, and provide the only true method for social change.==== 47 -**Singer, 1984 - Associate Professor of Law at Boston University, **~~Joseph William "The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory," Yale Law Journal (94 Yale L.J. 1), November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis~~ 48 -What shall we do then about legal theory? I think we should abandon the 49 -AND 50 -live together. We are going to have to answer that question ourselves. 51 - 52 - 53 -**====Critical Race Theory is the best way to constantly criticize the legal system. It is the best solution to the trap of indeterminacy that locks us into legal solutions. Only CRT can find a way out of racist structures.====** 54 -**Lopez, 2003 - Professor of Political Science** (Gerardo "The (Racially Neutral) Politics of Education: A Critical Race Theory Perspective", Educational Administration Quarterly Vol. 39, No. 1 (February 2003) 68-94, 6/28, eaq.sagepub.com/content/39/1/68.full.pdf) 55 -In recent years, CRT has played an important role in both legal and educational 56 -AND 57 -dismantling racism within our ranks as well as in the work we do. 58 - 59 - 60 -====The role of the ballot and the judge is that of a critical educator. Criticizing racist assumptions and institutions is necessary for debate to fulfill its potential. Debate's epistemology of whiteness must be challenged before other questions==== 61 -**Calderon 2006— Prof of Education, Culture and Society at University of Utah** (Dolores, and the Ethnic Studies Program "One-Dimensionality and Whiteness" USA Policy Futures in Education, Volume 4, Number 1, 2006 http://pfe.sagepub.com/content/4/1/73.full.pdf+html , cayla_) 62 -In the context of education, elaborating upon the work of critical pedagogues, one 63 -AND 64 -educational discourses and institutions both reflect particular conceptions of, and produce, race' - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,122 +1,0 @@ 1 -==== Text: The United States Federal Government should limit qualified immunity for police officers by removing the "clearly established" standard for qualified immunity in the United States except for on American Indian tribal lands. Tribal Courts should limit qualified immunity for police officers by removing the clearly established standard for qualified immunity on tribal lands, and the US government should refuse to challenge tribal authority on tribal lands. 2 -==== 3 - 4 - 5 -====Observation One – The Affirmative imposes plan on Native American nations – semantic and practical reasons:==== 6 - 7 - 8 -====A. Semantic: "The United States" in the resolution includes American Indian nations. ==== 9 - 10 - 11 -====1. "The United States" includes all areas under U.S. jurisdiction==== 12 -Rainey 1995, John, U.S. District Judge, "Donald Ray Looper, Individually and On Behalf of His Firm's Clients, Plaintiff, v. William C. Morgan, Department of the Treasury United States Customs Service, and All Unknown Individuals and Agencies Involved in the Search of a Briefcase at Inter-Continental Airport in Houston, Texas, Defendants", 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10241, Lexis 13 -The term "United States" means the United States and all areas under the jurisdiction or authority thereof. 14 - 15 - 16 -====2. Indian nations are within the US and are under U.S. Jurisdiction==== 17 -Prygoski 2001 - professor of law, Thomas M Cooley Law School (Philip J, , 02.01.01, "From Marshall to Marshall: The Supreme Court's changing stance on tribal sovereignty", http://www.americanbar.org/newsletter/publications/gp_solo_magazine_home/gp_solo_magazine_index/marshall.html, Accessed 07.22.14)//LD **We do not endorse any of the decisions made by the Supreme Court referenced in this article. 18 -In the first of these cases, Johnson v. McIntosh (21 U. 19 -AND 20 -a French or German enclave in the middle of Montana, for example.) 21 - 22 - 23 -====B. Practical – ==== 24 - 25 - 26 -====1. Normal means – Qualified immunity cases brought to Tribal Courts are diverted to Federal Forums. ==== 27 -Struve, 2003 – prof of law at Univ of Pennsylvania ~~Catherine How Bad Law Made A Hard Case Easy: Nevada V. Hicks And The Subject Matter Jurisdiction Of Tribal Courts Jan University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law JSTOR~~ 28 -The result in Hicks may well have been driven by the facts that the defendants 29 -AND 30 -immunity would be fully applicable to federal claims heard in tribal court.119 31 - 32 - 33 -====2. Empirically - The Supreme Court stripped Tribal Courts of the jurisdiction to hear Section 1983 or qualified immunity cases. ==== 34 -Fletcher, 2014 – Prof of Law at Michigan State ~~A Unifying Theory of Tribal Civil Jurisdiction Matthew L.M. Fletcher Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/facpubs 46 Ariz. St. L.J. 779 ~~ 35 -The next major tribal civil jurisdiction case, Nevada v. Hicks, 112 is 36 -AND 37 -be .... " 144 Theories on federal Indian law typically are post hoc. 38 - 39 - 40 -====3. Normal means evidence is good for debate==== 41 - 42 - 43 -====a. It is necessary to fill in the gaps. Resolutions and plans are single sentences – this leaves the vast majority of details undefined. Only evidence can fill that blank==== 44 - 45 - 46 -====b. It links debate to the real world – it shows how the plan would Actually be implemented. This forces research and helps make our education portable.==== 47 - 48 - 49 -====c. It gives both sides access to defining the ground in the debate, rather than letting the aff define ground after hearing the neg strategy.==== 50 - 51 - 52 -====Observation Two – Competition==== 53 - 54 - 55 -====1. I solve the affirmative advantage by passing the resolution everywhere except for on tribal lands. On tribal lands, Tribal Courts will pass the resolution. There is no solvency deficit to having tribal courts pass the plan on reservations.==== 56 - 57 - 58 -====2. Any legitimate permutation severs out of the part of plan that limits qualified immunity on tribal lands. This is Functionally part of the plan. Severance does not test competition of the counterplan, makes the aff a moving target, and destroys stable advocacy skills.==== 59 - 60 - 61 -====3. Functional Competition is better than Textual Competition==== 62 - 63 - 64 -====a. It is necessary for time limits – actual legislation is hundreds of pages long – no AC could put everything that they defend into the text. Functional competition allows us to fill in the details with evidence about how a plan would be done. ==== 65 - 66 - 67 -====b. It is educational because it encourages research into how a plan would be implemented, because we need evidence to fill in the details. Research is a key portable skill that will help in every other subject or job. ==== 68 - 69 - 70 -====c. It is necessary to fairly avoid vagueness and a moving target. If the aff specifies something in the AC, then they get to defend it. If they don't, then it is fair game to debate about normal means. This gives both teams a reciprocal chance to define ground, and it prevents the aff from "clarifying" after the NC to avoid links. It is fairer to debate it out.==== 71 - 72 - 73 -====Observation Three – Net Benefits – The counterplan solves the case advantage by passing the plan everywhere except on tribal lands, and by having the tribal courts establish the limitations there – Any solvency deficit must defend having the Federal Government impose the plan on tribes. ==== 74 - 75 - 76 -====1. Imposing upon Native Tribe undermines sovereignty. Promoting Tribal Courts is essential to Indian Self Determination==== 77 -Fletcher, 2014 – Prof of Law at Michigan State ~~A Unifying Theory of Tribal Civil Jurisdiction Matthew L.M. Fletcher Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/facpubs 46 Ariz. St. L.J. 779 ~~ 78 -Even so, the Martinez Court was correct that Congress intended to protect internal tribal 79 -AND 80 -, 218 while the Supreme Court's deference to Congressional policy has dissipated.219 81 - 82 - 83 -====2. Tribal Court Jurisdictional authority is the key internal link to Native American Indian sovereignty==== 84 -Fletcher, 2014 – Prof of Law at Michigan State ~~A Unifying Theory of Tribal Civil Jurisdiction Matthew L.M. Fletcher Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/facpubs 46 Ariz. St. L.J. 779 ~~ 85 -INTRODUCTION One of the most important and defining controversies of federal Indian law is whether 86 -AND 87 -has said that Indian tribes may not exercise governmental authority over nonconsenting nonmembers. 88 - 89 - 90 -====3. Sovereignty is essential to all values – it is intrinsically linked to respect for dignity. Self determination is crucial for Native Americans to avoid destruction==== 91 -Lavelle 2005 - executive director of Center for the Spirit (John Lavelle http://www.pirateballerina.com/images/lavellereview.htm)hs 92 -Tribal sovereignty, in turn, is the collective endeavor of all the members of 93 -AND 94 -calls "a language of American Indian liberation" (p. 291). 95 - 96 - 97 -====4. The US government can defer Section 1983 jurisdiction to Tribal Courts to prevent the Court from limiting Tribal authority==== 98 -Struve, 2003 – prof of law at Univ of Pennsylvania ~~Catherine How Bad Law Made A Hard Case Easy: Nevada V. Hicks And The Subject Matter Jurisdiction Of Tribal Courts Jan University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law JSTOR~~ 99 -The Court's opinion in Hicks implies that even under the Court's approach, Congress should 100 -AND 101 -, tribal fora will be unavailable for the enforcement of most federal claims. 102 - 103 - 104 -====Observation Four: PICs are good==== 105 - 106 - 107 -====1. PICs are key to test the wording of the resolution – this is key to predictable negative ground, because the resolution is the only thing I have before the debate. ==== 108 - 109 - 110 -====2. PICs give the affirmative automatic ground – by excluding a portion of the Affirmative, it gives the Aff an automatic solvency deficit.==== 111 - 112 - 113 -====3. Key to negative flexibility – PICs give the negative an option against new cases or small plans, which is key to offset Aff's infinite prep.==== 114 - 115 - 116 -====4. PICs are key to force the affirmative to defend the entirety of their plan – it forces them to improve plan writing and to establish strategic contentions. ==== 117 - 118 - 119 -====5. Their Policy making framework legitimizes PICs. If I can prove that it is a superior policy option, then a logical policy maker would vote for it.==== 120 - 121 - 122 -====6. Theory is not a voting issue – they cannot prove either in round abuse or that the counterplan sets a precedent. They don't create a threshold for theory that justifies voting. PICs are reasonable – they are well known and have substantial backfiles. Err negative on theory because the affirmative gets an inherent side bias by speaking first and last and having infinite prep==== - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2016-12-03 07:24:28.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Yaaaaah - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Yeah u kno - ParentRound
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -5 - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -5 - Team
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Meadows Rastgoo Neg - Title
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Natives CP - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -5
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- Cites
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... ... @@ -1,77 +1,0 @@ 1 -===Racism NC=== 2 - 3 - 4 -====My value is equality and my role of the ballot is a vote to confront racism. The role of the judge is to act as an ethical educator, teaching how to best deal with racism. ==== 5 - 6 - 7 -====Racism is unacceptable on its face. Rejection of racism is the ethical obligation of a society— it prevents acceptance of injustice. This is a side-constraint on any ethical theory. ==== 8 -Memmi, 2000 - prof of sociology at Univ of Paris ~~Albert. Racism. Trans. Steve Martinot. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press, 2000. 9 -The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission 10 -AND 11 -. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible. 12 - 13 - 14 -====Ethics based on abstraction or universal morality inevitably reinforce existing racist dominance, because color blindness ignores the contingent nature of racism. We must focus on the Lived Experience of those facing racism. ==== 15 -Bonilla-Silva 2006 - Professor of Sociology at Duke University ~~Eduardo, "Racism without racist: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States" pp25-8~~ 16 -If Jim Crow's racial structure has been replaced by a ''new racism,'' 17 -AND 18 -practices behind segregation and being unconcerned about these practices' negative consequences for minorities. 19 - 20 - 21 -====Ending racism must take priority over other goals because racism makes all other values impossible – it warps equality, justice and morality. ==== 22 -Lipsitz 2000 - Professor at Department of Ethnic Studies at University of California, (George, October 2000, "The White 2K Problem" (for Cultural Values ISSN 1362-5179 Volume 4 Number 4 pp.518-524) 23 -The persistence of residential segregation, educational inequality, environmental racism, and employment discrimination 24 -AND 25 -At the same time, their unearned disadvantages structure unearned advantages for whites. 26 - 27 - 28 -====Racism must take priority over util – racism is the flaw in utility, because the "greatest good for the majority" will always sacrifice the minority. When this sacrifice takes place in the name of race, it makes war and conflict inevitable. ==== 29 -Foucault '76 ~~Michel, Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the College de France, 1975-1976, p. 254-257 Trans. David Macey~~ 30 -What in fact is racism? It is primarily a way of introducing a break 31 -AND 32 -second half of the nineteenth century), except by activating the theme of racism 33 - 34 - 35 -====Contention One – The Resolution Reinforces Racism – three links==== 36 - 37 - 38 -====1. Abstraction - Affirmative authors use free speech as an abstract concept to cover up the actual harms and oppression suffered on campus by minorities – it marginalizes important concerns and reinforces hierarchical power structures==== 39 -PEN America, 2016 ~~AND CAMPUS FOR ALL Diversity, Inclusion, and Freedom of Speech at U.S. Universities October 17, https://pen.org/on-campus~~ 40 -Whose Speech Are We Talking About, Anyway? Other journalists, advocates, and 41 -AND 42 -civil rights. This is victim-blaming with a software update.19 43 - 44 - 45 -====Free speech fundamentalism ignores the context of oppression – it is an abstract principle that ignores the material condition of subordination and racism on campus.==== 46 -Cobb, 2015 - contributor to The New Yorker ~~Jelani Race and the Free-Speech Diversion November 10, 2015 http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/race-and-the-free-speech-diversion 47 -At issue are a black student's angry denunciation of a Yale professor and the Missouri 48 -AND 49 -, from the look of things, will there be any time soon. 50 - 51 - 52 -====2. Distraction - Focusing on Free Speech ignores the root causes of campus protests like structural racism==== 53 -PEN America, 2016 ~~AND CAMPUS FOR ALL Diversity, Inclusion, and Freedom of Speech at U.S. Universities October 17, https://pen.org/on-campus~~ 54 -Writing in November 2015 for The Hill, American University professor Jon Gould agrees, 55 -AND 56 -of resurgent racism that he places at the heart of campus controversies.21 57 - 58 - 59 -====3. Hostility - Absolute free speech on campus reinforces racism because it prevents participation in campus discourse because it protects racist harassment==== 60 -Gould 2015 - professor of public affairs and law at American University ~~Jon Getting the story wrong on campus racism The Hill 11/17/15 http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/education/260379-getting-the-story-wrong-on-campus-racism~~ 61 -There is every reason to disagree with the Missouri professor, and I worry, 62 -AND 63 -learning environment, but it is actually incompatible with free and open dialogue. 64 - 65 - 66 -====This turns the Affirmative - A free and open discourse on campus presumes that all people feel safe to participate in that discussion. This must include examining how historical and structural discrimination has excluded groups from discussions. ==== 67 -PEN America, 2016 ~~AND CAMPUS FOR ALL Diversity, Inclusion, and Freedom of Speech at U.S. Universities October 17, https://pen.org/on-campus~~ 68 -Opening the Space on Campus The notion of a campus as an open space does 69 -AND 70 -discussing, exploring, and listening at length to varied stories and viewpoints. 71 - 72 - 73 -====Focusing on free speech on campus undermines the social discourse necessary to address structural racism.==== 74 -Gould 2015 - professor of public affairs and law at American University ~~Jon Getting the story wrong on campus racism The Hill 11/17/15 http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/education/260379-getting-the-story-wrong-on-campus-racism~~ 75 -Missing the forest for the trees because the trees make easier copy It's easy to 76 -AND 77 -such claims. History may repeat itself, but our interpretation need not. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2017-01-14 20:00:35.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -IDK - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -IDK - ParentRound
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -6 - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -1 - Team
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Meadows Rastgoo Neg - Title
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Jan Feb - Racism Neg - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -HWL
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... ... @@ -1,86 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Public colleges and universities ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech, except for anonymous, online social media websites. Colleges and universities ought to establish prevention and investigation measures to stop anonymous, online harassment.==== 2 - 3 - 4 -====Observation One – The Affirmative protects all forms of speech, including anonymous, online sites – semantic and practical reasons:==== 5 - 6 - 7 -====A. Semantic: "any" means that they must protect all speech. ==== 8 -Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary ~~https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/any~~ 9 -Definition of any 1 : one or some indiscriminately of whatever kind: a : 10 -AND 11 -appreciably large or extended could not endure it any length of time 12 - 13 - 14 -====B. Practical: Normal means – Upholding free speech rights on campus will deter college officials from addressing online anonymous websites. ==== 15 -Dumont, 2016 - J.D. candidate at University of Maryland ~~Susan Journal of Business and Technology Law 11 J. Bus. and Tech. L. 239 Campus Safety v. Freedom of Speech: An Evaluation of University Responses to Problematic Speech on Anonymous Social Media Lexis~~ 16 -Most universities are currently ignoring the content on anonymous social media sites, including when 17 -AND 18 -environment that is characterized by competing ideas, openly discussed and debated." n105 19 - 20 - 21 -====3. Normal means evidence is good for debate==== 22 - 23 - 24 -====a. It is necessary to fill in the gaps. Resolutions and plans are single sentences – this leaves the vast majority of details undefined. Only evidence can fill that blank==== 25 - 26 - 27 -====b. It links debate to the real world – it shows how the plan would Actually be implemented. This forces research and helps make our education portable.==== 28 - 29 - 30 -====c. It gives both sides access to defining the ground in the debate, rather than letting the aff define ground after hearing the neg strategy.==== 31 - 32 - 33 -====Observation Two – Competition==== 34 - 35 - 36 -====1. I solve the affirmative advantage by passing the resolution for every form of speech other than anonymous, online sites. The affirmative must link any solvency deficit to anonymous, online speech. ==== 37 - 38 - 39 -====2. Any legitimate permutation severs out of the part of plan that protects anonymous, online speech. This is Functionally part of the plan. Severance does not test competition of the counterplan, makes the aff a moving target, and destroys stable advocacy skills.==== 40 - 41 - 42 -====3. Functional Competition is better than Textual Competition==== 43 - 44 - 45 -====a. It is necessary for time limits – actual legislation is hundreds of pages long – no AC could put everything that they defend into the text. Functional competition allows us to fill in the details with evidence about how a plan would be done. ==== 46 - 47 - 48 -====b. It is educational because it encourages research into how a plan would be implemented, because we need evidence to fill in the details. Research is a key portable skill that will help in every other subject or job. ==== 49 - 50 - 51 -====c. It is necessary to fairly avoid vagueness and a moving target. If the aff specifies something in the AC, then they get to defend it. If they don't, then it is fair game to debate about normal means. This gives both teams a reciprocal chance to define ground, and it prevents the aff from "clarifying" after the NC to avoid links. It is fairer to debate it out.==== 52 - 53 - 54 -====Observation Three – Net Benefits – Ignoring online anonymous speech threatens campus safety – it allows mass violence, harassment and suicide.==== 55 -Dumont, 2016 - J.D. candidate at University of Maryland ~~Susan Journal of Business and Technology Law 11 J. Bus. and Tech. L. 239 Campus Safety v. Freedom of Speech: An Evaluation of University Responses to Problematic Speech on Anonymous Social Media Lexis~~ 56 -However, by ignoring these sites, universities may fail to fulfill their duty to 57 -AND 58 -may inadvertently impact students' ability to fully engage in the educational environment. n125 59 - 60 - 61 -====College officials must address online anonymous speech on campus through prevention and investigation. The affirmative makes both of those impossible, because those would be restrictions on speech. ==== 62 -Dumont, 2016 - J.D. candidate at University of Maryland ~~Susan Journal of Business and Technology Law 11 J. Bus. and Tech. L. 239 Campus Safety v. Freedom of Speech: An Evaluation of University Responses to Problematic Speech on Anonymous Social Media Lexis~~ 63 -In order to eliminate problematic speech, campuses should make a good faith effort to 64 -AND 65 -can better provide a safe learning environment, while also protecting student rights. 66 - 67 - 68 -====Observation Four: PICs are good==== 69 - 70 - 71 -====1. PICs are key to test the wording of the resolution – this is key to predictable negative ground, because the resolution is the only thing I have before the debate. ==== 72 - 73 - 74 -====2. PICs give the affirmative automatic ground – by excluding a portion of the Affirmative, it gives the Aff an automatic solvency deficit.==== 75 - 76 - 77 -====3. Key to negative flexibility – PICs give the negative an option against new cases or small plans, which is key to offset Aff's infinite prep.==== 78 - 79 - 80 -====4. PICs are key to force the affirmative to defend the entirety of their plan – it forces them to improve plan writing and to establish strategic contentions. ==== 81 - 82 - 83 -====5. Their Policy making framework legitimizes PICs. If I can prove that it is a superior policy option, then a logical policy maker would vote for it.==== 84 - 85 - 86 -====6. Theory is not a voting issue – they cannot prove either in round abuse or that the counterplan sets a precedent. They don't create a threshold for theory that justifies voting. PICs are reasonable – they are well known and have substantial backfiles. Err negative on theory because the affirmative gets an inherent side bias by speaking first and last and having infinite prep==== - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2017-01-28 12:17:11.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -U know who Jeff is - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Jeff - ParentRound
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -8 - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -1 - Team
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Meadows Rastgoo Neg - Title
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -CP - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Emory
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... ... @@ -1,66 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Part 1 is the links-==== 2 - 3 - 4 -====Representations of "free speech" exclude the cognitively disabled by predicating the concept of freedom and independence on spoken voice. The 1ACs valorization of speech marginalizes those who rely on other forms of communication. ==== 5 -Ashby 11- Christine Ashby, 2011. Professor at Syracuse University, Degree in Leadership and Communications. "Whose 'Voice is it Anyway?: Giving Voice Qualitative Research Involving Individuals that Type to Communicate." 6 -One of the critical questions facing Disability Studies is how to make central the voices 7 -AND 8 -become the objects of research, where their voices are mediated and interpreted. 9 - 10 - 11 -====Disabled students' voices are eliminated- more harshly scrutinized because traditional notions of "free speech" assume complete independence==== 12 -Ashby 11- Christine Ashby, 2011. Professor at Syracuse University, Degree in Leadership and Communications. "Whose 'Voice is it Anyway?: Giving Voice Qualitative Research Involving Individuals that Type to Communicate." 13 -that Do Not Speak in Research: The Question of Competence "TELL THEM I 14 -AND 15 -I explore the question of reading silence from a methodological perspective. 16 -. 17 - 18 - 19 -====The 1AC assumes free speech creates an open space for discussion- prioritizing the speech of the abled over the safety and speech of the disabled==== 20 -Ashby 11- Christine Ashby, 2011. Professor at Syracuse University, Degree in Leadership and Communications. "Whose 'Voice is it Anyway?: Giving Voice Qualitative Research Involving Individuals that Type to Communicate." 21 -Agency and voice In an earlier study on developing greater physical independence for individuals who 22 -AND 23 -create space and opportunity for individuals with disabilities to express their own ideas? 24 - 25 - 26 -====Part 2 is the Impact- ==== 27 - 28 - 29 -====Ableism impacts our ability to perceive different voices- AC promotion of free speech silences and deprioritizes disabled voices. Terms included in "free speech" promote ableism and cause harm to disabled people. ==== 30 -Zeilinger 15- Julie Zeilinger, 7/7/17. Barnard College, freelance author for F'd up. "6 forms of ableism we need to retire immediately" https://mic.com/articles/121653/6-forms-of-ableism-we-need-to-retire-immediately~~#.b59YN4oDo 31 - 32 -Nearly 1 in 5 people in the United States has a disability, according 33 -AND 34 -experience because able-bodied experiences are the privileged experiences in our society." 35 - 36 - 37 -====Part 3 is the Alt- ==== 38 -Reject the AC for their assumptions surrounding "free speech". Recognizing the importance and existence of non-verbal communication is key to deep understanding and inclusion of people with disabilities. 39 -Ashby 11- Christine Ashby, 2011. Professor at Syracuse University, Degree in Leadership and Communications. "Whose 'Voice is it Anyway?: Giving Voice Qualitative Research Involving Individuals that Type to Communicate." 40 -During an observation in Jacob's eighth grade English class, Jacob was scheduled to present 41 -AND 42 -work, but it creates the opportunity for a fuller, richer understanding. 43 - 44 - 45 -====Rejection of 'free speech' allows the disabled to protect themselves against dangerous situations- preventing ableist rhetoric and emphasizing silence as a liberatory tool==== 46 -Ashby 11- Christine Ashby, 2011. Professor at Syracuse University, Degree in Leadership and Communications. "Whose 'Voice is it Anyway?: Giving Voice Qualitative Research Involving Individuals that Type to Communicate." 47 -Hearing silence Another important question concerns how to "read" silence or those moments 48 -AND 49 -not to speak that is more resistance than oppression (DeVault, 1999). 50 - 51 - 52 -====Part 4 is framing-==== 53 - 54 - 55 -====The role of the judge is to act as an ethical educator, which requires focusing on oppressive institutions. The role of the ballot is to examine how oppression promotes inequality. Debate, as an Educational Institution, can either be a uniquely powerful site to normalize oppression, or it can be a powerful site to teach emancipation. ==== 56 -**Trifonas 2003 - prof of Curriculum at University of Toronto**. ~~Trifonas, Peter. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE. New York, London. 2003.~~ 57 -The idea of difference has provided the conceptual groundwork for educational theorists of diverse ideological 58 -AND 59 -the equitability of the principle of educational equity and education for social justice. 60 - 61 - 62 -====K outweighs- Making spaces more accessible to those with disabilities empirically allows for more education and integration==== 63 -**Hehir 07** (Thomas Hehir is Professor of Practice and Director of the School Leadership Program, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Educational Leadership: "Confronting Ableism." Published in February, 2007. Accessed July 20^^th^^, 2015. http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/feb07/vol64/num05/Confronting-Ableism.aspx)TheFedora 64 -Employ concepts of universal design. The principle of universal design first pertained to architecture 65 -AND 66 -learning disabilities can have words that they cannot decode read aloud to them. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -You - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -9 - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Meadows Rastgoo Neg - Title
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Emory
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -0 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,1 @@ 1 -2016- 11-1918:51:31.01 +2016-09-17 17:19:19.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,1 @@ 1 -i dk1 +Criso - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,1 @@ 1 - IDK1 +Jemus - RoundReport
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2016-11-20 16:11:56.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2016-11-20 20:12:35.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2016-12-02 06:44:50.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2017-01-28 12:16:26.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -U know who Jeff is - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2017-01-28 12:17:09.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Jeff - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2017-01-28 18:38:49.0 - Judge
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