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+====The source of normativity is reason. To be moral is to be in line with reason. To be immoral is to be in violation of reason. ==== |
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+Velleman, Professor of Philosophy, Bioethics; Director of Undergraduate Studies, Ph.D., Princeton, 1983, 2006 |
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+**(J. David, "A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO KANTIAN ETHICS," 2006, accessed Dec. 1, GS)** |
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+ As soon as we ask why we should act for reasons, however, |
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+AND |
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+defeating about ~~to~~ asking for a reason to act for reasons. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Reason is universal; a reason for you must be a reason for me. ==== |
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+Velleman, Professor of Philosophy, Bioethics; Director of Undergraduate Studies, Ph.D., Princeton, 1983, 2006 |
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+(J. David, "A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO KANTIAN ETHICS," 2006, accessed Dec. 1, GS) |
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+In Kant's view, being a person consists in being a rational creature, both |
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+AND |
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+in similar fashion, by offering an attractive vantage point of some kind. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====You cannot universally will a violation of freedom because doing so presupposes the freedom to bring about that action in the first place. This entails an omnilateral will or a higher authority to deal with rights conflicts. ==== |
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+Ripstein, Arthur. "Kant on Law and Politics." University of Toronto Law School. http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Ripstein/Kant_on_law.pdf. |
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+Kant's point about disputes is not just a reiteration of Locke's familiar claim that people |
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+AND |
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+does, and so does not require an explicit act of instituting it. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Thus the standard is consistency with the omnilateral will.==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====First, the AFF allows for hate speech- that doesn't respect the agency of individuals.==== |
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+**McGough, Los Angeles Times' senior editorial writer, based in Washington, D.C. He has been writing editorials for The Times since 2006. Before that, McGough worked for 30 years for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette as a reporter, editorial writer, editorial page editor and Washington correspondent, 2015** |
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+**Michael, "Sorry, kids, the 1st Amendment does protect 'hate speech'", LA Times, October 30th, Online: http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-colleges-hate-speech-1st-amendment-20151030-story.html - MG ** |
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+As Eugene Volokh of UCLA law school pointed out on his blog in the Washington |
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+AND |
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+, their words are protected by the Constitution — whatever college students think. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====This reifies the historical failures of the state to recognize certain marginalized groups as equal in moral standing, which is the duty of the omnilateral will. ==== |
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+**Varden, Associate Professor of Philosophy and Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies at University of Illinois, 2010** |
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+**Helga, "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech", The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice 3, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8999-1_4, Online: http://www.academia.edu/2006079/A_Kantian_Conception_of_Free_Speech - MG ** |
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+On the Kantian view I have been developing, hate speech and speech amounting to |
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+AND |
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+public debate and reflection followed by public regulation on behalf of all citizens. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====AND Rectification of justice is key to the framework.==== |
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+**Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Toronto) "Force and Freedom" ** |
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+Normatively, the law survives any wrong against it. In the world of space |
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+AND |
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+alone. Her hindrance to freedom is thus hindered by sealing it off. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Second, the AFF allows for seditious speech, which delegitimizes the omnilateral will.==== |
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+**Varden, Associate Professor of Philosophy and Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies at University of Illinois, 2010** |
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+**Helga, "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech", The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice 3, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8999-1_4, Online: http://www.academia.edu/2006079/A_Kantian_Conception_of_Free_Speech - MG ** |
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+To understand Kant's condemnation of seditious speech, remember that Kant, as mentioned above |
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+AND |
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+qua private citizens, it is a public crime (6: 331). |