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+====The value is morality. Internalism ultimately guides our actions – external morality is just a manifestation of internal motives.==== |
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+Katsafanas '11 |
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+Katsafanas, Paul. "Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzschean Version of Constitutivism." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 83.3 (2011): 620-60. Wiley Online Library. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.1, 11 Jan. 2011. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00440.x/abstract. ~~Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Boston University~~ |
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+"While externalism captures the non-optional status of moral claims, it faces |
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+AND |
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+not murdering. And this pushes us back in the direction of internalism." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Overarching moral truth cannot exist – incompatible maxims can be perfectly rational when separately applied to different circumstances.==== |
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+Kelley '91 |
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+Kelley, Leigh B. "Normativity and Motivation." International Phenomenological Society 51.4 (1991): 739-75. JSTOR. ITHAKA. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2108181?seq=1~~#page_scan_tab_contents. |
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+"To come full circle, however, it needs to be explained how it |
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+AND |
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+a preference contrary to his, and be fully justified in doing so." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Moral theories must thusly appeal to internal motivation, requiring an ethics which appeals to agents' self-interest.==== |
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+Gauthier '97 |
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+Gauthier, David. "Political Contractarianism." The Journal of Political Philosoph 5.2 (1997): 132-48. PhilPapers. The PhilPapers Foundation. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://philpapers.org/rec/GAUPC. ~~Gauthier was educated at the University of Toronto (B.A. Hons., 1954), Harvard University (A.M., 1955), and the University of Oxford (B. Phil., 1957; D. Phil., 1961). In 1979, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (F.R.S.C.). From 1958 to 1980, he was a member of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Toronto, serving as Chairman from 1974 to 1979. Since 1980, he has been a member of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, where he is now Professor Emeritus. He served as Chairman from 1983 to 1987, and was appointed a Distinguished Service Professor in 1986. He has been a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science. He has held visiting appointments at UCLA, UC Berkeley, Princeton, UC Irvine, and the University of Waterloo. Gauthier is the author of numerous articles, some of the most important of which are collected in Moral Dealing, and several books including Practical Reasoning, The Logic of Leviathan, Morals by Agreement, and Rousseau: The Social and the Solitary.~~ |
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+"The idea of agreement among hypothetical deliberators choosing their terms of interaction may seem |
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+AND |
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+of being included in an agreement by demanding better terms than his fellows." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Thus, the standard is adherence to contractarianism – it's necessary to have non-circular morality that can function in the context of internalism.==== |
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+Gauthier '87 |
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+Gauthier, David. Morals by Agreement. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987. University Press Scholarship Online. Oxford University Press, Nov. 2003. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0198249926.001.0001/acprof-9780198249924. |
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+"A contractarian theory of morals, developed as part of the theory of rational |
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+AND |
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+action, from a non-moral, or morally neutral, base." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====And, the contract most applicable to the United States is Locke's social contract.==== |
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+Doernberg '85 |
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+Doernberg, Donald L. "We the People: John Locke, Collective Constitutional Rights, and Standing to Challenge Government Action." California Law Review 73.1 (1985): 52-118. Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. Digital Commons. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2069andcontext=californialawreview. |
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+"It would be difficult to overstate John Locke's influence on the American Revolution and |
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+AND |
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+then to examine the specific reflections of Locke's ideas in American political thought." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====And, I contend that qualified immunity allows police officers to carry out their duties.==== |
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+Chen '6 |
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+Chen, Alan K. "The Facts About Qualified Immunity." Emory Law Journal 55 (2006): 229-78. Social Science Research Network. Elsevier B. V. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=741367anddownload=yes. |
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+"The Court's earlier cases suggested that qualified immunity protects officials from the unfairness of |
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+AND |
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+, but also from lawful conduct that advances the public good.35" |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====And, since Locke posits that citizens waive certain freedoms in favor of safety, it's necessary to keep qualified immunity in place. Removing it prevents the state from being able to protect the general public, as the police can no longer protect citizens.==== |
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+Mears '14 |
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+Mears, Bill. "Justices Seem to Side with Police in Deadly Chase Case." CNN. Cable News Network, 4 Mar. 2014. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/04/us/court-police-chase/. |
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+"'Dangerous,' 'Reckless' — 'Innocent people who might get injured or |
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+AND |
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+months. The case is Plumhoff v. Rickard (12-1117)." |