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+Academia is at risk – the police force has been militarized – stop and frisk victim’s become disposable targets by the neoliberal state. GIROUX 15: |
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+Henry A. Giroux. “Youth in Authoritarian Times: Challenging Neoliberalism's Politics of Disposability” October 21 2015. LHP AA |
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+As the war on … form of militarism. (34) |
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+ |
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+And, stop and frisk is an epidemic – despite disproving evidence, politicians spin it is a ‘crime fighting’ tool, while evidentially targeting certain individuals . GRAHAM 9/21: |
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+David A. Graham. “Stop-and-Frisk: Trump's Bad Idea for Fighting Crime”. Sep 21 2016. LHP AA |
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+Trump’s answer comes…lowest on record. |
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+ |
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+Now, the inherency - qualified immunity defense is increasing in the context of civil litigation. KINPORTS 16: |
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+2016. The Supreme Court's Quiet Expansion of Qualified Immunity Kit Kinports Penn State Law. LHP AA |
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+CONCLUSION In recent … resolving their claims. |
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+ |
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+Plan – Pierson v. Ray: |
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+Thus, the plan – resolved: The Supreme Court should overturn their 1967 ruling in Pierson v. Ray, which began qualified immunity. I will specify the extent of the limit and other concerns in CX. SILBER ‘85: |
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+Silber, Douglas Noah. “Casenotes: Judicial Immunity — State Judicial Officials Are Not Immune from Prospective Relief in an Action Brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 or from Paying Attorney 's Fees to Prevailing Parties Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Pulliam v. Allen, 104 S. Ct. 1970 (1984).” University of Baltimore School of Law. 1985. LHP MK |
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+The Pulliam Court … damages suits. 105 |
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+ |
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+And, Pierson v. Ray started the culture of qualified immunity and illegal police action – the plan is key. BERNICK ’15: |
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+Bernick, Evan. “To Hold Police Accountable, Don’t Give Them Immunity.” Foundation for Economic Education. May 6, 2015. LHP MK |
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+In the 1967 case …on the merits. |
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+ |
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+The plan causes a shift away from stop and frisk – empirical data proves three points of improvement that civil litigation has. MORROW ET AL 15: |
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+Morrow et Al 15’- Wesont, Federal Civil Litigation as an Instrument of Police Reform: A Natural Experiment Exploring the Effects of the Floyd Ruling on Stop-and-Frisk Activities in New York City† Michael D. White, Ph.D.* Henry F. Fradella, J.D., Ph.D.** Weston J. Morrow, Ph.D.*** Doug Mellom, M.S. LHP FD |
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+The current study examines…from 2011 to 2014. |
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+ |
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+And, qualified immunity was the barrier to the type of litigation needed – means the plan solves. MORROW ET AL 2: |
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+Morrow et Al 15’- Wesont, Federal Civil Litigation as an Instrument of Police Reform: A Natural Experiment Exploring the Effects of the Floyd Ruling on Stop-and-Frisk Activities in New York City† Michael D. White, Ph.D.* Henry F. Fradella, J.D., Ph.D. Weston J. Morrow, Ph.D. Doug Mellom, M.S. LHP AA |
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+By stopping an…procedures are inadequate. |
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+ |
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+Legislative mechanism prevents police reform from being voted on – only the 1AC’s judicial litigation will resolve it. MORROW ET AL 3: |
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+Morrow et Al 15’- Wesont, Federal Civil Litigation as an Instrument of Police Reform: A Natural Experiment Exploring the Effects of the Floyd Ruling on Stop-and-Frisk Activities in New York City† Michael D. White, Ph.D.* Henry F. Fradella, J.D., Ph.D.** Weston J. Morrow, Ph.D. Doug Mellom, M.S. LHP FD |
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+The federal court … federal civil litigation |
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+ |
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+And, stop and frisk perpetuates a culture of violence – it is unequally targeted, which creates the perception that the police are not there to help – only tangible political reform like the 1AC will solve. SIMMONS 14: |
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+Fall 2014. Kami Chavis Simmons. “The Law As Violence: Essay: The Legacy Of Stop And Frisk: Addressing The Vestiges Of A Violent Police Culture” 49 Wake Forest L. Rev. 849. LHP AA |
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+In the introduction … politically legitimate reforms. |
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+ |
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+Framework: |
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+Identity is created through a constant intersubjective interaction with the other. |
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+Now, there are two types of recognition – the identity model and the social model – the identity model fails ~-~-- it doesn’t account for the complexity of agents, while also ignoring transcultural interaction. FRASER 1: |
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+Fraser, Nancy. “Recognition Without Ethics?”. LHP AA |
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+The key to my … forms of communitarianism.2 |
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+ |
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+The solution is a system of recognition that focuses on the social model, rather than the identity model. FRASER 2: |
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+Fraser, Nancy. “Recognition Without Ethics?”. LHP AA |
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+For these reasons, I shall … Or so I shall argue next. |
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+ |
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+And, this produces an obligation to engage in redistribution. FRASER 3: |
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+Fraser, Nancy. Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation. The Tanner Lecture on Human Values, Stanford University, April 30 – May 2, 1996. LHP AA |
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+Given the hollowness … to the other. |
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+ |
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+Thus the standard and ROB is consistency with participatory parity. |
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+ |
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+The role of the ballot is to evaluate the hypothetical consequences of a policy action – prefer: |
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+1 Critique is useless without a concrete policy that solves for the harms that you discuss. Even if fiat is illusory, proposing real world alternatives is key. BRYANT 12: |
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+(Levi Bryant is currently a Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. In addition to working as a professor, Bryant has also served as a Lacanian psychoanalyst. He received his Ph.D. from Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois, where he originally studied 'disclosedness' with the Heidegger scholar Thomas Sheehan. Bryant later changed his dissertation topic to the transcendental empiricism of Gilles Deleuze, “Critique of the Academic Left”, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/) |
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+Unfortunately, the academic …. Good luck with that. |
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+ |
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+2 Fairness is key to effective dialogue, an unfair strategy makes discussion one-sided destroys inclusion of the other debater, which turns all of their inclusion arguments. GALLOWAY 7: |
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+Samford University communications professor, 07 — Ryan Galloway, professor of communications at Samford University (“Dinner And Conversation At The Argumentative Table: Reconceptualizing Debate As An Argumentative Dialogue”, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007) |
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+Debate ais a … of topical advocacy. |
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+ |
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+3 Engaging within the state structure is inevitable and can be effective. Simulating legislative action can create real change by promoting active learning of public policy and advocacy skills. COVERSTONE 5: |
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+Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 |
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+An important concern … difference in public policy.” |