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-====Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech==== |
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-==1AC== |
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-===Framework=== |
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-====The starting point for ethical discussion must be grounded in the material world and non-ideal theory. Ideal theory ignores social realities, which influence what we can count as an ideal in the first place, which means that they can never be applied in the real world. ==== |
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-====In the non-ideal reality of the heterogeneous United States, difference is inevitable. Three warrants:==== |
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-====All forms of politics rely on linguistic norms that have no fundamental source of authority. Language is constructed through use, which is social in nature. ==== |
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-**Mouffe, Universities of Louvain, Paris and Essex and professorship at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster in the United Kingdom, 1999** |
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-**Chantal, "Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?", The New School, Social Research** |
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-**AND** |
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-always abridgments of practices, they are inseparable of specific forms of life. |
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-====Analytic.==== |
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-====Analytic.==== |
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-====There is no I without the other. Identity is intersubjective and constructed through social relations, which are always changing. BUTLER: ==== |
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-**(Judith Butler. 1992. "Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of "Postmodernism" Feminists Theorize the Political)** |
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-"In a sense, the subject is constituted through an exclusion and differentiation, |
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-the point in which it is claimed to be prior to politics itself." |
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-====Analytic====** |
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-====Given this, the mission of politics is to deal with these differences in a way that maintains the political system. Otherwise, the differences are left to fester and branch out to individual collectivities that destroy society, which is deeply antithetical to the practical goal of ethics.==== |
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-**"The Democratic Paradox" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 ** |
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-"A well-functioning democracy calls for a vibrant clash of democratic political positions |
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-antagonisms that can tear up the very basis of civility." (104) |
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-====An agonistic democracy where difference is respected and all viewpoints are given a chance to engage in the political discourse is key to this end.==== |
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-** "The Democratic Paradox" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 DD** |
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-"Envisaged from the point of view of 'agonistic pluralism', the aim of democratic |
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-should be seen as temporary respites in an ongoing confrontation." (102) |
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-====Analytic.==== |
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-====Thus, the standard is cultivating agonistic democratic subjects. ==== |
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-====Impact calculus: The best way to foster agonistic democracy is by training people through participation in democratic practices. Analytic. ==== |
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-====Prefer additionally: Analytic: ==== |
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-====A. Analytic. ==== |
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-====B. Analytic.==== |
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-===Contention=== |
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-====The punishment from speech codes deter discussion, especially since they are often vague and up to the interpretation of the administration. ==== |
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-**Powers, Deputy Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Public Affairs in the Clinton administration from 1993 to 1998 and column for The American Prospect and her numerous articles have appeared in USA Today, Elle, the New York Observer, Salon, and the Wall Street Journal, 2015** |
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-**Kirsten, "How Liberals Ruined College", Daily Best, June 11th, Online: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/11/how-liberals-have-ruined-college.html - MG ** |
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-On today's campuses, left-leaning administrators, professors, and students are working |
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-them "harm" by saying something that offended them, case closed. |
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-====Speech codes create a culture of suppression that deter discussion. This creates a cyclical cycle where students never learn how to engage with other positions.==== |
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-**Mandava, Claremont McKenna College majoring in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, 2015** |
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-**Sidd, "The 'Chilling Effect' in Action: Campus Speech Codes and Political Disengagement", The FIRE, June 19th, Online: https://www.thefire.org/the-chilling-effect-in-action-campus-speech-codes-and-political-disengagement/ - MG** |
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-Almost 95 percent of the U.S. colleges and universities evaluated by FIRE |
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-to be offended and therefore avoid situations where someone might offend them. |
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-====Constitutionally protected speech solves.==== |
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-**FIRE, 1999 by University of Pennsylvania professor Alan Charles Kors and Boston civil liberties attorney Harvey Silverglate, no date** |
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-**Foundation for Individual Rights In Education, "State of the Law: Speech Codes** |
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-**AND** |
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-constitutional freedoms is nowhere more vital than in the community of American schools." |
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-====The AFF is try or die. Millennials aren't engaged now.==== |
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-**Mandava, Claremont McKenna College majoring in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, 2015** |
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-**Sidd, "The 'Chilling Effect' in Action: Campus Speech Codes and Political Disengagement", The FIRE, June 19th, Online: https://www.thefire.org/the-chilling-effect-in-action-campus-speech-codes-and-political-disengagement/ - MG** |
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-By one measure, millennials are the United States' least politically engaged generation, with |
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-whether our colleges are actually guiding students towards a path of political disengagement. |