Changes for page Marlborough Kim Neg

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Summary

Details

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1 +Municipal Spending DA
2 +The aff increases the number of successful lawsuits against the police. The costs of civil suits against police are paid by taxpayers.
3 +Kristian ’16 - Bonnie Kristian Writer; communications consultant for Young Americans for Liberty; graduate student at Bethel Seminary, “Seven Reasons Police Brutality Is Systemic, Not Anecdotal,” American Conservative (Web). July 2, 2014. Accessed November 1, 2016. http://www.theamericanconservative.com/2014/07/02/seven-reasons-police-brutality-is-systematic-not-anecdotal/ AT
4 +4. Settlements are shifted to taxpayers.¶ Those officers who are found guilty of brutality typically find the settlement to their victims paid from city coffers. Research from Human Rights Watch reveals that in some places, taxpayers “are paying three times for officers who repeatedly commit abuses: once to cover their salaries while they commit abuses; next to pay settlements or civil jury awards against officers; and a third time through payments into police ‘defense’ funds provided by the cities.” In larger cities, these settlements easily cost the public tens of millions of dollars annually while removing a substantial incentive against police misconduct.
5 +
6 +Expanding liability decimates city finances.
7 +Worral 04 - John L. Worral Assoc. Prof. of Criminal Justice, CSU San Bernardino; PhD in Political Science from Washington State U., “Chapter 10: Police Officers, Excessive Force, and Civil Liability,” Controversies in Policing. Eds Quint C. Thurman Texas State U., San Marcos and Andrew Giacomazzi Boise State U.. Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing, Lexis Nexis Group. pp. 139-155 (2004) – brackets in original. AT
8 +Notwithstanding its effects on officers themselves, civil liability can take a financial toll on cities and counties. Researchers have reported an increase in both the size and number of awards given to plaintiffs who sue the police (e.g., Fabrizio, 1990; Rudovsky, 1992). For example del Carmen (1987) estimated that the cost of the average jury award of liability against the typical municipality is about $2 million. In 1982, for example, there were more than 250 cases where juries awarded at least $1 million to plaintiffs (National League of Cities, 1985). Bates, Cutler, and Clink (1981) took this figure and speculated that if current estimates of jury award figures were applied to the existing 39,000 local governments, there could be as much as $780 billion in pending litigation against police agencies. More recent studies, however, have revealed that the average reported award is $118,698 (Kappeler et al., 1993).¶ Litigation is costly not just because of settlements or jury awards, but also because of potential jumps in liability insurance premiums. In 1975, for example, before the decision in Monell v. Department of Social Services (1978) insurance premiums for Dade County, Florida increased from $60,000 to $150,000 in the space of one year (these figures would obviously be higher in today’s dollars). Monell exposed municipalities – not just police officers and supervisors – to litigation, and, consequently, many municipal governments are facing an “insurance crisis” (Hagerty, 1976). Some commentators have noted:¶ Quite clearly, absent insurance, a substantial judgment or series of judgments could monetarily cripple a municipality and force it to forgo or reduce services in vital areas. Yet insurance is unavailable to some municipalities and for many others it has become prohibitively expensive. Due to the expanding liability of local governments and concomitant disappearing legal defenses, insurers are facing greater underwriting costs and will not significantly lower municipal premiums (Vitullo and Peters, 1981:335).
9 +
10 +The push for revenue causes over policing of communities of color and mistrust of the police.
11 +Kopf, Dan. "The Fining of Black America." Priceonomics. Priceonomics, 24 June 2016. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. https://priceonomics.com/the-fining-of-black-america/.ZW
12 +In March 2010, years before Ferguson, Missouri, became known for sparking the Black Lives Matter movement, the city’s Finance Director contacted the Chief of Police with a solution to the city’s budget problems. ¶ The Finance Director wanted the police to generate more revenues from fines — money paid for infractions like traffic violations and missing court appointments. He warned that the city would be in financial trouble “unless ticket writing ramps up significantly before the end of the year.” “Given that we are looking at a substantial sales tax shortfall,” he wrote, “it’s not an insignificant issue.”¶ The Finance Director’s request surfaced as part of the U.S. Department of Justice’s investigation of the Ferguson Police Department. The investigation was instigated by the civil unrest that followed the fatal shooting of an 18-year-old African American man named Michael Brown in August 2014. Its goal was to better understand why the citizens of Ferguson felt so at odds with the police department chartered to protect them.¶ The Justice Department concluded that the mistrust between the police and the community primarily resulted from excessive fining. “Ferguson’s law enforcement practices are shaped by the City’s focus on revenue rather than by public safety needs,” the report read. The use of fines to fund the government undermined “law enforcement legitimacy among African Americans in particular.” ¶ Ferguson has a population of just over 20,000 that is 67 African American, and it raised over $2 million from fines and fees in 2012. This accounted for around 13 of all government revenue, and a disproportionate amount of this money came from the African American population.¶ Is Ferguson an anomaly?¶ Using the U.S. Census’s Survey of Local and State Finances, we investigated the proportion of revenues that cities typically receive from fines, as well as the characteristics of cities that rely on fines the most. What are these cities like? Are they rich or poor? In certain parts of the country? Heavily Black or White?¶ We found one demographic that was most characteristic of cities that levy large amounts of fines on their citizens: a large African American population. Among the fifty cities with the highest proportion of revenues from fines, the median size of the African American population—on a percentage basis—is more than five times greater than the national median.¶ Surprisingly, we found that income had very little connection to cities’ reliance on fines as a revenue source. Municipalities that are overwhelming White and non-Hispanic do not exhibit as much excessive fining, even if they are poor.¶ Our analysis indicates that the use of fines as a source of revenue is not a socioeconomic problem, but a racial one. The cities most likely to exploit residents for fine revenue are those with the most African Americans.
13 +And this controls the internal link to overpolicing because it throws more militarized police officers into communities that already disproportionately suffer from police brutality and overpolicing
14 +
15 +Community distrust of the police undermines democratic legitimacy and the effectiveness of law enforcement.
16 +NIJ 2016 - National Institute of Justice the research, development and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, “Race, Trust and Police Legitimacy,” National Institute of Justice. July 14, 2016. Accessed November 17, 2016. http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/legitimacy/pages/welcome.aspx AT
17 +The public's perceptions about the lawfulness and legitimacy of law enforcement are an important criterion for judging policing in a democratic society. Lawfulness means that police comply with constitutional, statutory and professional norms. Legitimacy is linked to the public's belief about the police and its willingness to recognize police authority.¶ Racial and ethnic minority perceptions that the police lack lawfulness and legitimacy, based largely on their interactions with the police, can lead to distrust of the police. Distrust of police has serious consequences. It undermines the legitimacy of law enforcement, and without legitimacy police lose their ability and authority to function effectively.
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1 +Cort Sylvester
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1 +Ashland
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1 +Marlborough Kim Neg
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1 +NOV DEC Municipality Spending DA
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1 +Glenbrooks

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