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  • Caselist.CitesClass[28]
  • Caselist.CitesClass[29]

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Caselist.CitesClass[28]

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1		-2016-10-22 22:40:04.591
	1	+2016-10-22 22:40:04.0

Caselist.CitesClass[29]

Cites

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	1	+Russia developing nuclear now
	2	+WNA 8-1 World Nuclear association, 8-1-2016, "Nuclear Power in Russia," No Publication, http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-power.aspx NB
	3	+Russia is moving steadily forward with plans for an expanded role of nuclear energy, including development of new reactor technology.¶ An average of one large reactor per year is due to come on line to 2028, balancing retired capacity.¶ Efficiency of nuclear generation in Russia has increased dramatically since the mid-1990s. Over 20 nuclear power reactors are confirmed or planned for export construction.¶ Exports of nuclear goods and services are a major Russian policy and economic objective.¶ Russia is a world leader in fast neutron reactor technology.¶ Russia's first nuclear power plant, and the first in the world to produce electricity, was the 5 MWe Obninsk reactor, in 1954. Russia's first two commercial-scale nuclear power plants started up in 1963-64, then in 1971-73 the first of today's production models were commissioned. By the mid-1980s Russia had 25 power reactors in operation, but the nuclear industry was beset by problems. The Chernobyl accident led to a resolution of these, as outlined in the Appendix.¶ Rosenergoatom is the only Russian utility operating nuclear power plants. Its ten nuclear plants have the status of branches. It was established in 1992 and was reconstituted as a utility in 2001, as a division of SC Rosatom.
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	6	+Nuclear necessary to displace coal and other non-renewables
	7	+Mckinsey 09 Mckinsey and Company. “Pathways to an energy and carbon efficient Russia- Opportunities to increase energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions” (In autum 2009, as part of its efforts to quantify energy efficiency and greenhouse gas abatement measures across major economies, McKinsey and Company conducted an independent and self-financed study on the related topics of energy efficiency. The research team interacted with more than 50 experts, among them some of the leading specialists in Russia, and acknowledges their input. The purpose of the study is to identify opportunities in Russia to improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions). The study focuses on quantifying and prioritizing opportunities) KB/NB
	8	+¶ Construction at new nuclear capacity. Russia is one of the leading players in the field¶ of civilian-use nuclear technology. with a 15 share of global reactor production¶ ¶ and a 45 share of global uranium enrichment. The industry employs a few hundred¶ thousand people and is considered one of the nation's most competitive industries¶ internationally. it is in this context that the Russian government has announced¶ ¶ an ambitious nuclear power pant program. aiming to increase domestic nuclear capacity¶ from its cment 24 GW to 52-62 GW ‘n 2000. Among experts. however. it is disputed¶ ¶ as to what extent such an ambitious program could be ‘mplemented: it would reqme build¶ 1.7-2.7fl reactors per year. whereas today Russia brings one reactor on-Iine every two years.¶ Construction at hydro and renewable energy sources. Russia has the second largest¶ potential for hydro power in the world. but so far exploits only about 20 of its economic¶ potential’. Current plans that have been announced assume the construction of about¶ 40 GW of additional hydo capacity by 2000. Renewable sources of energy have also¶ received more attention of late: in the recently approved Energy Strategy 2000. a target¶ of 4.5 of total power production is envisaged. a five-fold increase over today's figure¶ ¶ of 0.9. As with nuclear. the likelihood of the successful implementation of this strategy¶ is also subject to question. particularly since no supporting polices for renewables have¶ yet been adopted. The future implementation of these policies wil affect the Russian economy it many.¶ sometimes interdependent ways - its future fuel mix will determine the amount of investment¶ required. the gas volumes available for export. and the costs which industry and consumers¶ will have to pay for electricity". To take into consideration the existing uncertainties about¶ ¶ the future of Russia’s fuel mix. four discrete scenarios have been developed in our study.¶ ¶ related to the possible outcome of the policy decisions isted above. Each scenario¶ ¶ is characterized by a particular fuel mix and level of required capital investments. and shows¶ ¶ the resulting differences in gas consumption and CO; emissions (Exhibit 3).¶ ¶ e Fuel mix scenario 1 ("Balance on coal") assumes limitations on domestic gas¶ consumption and moderate construction rates of nuclear and large hyao capacity¶ (replacement of retiring nuclear capacity. the rebuild'ng of Sayano-Shushenskaya hydro¶ station. and 7 SW of new hyao plants by 2080. Due to the imits on the use of gas.¶ coal becomes competitive it most Russian regions9. In this scenario the share of coal¶ increases from the current 19 to 30. and therefore this scenario has the higiest 00.¶ emissions.¶ ¶ a Fuel mix scenario 2 ("Balance on gas”) assumes the same moderate construction rate¶ of hydro and nuclear as 'n Scenario 1. In this scenario. however. domestic use of gas¶ is not limited. Given the long-term oil price forecast at $60/bbl. gas remains competitive¶ everywhere west of Sberia‘o. In this scenario. the share of gasbased power generation¶ increases from 47 to 59. Scenario 2 consequently has the lowest investments.¶ but the higiest gas usage. This scenario represents a continuation of current trends.¶ and is therefore used as a reference case throughout this report.¶ ¶ a Fuel mix scenario 3 ("Minimum gas”) assumes an ambitious 'ncrease in installed nuclear¶ capacity from 23 to 57 SW and in installed hyao capacity from 53 to 93 GW. Also.¶ itaesumesthesamenattralgaspolicyasScenario1.Thefuturefuelmixinth'sscenario¶ would be the one closest to Russia’s Energy Strategy 2030 (dated 2009). Of the four¶ scenarios. th’s one has the highest investments. but the lowest consunption of natural gas.¶ ¶ a Fuel mix scenario 4 ("Minimum emissions") assumes the same ambitious rate¶ of construction of new nuclear and hydro capacity as in Scenario 3. but a iberal approach¶ to gas as described in Scenario 2. In this scenario the share of coal decreases to 12.¶ while the share of nuclear and hydro 'ncreases to 45. making this scenario the one with¶ the lowest CO.Q emissions.
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	10	+Russia is a key emitter- and exports to other countries
	11	+Chiavari 08 Institute for International and European Environmental policy (Joana Chiavari, and marc Pallemaerts). DG Internal Policies of the Union. Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy. “Energy and climate Change in Russia.” IP/A/CLIM/NT. 2008-06. NB
	12	+Although other energy and climate change issues are important in Russia, it is oil and gas that¶ drives everything and represents the central fact of the energy politics of the country.¶ Russia holds the world's largest natural gas reserves9 and the eighth largest oil reserves10,¶ being the world's largest exporter of natural gas, and the second largest oil exporter11.¶ Russia’s economy is heavily dependent on oil and natural gas exports. According to the US¶ DOE (2008), the oil and gas sector generates more than 60 of Russia’s export revenues¶ (64 in 2007), and accounts for 30 of all foreign direct investment (FDI) in the country.¶ Total GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF12) in Russia amounted to 3,323,419.06 Gg CO2¶ eq. in 1990 (the base year) and decreased by 36.0 from the base year to 200413, due to the¶ steep economic decline in the 1990s14 (UNFCCC, 2008). Russia’s commitment under the Kyoto Protocol is to ensure that average emissions in 2008-¶ 2012 do not exceed its emissions at the 1990 level, which would leave a substantial part of¶ assigned amount available for transfer to other Annex I Parties and make the country a¶ potential net seller.¶ Russia is currently the third largest energy consumer and is also the world’s third largest¶ emitter of greenhouse gases in absolute terms15, accounting for a share of around 6.2 of the¶ global GHG emissions in 2004, according to EIA (2007). Total fossil CO2 emissions are¶ reported in the figure below for different regions and include Russia:

EntryDate

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	1	+2016-10-22 22:40:05.193

Judge

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	1	+Other

Opponent

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	1	+Other

ParentRound

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	1	+8

Round

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	1	+8

Team

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	1	+Lexington Balachundhar Neg

Title

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	1	+SEPOCT- DA- Russia Fossil Shift

Tournament

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	1	+Bronx