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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,102 @@ 1 +====Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech==== 2 + 3 + 4 +==1AC== 5 + 6 + 7 +===Framework=== 8 + 9 + 10 +====The starting point for ethical discussion must be grounded in the material world and non-ideal theory. Ideal theory ignores social realities, which influence what we can count as an ideal in the first place, which means that they can never be applied in the real world. ==== 11 + 12 + 13 +====In the non-ideal reality of the heterogeneous United States, difference is inevitable. Three warrants:==== 14 + 15 + 16 +====All forms of politics rely on linguistic norms that have no fundamental source of authority. Language is constructed through use, which is social in nature. ==== 17 +**Mouffe, Universities of Louvain, Paris and Essex and professorship at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster in the United Kingdom, 1999** 18 +**Chantal, "Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?", The New School, Social Research** 19 +**AND** 20 +always abridgments of practices, they are inseparable of specific forms of life. 21 + 22 + 23 +====Analytic.==== 24 + 25 + 26 +====Analytic.==== 27 + 28 + 29 +====There is no I without the other. Identity is intersubjective and constructed through social relations, which are always changing. BUTLER: ==== 30 +**(Judith Butler. 1992. "Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of "Postmodernism" Feminists Theorize the Political)** 31 +"In a sense, the subject is constituted through an exclusion and differentiation, 32 +AND 33 +the point in which it is claimed to be prior to politics itself." 34 + 35 + 36 +====Analytic====** 37 + 38 + 39 +====Given this, the mission of politics is to deal with these differences in a way that maintains the political system. Otherwise, the differences are left to fester and branch out to individual collectivities that destroy society, which is deeply antithetical to the practical goal of ethics.==== 40 +**"The Democratic Paradox" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 ** 41 +"A well-functioning democracy calls for a vibrant clash of democratic political positions 42 +AND 43 +antagonisms that can tear up the very basis of civility." (104) 44 + 45 + 46 +====An agonistic democracy where difference is respected and all viewpoints are given a chance to engage in the political discourse is key to this end.==== 47 +** "The Democratic Paradox" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 DD** 48 +"Envisaged from the point of view of 'agonistic pluralism', the aim of democratic 49 +AND 50 +should be seen as temporary respites in an ongoing confrontation." (102) 51 + 52 + 53 +====Analytic.==== 54 + 55 + 56 +====Thus, the standard is cultivating agonistic democratic subjects. ==== 57 + 58 + 59 +====Impact calculus: The best way to foster agonistic democracy is by training people through participation in democratic practices. Analytic. ==== 60 + 61 + 62 +====Prefer additionally: Analytic: ==== 63 + 64 + 65 +====A. Analytic. ==== 66 + 67 + 68 +====B. Analytic.==== 69 + 70 + 71 +===Contention=== 72 + 73 + 74 +====The punishment from speech codes deter discussion, especially since they are often vague and up to the interpretation of the administration. ==== 75 +**Powers, Deputy Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Public Affairs in the Clinton administration from 1993 to 1998 and column for The American Prospect and her numerous articles have appeared in USA Today, Elle, the New York Observer, Salon, and the Wall Street Journal, 2015** 76 +**Kirsten, "How Liberals Ruined College", Daily Best, June 11th, Online: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/11/how-liberals-have-ruined-college.html - MG ** 77 +On today's campuses, left-leaning administrators, professors, and students are working 78 +AND 79 +them "harm" by saying something that offended them, case closed. 80 + 81 + 82 +====Speech codes create a culture of suppression that deter discussion. This creates a cyclical cycle where students never learn how to engage with other positions.==== 83 +**Mandava, Claremont McKenna College majoring in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, 2015** 84 +**Sidd, "The 'Chilling Effect' in Action: Campus Speech Codes and Political Disengagement", The FIRE, June 19th, Online: https://www.thefire.org/the-chilling-effect-in-action-campus-speech-codes-and-political-disengagement/ - MG** 85 +Almost 95 percent of the U.S. colleges and universities evaluated by FIRE 86 +AND 87 +to be offended and therefore avoid situations where someone might offend them. 88 + 89 + 90 +====Constitutionally protected speech solves.==== 91 +**FIRE, 1999 by University of Pennsylvania professor Alan Charles Kors and Boston civil liberties attorney Harvey Silverglate, no date** 92 +**Foundation for Individual Rights In Education, "State of the Law: Speech Codes** 93 +**AND** 94 +constitutional freedoms is nowhere more vital than in the community of American schools." 95 + 96 + 97 +====The AFF is try or die. Millennials aren't engaged now.==== 98 +**Mandava, Claremont McKenna College majoring in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, 2015** 99 +**Sidd, "The 'Chilling Effect' in Action: Campus Speech Codes and Political Disengagement", The FIRE, June 19th, Online: https://www.thefire.org/the-chilling-effect-in-action-campus-speech-codes-and-political-disengagement/ - MG** 100 +By one measure, millennials are the United States' least politically engaged generation, with 101 +AND 102 +whether our colleges are actually guiding students towards a path of political disengagement. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,108 @@ 1 +==Framework== 2 + 3 + 4 +====I value morality because ought implies a moral obligation. ==== 5 + 6 + 7 +====The ethical question is posed intersubjectively: Analytic.==== 8 + 9 + 10 +====Identity is the source of normativity as it gives the broad range of reasons that appeal to a person. For example, you wouldn't obligate a fire fighter to teach or a teacher to fight fire because those roles don't appeal to the agent's identity. But the identities that ground ethics are socially constructed. Butler:==== 11 +(Judith Butler. 1992. "Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of "Postmodernism" Feminists Theorize the Political) 12 +"In a sense, the subject is constituted through an exclusion and differentiation, 13 +AND 14 +the point in which it is claimed to be prior to politics itself." 15 + 16 + 17 +====As fluid concepts, our identities can be denied by the people around us just as their identities can be denied of us. Therefore, ethics demands a recognition of the precarity of identity. Butler 2:==== 18 +**Judith Butler. Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? ** 19 +The precarity of life imposes an obligat~~es~~ion upon us. We 20 +AND 21 +crafting power, and which limits the finality of any of its effects. 22 + 23 + 24 +====However, within these structures of recognition, difference is inevitable. Hagglund:==== 25 +"THE NECESSITY OF DISCRIMINATION DISJOINING DERRIDA AND LEVINAS" MARTIN HÄGGLUND 26 +"Derrida targets precisely this logic of opposition. As he argues in Of Grammatology 27 +AND 28 +is in the service of perpetrating the better." (46-48) 29 + 30 + 31 +====A. Analytic.==== 32 + 33 + 34 +====B. Analytic.==== 35 + 36 + 37 +====Thus, the standard is consistency with an agonistic pluralism.==== 38 + 39 + 40 +====Only an agonistic democracy is grounded on the precarious structure of identity and the need to maintain openness and contestation as it embraces conflict and transforms it into something that recognizes that my identity is only constructed off of the other. Mouffe:==== 41 +**"The Democratic Paradox" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 ** 42 +"Envisaged from the point of view of 'agonistic pluralism', the aim of democratic 43 +AND 44 +should be seen as temporary respites in an ongoing confrontation." (102) 45 + 46 + 47 +====An agonistic pluralism is key to the maintenance of a healthy political community. Mouffe 2:==== 48 +**"The Democratic Paradox" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 ** 49 +But this is to miss a crucial point. not only 50 +AND 51 +and the trivialization of the political discourse. 52 + 53 +====Prefer additionally: Double bind – To act morally one must first know what is the right thing to do, which means any moral system has to be derivative of the procedures intrinsic to agonistic conflict: ==== 54 + 55 + 56 +====A. Analytic.==== 57 + 58 + 59 +====B. Analytic.==== 60 + 61 + 62 +====C. Analytic.==== 63 + 64 + 65 +==Offense== 66 + 67 + 68 +====I contend constitutionally protected free speech is consistent with an agonistic pluralism.==== 69 + 70 + 71 +====Speech codes create a culture of suppression that deter discussion. This creates a cycle where students never learn how to engage with other positions.==== 72 +**Mandava, Claremont McKenna College majoring in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, 2015** 73 +**Sidd, "The 'Chilling Effect' in Action: Campus Speech Codes and Political Disengagement", The FIRE, June 19th, Online: https://www.thefire.org/the-chilling-effect-in-action-campus-speech-codes-and-political-disengagement/ - MG** 74 +Almost 95 percent of the U.S. colleges and universities evaluated by FIRE 75 +AND 76 +to be offended and therefore avoid situations where someone might offend them. 77 + 78 + 79 +====Thought control prevents undermines the formation of well-constructed arguments.==== 80 +Azhar **Majeed**, November 18, 20**'09**, "Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, And Prevalence Of Campus Speech Codes", Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, Fire.org, https://www.thefire.org/defying-the-constitution-the-rise-persistence-and-prevalence-of-campus-speech-codes/ 81 +Second, speech codes suppress the discussion of disfavored topics and expression of disfavored viewpoints 82 +AND 83 +precisely this coddling effect and therefore should be eradicated from the college environment. 84 + 85 + 86 +====Outweighs – training is key. People are not born as democratic subjects; butler indicates people are socialized into their identity. To create agonistic subjects means to socialize people into that identity. Mouffe 2:==== 87 +**Mouffe 2000 (Chantal Mouffe. Democratic Paradox. Verso Publishing. 2000.)** 88 +"Their concern with the current state of democratic institutions is one that I share 89 +AND 90 +by rationality and impartiality and where a rational universal consensus could be reached." 91 + 92 + 93 +====Constitutionally protected speech solves.==== 94 +**FIRE, 1999 by University of Pennsylvania professor Alan Charles Kors and Boston civil liberties attorney Harvey Silverglate, no date** 95 +**Foundation for Individual Rights In Education, "State of the Law: Speech Codes** 96 +**AND** 97 +constitutional freedoms is nowhere more vital than in the community of American schools." 98 + 99 + 100 +====The framework requires working within current governmental structures.==== 101 +Marijanovic 2016. (Daniel Marijanovic. "WORKING WITH AND AGAINST CHANTAL MOUFFE FOR A DEFENCE OF AGONISTIC DEMOCRACY IN A POST-DEMOCRATIC AGE" McMaster University Master of Arts Thesis. 2016. — KW) 102 +Mouffe's own affirmation of the importance of extra-institutional movements for an agonistic democracy 103 +AND 104 +not be very effective without access to the institutions of the social order." 105 + 106 + 107 +====This means NEG positions calling for unconstitutional actions don't turn case. 108 +Analytic. ==== - EntryDate
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