Changes for page Lexington Venkatasami Aff
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... ... @@ -1,104 +1,0 @@ 1 -Part 1- Framing (1:40) 2 -The Standard is Maximizing Expected well being 3 - 4 -1. Extinction scenarios key to genuine power resistance- working within the system is key. 5 -back leads to 6 -AND 7 -where multitudes, and not governments, guide the fate of the planet. 8 - 9 -2. Non ideal theory good 10 -Mills 05 Charles W. Mills, “Ideal Theory” as Ideology, 2005 11 -I suggest that this spontaneous reaction, far from being philosophically naïve or jejune 12 -AND 13 -that the ideal-as-idealized-model will never be achieved. 14 - 15 -3. Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework. 16 -BOSTROM 11 (2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy 17 -These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of 18 -AND 19 -of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 20 - 21 -4. No intent foresight or act omission distinction: 22 -1. The choice to omit constitutes an act in itself since when we intend an act we also must intend not to do anything else 23 -2. Willing foreseen effects are necessary to will the end as a whole, 24 -AND 25 -- Government action has to be held accountable for populations, omissions are illegitimate 26 - 27 -Fifth, Revisionary Intuitionism is true and leads to util 28 -YUDKOWSKY 08 29 -Eliezer Yudkowsky (research fellow of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute; he also writes Harry Potter fan fiction). “The ‘Intuitions’ Behind ‘Utilitarianism.’” 28 January 2008. LessWrong. http://lesswrong.com/lw/n9/the_intuitions_behind_utilitarianism/ 30 -I haven't said much about metaethics - the nature of morality - because that has 31 -AND 32 -, because there are not many utilitarians, and many things left undone. 33 - 34 -6. Pain provides an objective for why oppression is bad. 35 -- anything else is abstraction and can’t be used to convince people for ethics 36 -Gray 09 Gray, James W. "An Argument for Moral Realism." Ethical Realism. N.p., 07 Oct. 2009. Web. 04 Sept. 2015. https://ethicalrealism.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/an-argument-for-moral-realism/. MA in philosophy from San Jose State University (2008) 37 -If we have evidence that anything in particular has intrinsic value, then we also 38 -AND 39 -attempt to show that the alternatives are less justified in the next section. 40 - 41 -7. Humanity has a right to exist— anything else excludes infinite future generations which outweighs their impacts on scope- the 1AC’s discussion is uniquely important 42 -Cerutti 14 Furio, Professor of Political Philosophy emeritus at the University of Florence and Adjunct Professor at the Scuola superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa. In the last fifteen years, Cerutti has been a Visiting Professor at Harvard, the University de Paris 8, the Humboldt University ¨at zu Berlin, the London School of Economics and Political Science,(China Foreign Affairs University), Beijing, and Stanford University in Florence. Beyond the publications quoted in this article, Cerutti has written widely on the political identity of the Europeans and the legitimacy of the European Union (last publication: Debating Political Identity and Legitimacy in the European Union, ed. with S. Lucarelli and V. Schmidt, Routledge: London 2011), “Humankind’s First Fundamental Right: Survival,” Constellations, 2014 43 -I have explained elsewhere9 why survival rather than justice is the leading category of a 44 -AND 45 -everybody, not just to the practitioners of academic philosophy Schulphilosophie. 46 - 47 -Part 2- Squo (0:30) 48 - 49 -Civil reactors are Empirically used in weapons research and production in many countries including India and Pakistan- the link cant be ignored 50 -Green 15 “The myth of the peaceful atom - debunking the misinformation peddled by the nuclear industry and its supporters” Jim Green, Nuclear Monitor #804, 28 May 2015, Green is a regular media commentator on nuclear waste issues. He has an honours degree in public health from the University of Wollongong and was awarded a PhD in science and technology studies for his analysis of the Lucas Heights research reactor debates VV 51 -Ostensibly civil nuclear materials and facilities can be used in support of nuclear weapons programs 52 -AND 53 -with a nuclear weapons capability". (AAP, October 16, 2006.) 54 - 55 -Part 3- The Plan (:20) 56 - 57 -Plan Text: The Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power through decommissioning all existing reactors 58 -Surjeet 4 Harkishan Singh. " People's Democracy." Indo-Pak Take Some Strides Ahead. N.p., 3 Oct. 2004. Web. 25 Aug. 2016. http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2004/1003/10032004_surjeet.htm. Musharraf was a former 4- star general and president of Pakistan. Surjeet was an indian Politian from the 50s and was head of the Indian communist party. VV 59 -YET another important issue is that of Indian and Pakistani nukes, and so far 60 -AND 61 -countries decide to steer clear of the imperialist doctrine of a “nuclear umbrella 62 - 63 -Decommissioning will be issued through four steps 64 -Schmittem 16 Schmittem, Marc (Analyst for EU-Japan Energy Cooperation ). “Nuclear Decomissioning in Japan- Opportunities for European Companies”. EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation. Tokyo, March 2016. http://www.eu-japan.eu/sites/default/files/publications/docs/2016-03-nuclear-decommissioning-japan-schmittem-min_0.pdf NB 65 -Decommissioning is the responsibility of the operator of a nuclear facility. The NRA defines 66 -AND 67 -is not yet known if this strategy will be economically and politically feasible. 68 - 69 -Adv- The Winter (2:00) 70 - 71 -Pakistan is churning out Nuclear warheads due to its fear of India- Border War goes Nuclear and increases the risk of nuclear terrorism results in extinction 72 -Hundley 12 Tom Hundley, 9-5-2012, "Pakistan and India: Race to the End," Pulitzer Center, http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/pakistan-nuclear-weapons-battlefield-india-arms-race- energy-cold-war. Tom graduated from Georgetown University and holds a master’s degree in international relations from the University of Pennsylvania. He was also National Endowment for the Humanities journalism fellow at the University of Michigan. He has taught at the American University in Dubai and at Dominican University in River Forest, Illinois. He has also been a Middle East correspondent for GlobalPost and a contributing writer for the Chicago News Cooperative. VV 73 -Pakistan, with an estimated 90 to 120 warheads, is now believed to be 74 -AND 75 -territory creates the kind of atmosphere that greatly shortens the distance to apocalypse." 76 - 77 -Adv – Indochina Relations (2:00) 78 - 79 -China is helping Pakistan with nuclear power as a way to offset india and one up Pakistan in the Nuclear rivalry right now 80 -TIE 16 "China’s Supply of Nuclear Weapons to Pakistan Pose Threat to US, India, Obama Administration Warned." The Indian Express. N.p., 25 May 2016. Web. 31 Aug. 2016. http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/chinas-supply-of-nuclear-weapons-to-pakistan-pose-threat-to-us-india-obama-administration-warned-2817925/. VV 81 -This matter is being viewed seriously by the U.S. Congress, as 82 -AND 83 -the Democratic candidates, with each side seeking answers from the Obama administration. 84 - 85 -India- China Relations are deteriorating - the main reason is supply of nuclear technology to Pakistan, adds to arms race- can go nuclear, A ban would avoid this altogether 86 -Menon 13, Raja. "Not the Border, nor the Ocean - Indian Express." Not the Border, nor the Ocean - Indian Express. N.p., 12 Apr. 2013. Web. 31 Aug. 2016. http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/not-the-border-nor-the-ocean/1101073/3. The writer, a former rear admiral in the navy, is author of ‘A Nuclear Strategy for India’. VV 87 -For India-China ties, China's nuclear assistance to Pakistan is the real problem 88 -AND 89 -China is alarming, but enough strategic options exist to confront the Chinese. 90 - 91 -This turns to war-China and India are armed with nuclear weapons and are easily pushed over the brink 92 -Malik 12 (Malik, Mohan. Professor at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. “China and India Today: Diplomats Jostle, Militaries Prepare”. World Affairs Journal. July/August 2012. http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/china-and-india-today-diplomats-jostle-militaries-prepare) 93 -Just as the Indian subcontinental plate has a tendency to constantly rub and push against 94 -AND 95 -great power, but these are perceived as challenging and threatening in China. 96 - 97 -India – China relations key to Asia stability – the only way we don’t go to war 98 -Madan 13 Tanvi. "India’s Relations with China: The Good, the Bad and the (Potentially) Ugly." Brookings. N.p., 8 Oct. 2013. Web. 31 Aug. 2016. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/indias-relations-with-china-the-good-the-bad-and-the-potentially-ugly/. VV 99 -The governments of both countries have reasons for wanting stable ties: the desire for 100 -AND 101 -relations on its southern and southwestern flank would also help the Chinese leadership. 102 - 103 -Part 4- Underview 104 -Changes every round - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,42 +1,0 @@ 1 -Truth testing 2 -ANALITICS 3 - 4 -Next, The aff burden is to prove any right to free speech exists and the neg burden is to prove there is no right to free speech 5 -ANALITICS 6 - 7 -Part 2- FW 8 -Freedom must be apriori- Revisionist quantum mechanics goes aff 9 -KAKU 11 10 -Kaku, Michio. "Why Physics Ends the Free Will Debate." Big Think. N.p., 13 Apr. 2011. Web. 31 July 2016. http://bigthink.com/videos/why-physics-ends-the-free-will-debate. 11 -Newtonian Determinism says 12 -AND 13 -of uncertainty in whatever we do. 14 - 15 -A. Resolvability – otherwise its impossible for the judge to make a decision because they can’t be free to vote for the better debater Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, denying self-ownership in the round automatically implies the truth of the aff framework. Ostrowski on Hoppe 16 -James, , A SYMPOSIUM ON DRUG DECRIMINALIZATION: THE MORAL AND PRACTICAL CASE FOR DRUG LEGALIZATION. SPRING, 1990 18 Hofstra L. Rev. 607 17 -"Argumentation is a conflict-free way of interacting ... a mutual 18 -AND 19 -opposite, i.e., the aforementioned principle of non-aggression. 20 - 21 -ANALITICS 22 - 23 -To say something is permitted is not to say that there is no possibility of a prohibition; rather it just matters that it is permitted under one locus of duty. A) This is true of obligations because the existence of an obligation doesn’t mean that there can’t be another obligation to do something else, as an obligation is just a locus of duty. B) Proving the resolution true under a specific index is sufficient to affirm regardless of any other type of index that negates. Rödl : 24 -This view is 25 -AND 26 -is so affixing myself to p. 27 - 28 -Self-consciousness requires us to will universal independence – realist goods are determined causally and rationality brings them into question 29 -KORSGAARD 96 30 -Christine Korsgaard. “The Sources of Normativity.” Lecture 3. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. 1996. Gender modified. http://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/k/korsgaard94.pdf 31 -Kant defines a free will as a rational causality that is effective without being determined 32 -AND 33 -fulfill or even receive the obligation of obedience you need to be an agent 34 - 35 -Part 3- Contention 36 - 37 -ANALITICS 38 - 39 -Part 4- Underview 40 - 41 -UV 42 -Variable - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,101 +1,0 @@ 1 -1AC-Bronx 2 - 3 -Presumption 4 - 5 - 6 -1 Interpretation: On the 2016-17 Sep-Oct LD topic, the negative may not contest the aff’s ethical standard, and must link all offense back to the AFFs consequestlist ethical framework 7 - 8 -Violation- This is preemptive- Anything such as skep, util auto negates, util triggers presumption, permissibility, nc with framework or AFC bad, violates, death bad, or recontextualizations that appeal to external ethical theories violate. A recontextualization of framework would appeal to other ethical theories to weigh offense or argue for a different version of util violates AFC such as death good. 9 - 10 - 11 -Standards 12 - 13 -1. Clash- 14 - 15 -Topical Clash o/w Phil Clash- 16 - 17 -A. Applied ethics is the only way ethics in this topic is used 18 -Parkins 11 Parkins, John Russell, and Randolph Haluza-DeLay. Social and ethical considerations of nuclear power development. University of Alberta, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Rural Economy, 2011. 19 -A new urgency is emerging around nuclear power development around the world, and this 20 -AND 21 -way of understanding the social dimensions of nuclear power within any given context. 22 - 23 -B. Timeframe- 24 -C. Debate’s strategic incentives bastardize phil debate 25 -Nebel et Al 13 Teaching Philosophy 36:3, September 2013 271 Teaching Philosophy through Lincoln-Douglas Debate JACOB NEBEL Wolfson College, Oxford University RYAN W. DAVIS Harvard University PETER VAN ELSWYK Rutgers University BEN HOLGUIN New York University 26 -Another cause of poorly justified relativism and skepticism in LD debate comes from judge expectations 27 -AND 28 -inclined to accept a controversial philosophical view about morality for the wrong reasons. 29 - 30 -D. Phil debate creates unrealistic phil decisions 31 -Nebel et Al 13 Teaching Philosophy 36:3, September 2013 271 Teaching Philosophy through Lincoln-Douglas Debate JACOB NEBEL Wolfson College, Oxford University RYAN W. DAVIS Harvard University PETER VAN ELSWYK Rutgers University BEN HOLGUIN New York University 32 -The LD debate community is on the hyper-methodist end of the spectrum. 33 -AND 34 -Holocaust wasn’t morally wrong if the debater in question is defending moral nihilism. 35 - 36 -E. Comparitive ethics debates are useless 37 - 38 -Education is a voter because it’s the reason schools fund debate and it’s the only portable impact 39 - 40 -2. Strat Skew 41 - 42 -A. 1AC speaks in the dark but the neg adapts. B. Reactive rebuttal 43 -C. Topic Side Bias- 44 -D. Ground- 45 - 46 -AFC solves- 47 - 48 -Fairness is a voter 49 -Drop the Debater: 50 -Competing Interps 51 -Thus the standard is maximizing Pleasure- This is a Util Standard 52 - 53 -Part 2 Squo 54 - 55 -Civil reactors are Empirically used in weapons research and production in many countries including India and Pakistan- the link cant be ignored 56 -Green 15 “The myth of the peaceful atom - debunking the misinformation peddled by the nuclear industry and its supporters” Jim Green, Nuclear Monitor #804, 28 May 2015, Green is a regular media commentator on nuclear waste issues. He has an honours degree in public health from the University of Wollongong and was awarded a PhD in science and technology studies for his analysis of the Lucas Heights research reactor debates VV 57 -Ostensibly civil nuclear materials and facilities can be used in support of nuclear weapons programs 58 -AND 59 -with a nuclear weapons capability". (AAP, October 16, 2006.) 60 - 61 -Part 3- The Plan (:20) 62 - 63 -Plan Text: The parliament of the Republic of India and the parliament of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power through decommissioning all existing reactors 64 -Surjeet 4 Harkishan Singh. " People's Democracy." Indo-Pak Take Some Strides Ahead. N.p., 3 Oct. 2004. Web. 25 Aug. 2016. http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2004/1003/10032004_surjeet.htm. Musharraf was a former 4- star general and president of Pakistan. Surjeet was an indian Politian from the 50s and was head of the Indian communist party. VV 65 -YET another important issue is that of Indian and Pakistani nukes, and so far 66 -AND 67 -countries decide to steer clear of the imperialist doctrine of a “nuclear umbrella 68 - 69 -Decommissioning will be issued through four steps 70 -Schmittem 16 Schmittem, Marc (Analyst for EU-Japan Energy Cooperation ). “Nuclear Decomissioning in Japan- Opportunities for European Companies”. EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation. Tokyo, March 2016. http://www.eu-japan.eu/sites/default/files/publications/docs/2016-03-nuclear-decommissioning-japan-schmittem-min_0.pdf NB 71 -Decommissioning is the responsibility of the operator of a nuclear facility. The NRA defines 72 -AND 73 -is not yet known if this strategy will be economically and politically feasible. 74 - 75 -Adv- The Winter (2:00) 76 - 77 -Pakistan is churning out Nuclear warheads due to its fear of India- Border War goes Nuclear and results in nuclear terrorism and causes extinction 78 -Hundley 12 Tom Hundley, 9-5-2012, "Pakistan and India: Race to the End," Pulitzer Center, http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/pakistan-nuclear-weapons-battlefield-india-arms-race- energy-cold-war. Tom graduated from Georgetown University and holds a master’s degree in international relations from the University of Pennsylvania. He was also National Endowment for the Humanities journalism fellow at the University of Michigan. He has taught at the American University in Dubai and at Dominican University in River Forest, Illinois. He has also been a Middle East correspondent for GlobalPost and a contributing writer for the Chicago News Cooperative. VV 79 -Pakistan, with an estimated 90 to 120 warheads, is now believed to be 80 -AND 81 -territory creates the kind of atmosphere that greatly shortens the distance to apocalypse." 82 - 83 -Indo-Pak nuclear conflict expands and causes global devastation and nuclear winter- extinction 84 -Robock 12Robock, environmental sciences prof @ Rutgers, 12 Robock, Alan, and Owen B. Toon. "Self-Assured Destruction: The Climate Impacts of Nuclear War." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 68.5 (2012): 66-74. Rutgers.edu. DOI: 10.1177/0096340212459127 Sage Pub. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. Alan Robock is an American climatologist. He is currently Professor II in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University VV 85 -A nuclear war between Russia and the United States, even after the arsenal reductions 86 -AND 87 -regional conflict has the potential to cause mass starvation worldwide through environmental effects. 88 - 89 -UV 90 - 91 -1. AFF gets RVIs 92 - 93 - 94 -2. Evaluate the debate through comparative worlds—we should compare a world where we ban Nucealr power in India and Pakistan vs the squo or a CP 95 - 96 -Truth testing kills fairness and real-world education. WE need a Post fiat advocacy . 97 -Nelson 8 98 -Adam F. Nelson, J.D.1. Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Lincoln-Douglas Debate. 2008. 99 -And the truth-statement model of the resolution imposes an absolute burden of proof 100 -AND 101 -know how the various options affect us and the world we live in. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,104 @@ 1 +Part 1- Framing (1:40) 2 +The Standard is Maximizing Expected well being 3 + 4 +1. Extinction scenarios key to genuine power resistance- working within the system is key. 5 +back leads to 6 +AND 7 +where multitudes, and not governments, guide the fate of the planet. 8 + 9 +2. Non ideal theory good 10 +Mills 05 Charles W. Mills, “Ideal Theory” as Ideology, 2005 11 +I suggest that this spontaneous reaction, far from being philosophically naïve or jejune 12 +AND 13 +that the ideal-as-idealized-model will never be achieved. 14 + 15 +3. Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework. 16 +BOSTROM 11 (2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy 17 +These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of 18 +AND 19 +of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 20 + 21 +4. No intent foresight or act omission distinction: 22 +1. The choice to omit constitutes an act in itself since when we intend an act we also must intend not to do anything else 23 +2. Willing foreseen effects are necessary to will the end as a whole, 24 +AND 25 +- Government action has to be held accountable for populations, omissions are illegitimate 26 + 27 +Fifth, Revisionary Intuitionism is true and leads to util 28 +YUDKOWSKY 08 29 +Eliezer Yudkowsky (research fellow of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute; he also writes Harry Potter fan fiction). “The ‘Intuitions’ Behind ‘Utilitarianism.’” 28 January 2008. LessWrong. http://lesswrong.com/lw/n9/the_intuitions_behind_utilitarianism/ 30 +I haven't said much about metaethics - the nature of morality - because that has 31 +AND 32 +, because there are not many utilitarians, and many things left undone. 33 + 34 +6. Pain provides an objective for why oppression is bad. 35 +- anything else is abstraction and can’t be used to convince people for ethics 36 +Gray 09 Gray, James W. "An Argument for Moral Realism." Ethical Realism. N.p., 07 Oct. 2009. Web. 04 Sept. 2015. https://ethicalrealism.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/an-argument-for-moral-realism/. MA in philosophy from San Jose State University (2008) 37 +If we have evidence that anything in particular has intrinsic value, then we also 38 +AND 39 +attempt to show that the alternatives are less justified in the next section. 40 + 41 +7. Humanity has a right to exist— anything else excludes infinite future generations which outweighs their impacts on scope- the 1AC’s discussion is uniquely important 42 +Cerutti 14 Furio, Professor of Political Philosophy emeritus at the University of Florence and Adjunct Professor at the Scuola superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa. In the last fifteen years, Cerutti has been a Visiting Professor at Harvard, the University de Paris 8, the Humboldt University ¨at zu Berlin, the London School of Economics and Political Science,(China Foreign Affairs University), Beijing, and Stanford University in Florence. Beyond the publications quoted in this article, Cerutti has written widely on the political identity of the Europeans and the legitimacy of the European Union (last publication: Debating Political Identity and Legitimacy in the European Union, ed. with S. Lucarelli and V. Schmidt, Routledge: London 2011), “Humankind’s First Fundamental Right: Survival,” Constellations, 2014 43 +I have explained elsewhere9 why survival rather than justice is the leading category of a 44 +AND 45 +everybody, not just to the practitioners of academic philosophy Schulphilosophie. 46 + 47 +Part 2- Squo (0:30) 48 + 49 +Civil reactors are Empirically used in weapons research and production in many countries including India and Pakistan- the link cant be ignored 50 +Green 15 “The myth of the peaceful atom - debunking the misinformation peddled by the nuclear industry and its supporters” Jim Green, Nuclear Monitor #804, 28 May 2015, Green is a regular media commentator on nuclear waste issues. He has an honours degree in public health from the University of Wollongong and was awarded a PhD in science and technology studies for his analysis of the Lucas Heights research reactor debates VV 51 +Ostensibly civil nuclear materials and facilities can be used in support of nuclear weapons programs 52 +AND 53 +with a nuclear weapons capability". (AAP, October 16, 2006.) 54 + 55 +Part 3- The Plan (:20) 56 + 57 +Plan Text: The Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power through decommissioning all existing reactors 58 +Surjeet 4 Harkishan Singh. " People's Democracy." Indo-Pak Take Some Strides Ahead. N.p., 3 Oct. 2004. Web. 25 Aug. 2016. http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2004/1003/10032004_surjeet.htm. Musharraf was a former 4- star general and president of Pakistan. Surjeet was an indian Politian from the 50s and was head of the Indian communist party. VV 59 +YET another important issue is that of Indian and Pakistani nukes, and so far 60 +AND 61 +countries decide to steer clear of the imperialist doctrine of a “nuclear umbrella 62 + 63 +Decommissioning will be issued through four steps 64 +Schmittem 16 Schmittem, Marc (Analyst for EU-Japan Energy Cooperation ). “Nuclear Decomissioning in Japan- Opportunities for European Companies”. EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation. Tokyo, March 2016. http://www.eu-japan.eu/sites/default/files/publications/docs/2016-03-nuclear-decommissioning-japan-schmittem-min_0.pdf NB 65 +Decommissioning is the responsibility of the operator of a nuclear facility. The NRA defines 66 +AND 67 +is not yet known if this strategy will be economically and politically feasible. 68 + 69 +Adv- The Winter (2:00) 70 + 71 +Pakistan is churning out Nuclear warheads due to its fear of India- Border War goes Nuclear and increases the risk of nuclear terrorism results in extinction 72 +Hundley 12 Tom Hundley, 9-5-2012, "Pakistan and India: Race to the End," Pulitzer Center, http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/pakistan-nuclear-weapons-battlefield-india-arms-race- energy-cold-war. Tom graduated from Georgetown University and holds a master’s degree in international relations from the University of Pennsylvania. He was also National Endowment for the Humanities journalism fellow at the University of Michigan. He has taught at the American University in Dubai and at Dominican University in River Forest, Illinois. He has also been a Middle East correspondent for GlobalPost and a contributing writer for the Chicago News Cooperative. VV 73 +Pakistan, with an estimated 90 to 120 warheads, is now believed to be 74 +AND 75 +territory creates the kind of atmosphere that greatly shortens the distance to apocalypse." 76 + 77 +Adv – Indochina Relations (2:00) 78 + 79 +China is helping Pakistan with nuclear power as a way to offset india and one up Pakistan in the Nuclear rivalry right now 80 +TIE 16 "China’s Supply of Nuclear Weapons to Pakistan Pose Threat to US, India, Obama Administration Warned." The Indian Express. N.p., 25 May 2016. Web. 31 Aug. 2016. http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/chinas-supply-of-nuclear-weapons-to-pakistan-pose-threat-to-us-india-obama-administration-warned-2817925/. VV 81 +This matter is being viewed seriously by the U.S. Congress, as 82 +AND 83 +the Democratic candidates, with each side seeking answers from the Obama administration. 84 + 85 +India- China Relations are deteriorating - the main reason is supply of nuclear technology to Pakistan, adds to arms race- can go nuclear, A ban would avoid this altogether 86 +Menon 13, Raja. "Not the Border, nor the Ocean - Indian Express." Not the Border, nor the Ocean - Indian Express. N.p., 12 Apr. 2013. Web. 31 Aug. 2016. http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/not-the-border-nor-the-ocean/1101073/3. The writer, a former rear admiral in the navy, is author of ‘A Nuclear Strategy for India’. VV 87 +For India-China ties, China's nuclear assistance to Pakistan is the real problem 88 +AND 89 +China is alarming, but enough strategic options exist to confront the Chinese. 90 + 91 +This turns to war-China and India are armed with nuclear weapons and are easily pushed over the brink 92 +Malik 12 (Malik, Mohan. Professor at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. “China and India Today: Diplomats Jostle, Militaries Prepare”. World Affairs Journal. July/August 2012. http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/china-and-india-today-diplomats-jostle-militaries-prepare) 93 +Just as the Indian subcontinental plate has a tendency to constantly rub and push against 94 +AND 95 +great power, but these are perceived as challenging and threatening in China. 96 + 97 +India – China relations key to Asia stability – the only way we don’t go to war 98 +Madan 13 Tanvi. "India’s Relations with China: The Good, the Bad and the (Potentially) Ugly." Brookings. N.p., 8 Oct. 2013. Web. 31 Aug. 2016. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/indias-relations-with-china-the-good-the-bad-and-the-potentially-ugly/. VV 99 +The governments of both countries have reasons for wanting stable ties: the desire for 100 +AND 101 +relations on its southern and southwestern flank would also help the Chinese leadership. 102 + 103 +Part 4- Underview 104 +Changes every round - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,112 @@ 1 +1AC- Emory 2 +The Value is Morality because OED defines Ought as a moral obligation 3 +1. Structural violence and oppression is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences. 4 +Opotow 01 Susan Opotow 01 Susan Opotow is a social and organizational psychologist. Her work examines the intersection of conflict, justice, and identity as they give rise to moral exclusion ~-~- seeing others as outside the scope of justice and as eligible targets of discrimination, exploitation, hate, or violence. She studies moral exclusion and moral inclusion in such everyday contexts as schooling, environmental and public policy conflict, and in more violent contexts, such as deadly wars and the post-war period. She has guest edited The Journal of Social Issues and Social Justice Research and co-edited Identity and the Natural Environment: The Psychological Significance of Nature (MIT Press, 2003). She is associate editor of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and Past President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, “Social Injustice”, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Centuryl Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE 5 +Both structural and direct violence results from moral justifications and rationalizations. 6 +AND 7 +oneself or one’s group at the expense of others (Tajfel, 1982). 8 + 9 +A. You’re in a double bind- either 1. your framework cares about oppression which means that the case link turns it or 2. it doesn’t care about oppression and that proves our exclusion offense 10 + 11 +B. Prerequisite to other ethical theories- we need to be a part of ethical deliberation and ethics in order for it to matter 12 + 13 +2. Causal processes predispose us to certain types of reasoning. Particular morality must deconstruct oppression and be historically informed– identity critique is no more radical than ideal political philosophy that essentializes groups 14 + (a) Means that any realist view appealing to intrinsic goods are arbitrary and causal biases created from external forces instead of independent goods 15 +(b) Constitutivism fails because it asserts the standard of a good agent which beg the question of an independent normative standard to be optimal to. Practical reasoning isn’t constitutive of agency because verifying the truth of practical reasoning requires fixation upon independent standards; but people either have reasons or they don’t, there’s no normative impact to being a desiring wanton that doesn’t appeal to independent values. 16 +(c) Agency- external reasons can’t exist because truths must be self evident 17 +AND 18 +relations (of. May, 1987, pp. 22-23). 19 + 20 +3. No act-omission or intent-foresight distinction 21 + 22 +A. The choice to omit constitutes an act in itself since when we intend an act we also must intend not to do anything else 23 + 24 +B. Willing foreseen effects are necessary to actualize intent so we will the end as a whole. 25 + 26 +C. Intent is unverifiable and reified by systems that claim to be good which makes ethics subjective because anyone can claim to have had good intent 27 + 28 +D. Mental states like intention or motivation evaluate agents but have no bearing on action because intentions can be shaped by the character of an agent and can change what we perceive as the action 29 + 30 +4. Our discussions cannot be based on ideal theory— We can’t abstract away from the material issues in the real world which means that ethics theories are racist and exclusionary 31 +Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14 The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century. 2014 VV 32 +Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real 33 +AND 34 +used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters. 35 + 36 +Thus, the standard is minimizing structural violence 37 + 38 +Advocacy 39 + 40 +Universities currently restrict free speech 41 +Maloney 16 Cliff Maloney, Jr., Oct 13, 2016, "Colleges Have No Right to Limit Students' Free Speech," TIME, http://time.com/4530197/college-free-speech-zone/ NB 42 +In grade school, I learned that debate is defined as “a discussion between 43 +AND 44 +of ideas. Restrictive campus speech codes are, in fact, regressive. 45 + 46 +Plan Text: Resolved- Public colleges and universities in the United States should adopt policies on freedom of constitutionally protected speech modeled on Yale University’s Woodward Report of 1974. 47 + 48 +The plan effectively restores free speech and intellectual freedom on campuses 49 +Kurtz 15 Stanley Kurtz (graduated from Haverford College and holds a Ph.D. in social anthropology from Harvard University. He did his field work in India and taught at Harvard and the University of Chicago). “A Plan to Restore Free Speech on Campus.” National Review. December 7th, 2015. http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/428122/plan-restore-free-speech-campus-stanley-kurtz 50 +Many of the proposals listed below can be mandated for public universities by state legislatures 51 +AND 52 +of students on campus, represents the best hope of overcoming these obstacles. 53 + 54 +Meritocratic debate is key – censoring ideas causes the right wing opposition responsible for trumps rise 55 +- everyone has subjective upbringings that create some form of privilege experience 56 +- the first time these people interact with liberals they’re called freaks and bigots without any expalantion, they’re just wrong and not allowed to raise their perspective 57 +insults have never persuaded anyone- this is moral suasion, this is a genuine 58 +AND 59 +you don’t, I’ll tell you what you get, you get President Trump 60 + 61 +Adv- Race 62 + 63 +The alt right is already energized in the status quo- students already engage in harmful dialogue. 64 +Harkinson 12-6 Harkinson, Josh. “The Push to Enlist ‘Alt-Right’ Recruits on College Campuses. Dec 6, 2016. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/12/richard-spencer-alt-right-college-activism. 65 +How much support is there for the loose-knit coalition of white nationalists and 66 +AND 67 +and fascism, including Nazism in Germany (and in the United States). 68 + 69 +Speech codes rest on faith within hegemonic institutions- they manifest themselves against minorities 70 +Gates 94 Henry Louis Gates 94, Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University, “War of Words: Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment”, in Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, New York University Press, 1994. 71 +One other paradox fissures the hate speech movement. Because these scholars wish to show 72 +AND 73 +The contemporary aim is not to resist power, but to enlist power. 74 + 75 +Speech codes are more likely to work against minorities- Great Britain and Michigan prove 76 +Strossen 90 (Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555 77 +First, there is no persuasive psychological evidence that punishment for name- calling changes 78 +AND 79 +far more problems of equality and enforceability than it would solve.387 ¶ 80 + 81 +Speech codes chill speech other than hate speech since people don’t want to risk violating the policy- that kills real movements 82 +Lukianoff 08 83 +https://www.nas.org/articles/Campus_Speech_Codes_Absurd_Tenacious_and_Everywhere Campus Speech Codes: Absurd, Tenacious, and Everywhere May 23, 2008 | Greg Lukianoff 84 +Third, even if the university has not enforced the code, it is still 85 +AND 86 +citizens, whether the administration intends to enforce the speech code or not. 87 + 88 +Censorship empirically makes hate speech more appealing because extremists get looked at as martyrs and revolutionaries, 89 +Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, “Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship”, “The Prohibitionist Challenge”, pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, 90 +American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent, 91 +AND 92 +still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse. 93 + 94 +Plan Solves 95 + 96 +A. Counterspeech is especially effective- it bolsters campus-wide movements and mitigates the risk of dealing with censorship issues which sacrifices focus on the movement 97 +Calleros 95 Calleros, Charles R. “Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun” (Professor of Law, Arizona State University). HeinOnline. Arizona State Law Journal. 1995 NB 98 +Delgado and Yun summarize the support for the counterspeech argument by paraphrasing Nat Hentoff: 99 +AND 100 +it sparked counterspeech and community action that strengthened the campus support for diversity. 101 + 102 +B. If we let racists talk now- it strengthens civil liberty protections for marginalized gropus 103 +Gates 94 Henry Louis Gates 94, Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University, “War of Words: Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment”, in Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, New York University Press, 1994. RFK 104 +The critique of neutrality would affect not simply how we draft our ordinances, but 105 +AND 106 +have effects far beyond the classic triad of deterrence, reform and retribution. 107 + 108 +Student bodies are essential flashpoints to create social change- they are diverse classes that foster difference 109 +Delgado 15 Delgado, Sandra. “The Pedagogical Potential of Student Collective Action in the Age of the Corporate University” (Doctoral Student in curriculum studies at the university of british Columbia). Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy. University of British Columbia. 2015 NB 110 +During the last decade students have played a prominent role, as part of the 111 +AND 112 +and their work can be found as part of the literary genre.4 - EntryDate
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