Changes for page Lexington Venkatasami Aff
on 2017/02/03 17:27
on 2017/02/03 17:27
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,112 @@ 1 +1AC- Emory 2 +The Value is Morality because OED defines Ought as a moral obligation 3 +1. Structural violence and oppression is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences. 4 +Opotow 01 Susan Opotow 01 Susan Opotow is a social and organizational psychologist. Her work examines the intersection of conflict, justice, and identity as they give rise to moral exclusion ~-~- seeing others as outside the scope of justice and as eligible targets of discrimination, exploitation, hate, or violence. She studies moral exclusion and moral inclusion in such everyday contexts as schooling, environmental and public policy conflict, and in more violent contexts, such as deadly wars and the post-war period. She has guest edited The Journal of Social Issues and Social Justice Research and co-edited Identity and the Natural Environment: The Psychological Significance of Nature (MIT Press, 2003). She is associate editor of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and Past President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, “Social Injustice”, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Centuryl Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE 5 +Both structural and direct violence results from moral justifications and rationalizations. 6 +AND 7 +oneself or one’s group at the expense of others (Tajfel, 1982). 8 + 9 +A. You’re in a double bind- either 1. your framework cares about oppression which means that the case link turns it or 2. it doesn’t care about oppression and that proves our exclusion offense 10 + 11 +B. Prerequisite to other ethical theories- we need to be a part of ethical deliberation and ethics in order for it to matter 12 + 13 +2. Causal processes predispose us to certain types of reasoning. Particular morality must deconstruct oppression and be historically informed– identity critique is no more radical than ideal political philosophy that essentializes groups 14 + (a) Means that any realist view appealing to intrinsic goods are arbitrary and causal biases created from external forces instead of independent goods 15 +(b) Constitutivism fails because it asserts the standard of a good agent which beg the question of an independent normative standard to be optimal to. Practical reasoning isn’t constitutive of agency because verifying the truth of practical reasoning requires fixation upon independent standards; but people either have reasons or they don’t, there’s no normative impact to being a desiring wanton that doesn’t appeal to independent values. 16 +(c) Agency- external reasons can’t exist because truths must be self evident 17 +AND 18 +relations (of. May, 1987, pp. 22-23). 19 + 20 +3. No act-omission or intent-foresight distinction 21 + 22 +A. The choice to omit constitutes an act in itself since when we intend an act we also must intend not to do anything else 23 + 24 +B. Willing foreseen effects are necessary to actualize intent so we will the end as a whole. 25 + 26 +C. Intent is unverifiable and reified by systems that claim to be good which makes ethics subjective because anyone can claim to have had good intent 27 + 28 +D. Mental states like intention or motivation evaluate agents but have no bearing on action because intentions can be shaped by the character of an agent and can change what we perceive as the action 29 + 30 +4. Our discussions cannot be based on ideal theory— We can’t abstract away from the material issues in the real world which means that ethics theories are racist and exclusionary 31 +Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14 The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century. 2014 VV 32 +Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real 33 +AND 34 +used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters. 35 + 36 +Thus, the standard is minimizing structural violence 37 + 38 +Advocacy 39 + 40 +Universities currently restrict free speech 41 +Maloney 16 Cliff Maloney, Jr., Oct 13, 2016, "Colleges Have No Right to Limit Students' Free Speech," TIME, http://time.com/4530197/college-free-speech-zone/ NB 42 +In grade school, I learned that debate is defined as “a discussion between 43 +AND 44 +of ideas. Restrictive campus speech codes are, in fact, regressive. 45 + 46 +Plan Text: Resolved- Public colleges and universities in the United States should adopt policies on freedom of constitutionally protected speech modeled on Yale University’s Woodward Report of 1974. 47 + 48 +The plan effectively restores free speech and intellectual freedom on campuses 49 +Kurtz 15 Stanley Kurtz (graduated from Haverford College and holds a Ph.D. in social anthropology from Harvard University. He did his field work in India and taught at Harvard and the University of Chicago). “A Plan to Restore Free Speech on Campus.” National Review. December 7th, 2015. http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/428122/plan-restore-free-speech-campus-stanley-kurtz 50 +Many of the proposals listed below can be mandated for public universities by state legislatures 51 +AND 52 +of students on campus, represents the best hope of overcoming these obstacles. 53 + 54 +Meritocratic debate is key – censoring ideas causes the right wing opposition responsible for trumps rise 55 +- everyone has subjective upbringings that create some form of privilege experience 56 +- the first time these people interact with liberals they’re called freaks and bigots without any expalantion, they’re just wrong and not allowed to raise their perspective 57 +insults have never persuaded anyone- this is moral suasion, this is a genuine 58 +AND 59 +you don’t, I’ll tell you what you get, you get President Trump 60 + 61 +Adv- Race 62 + 63 +The alt right is already energized in the status quo- students already engage in harmful dialogue. 64 +Harkinson 12-6 Harkinson, Josh. “The Push to Enlist ‘Alt-Right’ Recruits on College Campuses. Dec 6, 2016. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/12/richard-spencer-alt-right-college-activism. 65 +How much support is there for the loose-knit coalition of white nationalists and 66 +AND 67 +and fascism, including Nazism in Germany (and in the United States). 68 + 69 +Speech codes rest on faith within hegemonic institutions- they manifest themselves against minorities 70 +Gates 94 Henry Louis Gates 94, Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University, “War of Words: Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment”, in Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, New York University Press, 1994. 71 +One other paradox fissures the hate speech movement. Because these scholars wish to show 72 +AND 73 +The contemporary aim is not to resist power, but to enlist power. 74 + 75 +Speech codes are more likely to work against minorities- Great Britain and Michigan prove 76 +Strossen 90 (Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555 77 +First, there is no persuasive psychological evidence that punishment for name- calling changes 78 +AND 79 +far more problems of equality and enforceability than it would solve.387 ¶ 80 + 81 +Speech codes chill speech other than hate speech since people don’t want to risk violating the policy- that kills real movements 82 +Lukianoff 08 83 +https://www.nas.org/articles/Campus_Speech_Codes_Absurd_Tenacious_and_Everywhere Campus Speech Codes: Absurd, Tenacious, and Everywhere May 23, 2008 | Greg Lukianoff 84 +Third, even if the university has not enforced the code, it is still 85 +AND 86 +citizens, whether the administration intends to enforce the speech code or not. 87 + 88 +Censorship empirically makes hate speech more appealing because extremists get looked at as martyrs and revolutionaries, 89 +Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, “Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship”, “The Prohibitionist Challenge”, pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, 90 +American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent, 91 +AND 92 +still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse. 93 + 94 +Plan Solves 95 + 96 +A. Counterspeech is especially effective- it bolsters campus-wide movements and mitigates the risk of dealing with censorship issues which sacrifices focus on the movement 97 +Calleros 95 Calleros, Charles R. “Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun” (Professor of Law, Arizona State University). HeinOnline. Arizona State Law Journal. 1995 NB 98 +Delgado and Yun summarize the support for the counterspeech argument by paraphrasing Nat Hentoff: 99 +AND 100 +it sparked counterspeech and community action that strengthened the campus support for diversity. 101 + 102 +B. If we let racists talk now- it strengthens civil liberty protections for marginalized gropus 103 +Gates 94 Henry Louis Gates 94, Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University, “War of Words: Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment”, in Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, New York University Press, 1994. RFK 104 +The critique of neutrality would affect not simply how we draft our ordinances, but 105 +AND 106 +have effects far beyond the classic triad of deterrence, reform and retribution. 107 + 108 +Student bodies are essential flashpoints to create social change- they are diverse classes that foster difference 109 +Delgado 15 Delgado, Sandra. “The Pedagogical Potential of Student Collective Action in the Age of the Corporate University” (Doctoral Student in curriculum studies at the university of british Columbia). Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy. University of British Columbia. 2015 NB 110 +During the last decade students have played a prominent role, as part of the 111 +AND 112 +and their work can be found as part of the literary genre.4 - EntryDate
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