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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,54 @@ 1 +====The value is morality. Internalism ultimately guides our actions – external morality is just a manifestation of internal motives.==== 2 +Katsafanas '11 3 +Katsafanas, Paul. "Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzschean Version of Constitutivism." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 83.3 (2011): 620-60. Wiley Online Library. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.1, 11 Jan. 2011. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00440.x/abstract. ~~Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Boston University~~ 4 +"While externalism captures the non-optional status of moral claims, it faces 5 +AND 6 +not murdering. And this pushes us back in the direction of internalism." 7 + 8 + 9 +====Overarching moral truth cannot exist – incompatible maxims can be perfectly rational when separately applied to different circumstances.==== 10 +Kelley '91 11 +Kelley, Leigh B. "Normativity and Motivation." International Phenomenological Society 51.4 (1991): 739-75. JSTOR. ITHAKA. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2108181?seq=1~~#page_scan_tab_contents. 12 +"To come full circle, however, it needs to be explained how it 13 +AND 14 +a preference contrary to his, and be fully justified in doing so." 15 + 16 + 17 +====Moral theories must thusly appeal to internal motivation, requiring an ethics which appeals to agents' self-interest.==== 18 +Gauthier '97 19 +Gauthier, David. "Political Contractarianism." The Journal of Political Philosoph 5.2 (1997): 132-48. PhilPapers. The PhilPapers Foundation. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://philpapers.org/rec/GAUPC. ~~Gauthier was educated at the University of Toronto (B.A. Hons., 1954), Harvard University (A.M., 1955), and the University of Oxford (B. Phil., 1957; D. Phil., 1961). In 1979, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (F.R.S.C.). From 1958 to 1980, he was a member of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Toronto, serving as Chairman from 1974 to 1979. Since 1980, he has been a member of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, where he is now Professor Emeritus. He served as Chairman from 1983 to 1987, and was appointed a Distinguished Service Professor in 1986. He has been a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science. He has held visiting appointments at UCLA, UC Berkeley, Princeton, UC Irvine, and the University of Waterloo. Gauthier is the author of numerous articles, some of the most important of which are collected in Moral Dealing, and several books including Practical Reasoning, The Logic of Leviathan, Morals by Agreement, and Rousseau: The Social and the Solitary.~~ 20 +"The idea of agreement among hypothetical deliberators choosing their terms of interaction may seem 21 +AND 22 +of being included in an agreement by demanding better terms than his fellows." 23 + 24 + 25 +====Thus, the standard is adherence to contractarianism – it's necessary to have non-circular morality that can function in the context of internalism.==== 26 +Gauthier '87 27 +Gauthier, David. Morals by Agreement. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987. University Press Scholarship Online. Oxford University Press, Nov. 2003. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0198249926.001.0001/acprof-9780198249924. 28 +"A contractarian theory of morals, developed as part of the theory of rational 29 +AND 30 +action, from a non-moral, or morally neutral, base." 31 + 32 + 33 +====And, the contract most applicable to the United States is Locke's social contract.==== 34 +Doernberg '85 35 +Doernberg, Donald L. "We the People: John Locke, Collective Constitutional Rights, and Standing to Challenge Government Action." California Law Review 73.1 (1985): 52-118. Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. Digital Commons. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2069andcontext=californialawreview. 36 +"It would be difficult to overstate John Locke's influence on the American Revolution and 37 +AND 38 +then to examine the specific reflections of Locke's ideas in American political thought." 39 + 40 + 41 +====And, I contend that qualified immunity allows police officers to carry out their duties.==== 42 +Chen '6 43 +Chen, Alan K. "The Facts About Qualified Immunity." Emory Law Journal 55 (2006): 229-78. Social Science Research Network. Elsevier B. V. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=741367anddownload=yes. 44 +"The Court's earlier cases suggested that qualified immunity protects officials from the unfairness of 45 +AND 46 +, but also from lawful conduct that advances the public good.35" 47 + 48 + 49 +====And, since Locke posits that citizens waive certain freedoms in favor of safety, it's necessary to keep qualified immunity in place. Removing it prevents the state from being able to protect the general public, as the police can no longer protect citizens.==== 50 +Mears '14 51 +Mears, Bill. "Justices Seem to Side with Police in Deadly Chase Case." CNN. Cable News Network, 4 Mar. 2014. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/04/us/court-police-chase/. 52 +"'Dangerous,' 'Reckless' — 'Innocent people who might get injured or 53 +AND 54 +months. The case is Plumhoff v. Rickard (12-1117)." - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,30 @@ 1 +====Courts have high burdens now and they're on the brink – unmanageable workloads are increasingly becoming the norm, preventing judges from processing litigation.==== 2 +Bannon '13 3 +Bannon, Alicia. "Testimony: More Judges Needed in Federal Courts." Brennan Center for Justice. New York University School of Law, 10 Sept. 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/testimony-federal-courts-need-more-judges. ~~Serves as counsel for the Brennan Center's Democracy Program, where her work focuses on judicial selection and promoting fair and impartial courts. Also previously served as a Liman Fellow and Counsel in the Brennan Center's Justice Program. J.D. from Yale Law School in 2007, where she was a Comments Editor of the Yale Law Journal.~~ 4 +"While the current high level of judicial vacancies partially explains this high per- 5 +AND 6 +2013, so as to ensure the continued vitality of our federal courts." 7 + 8 + 9 +====Qualified immunity as it is now is essential – it holds back a flood of litigation. Their limitation of qualified immunity substantially increases burdens.==== 10 +Putnam and Ferris '92 11 +Putnam, Charles T., and Charles T. Ferris. "Defending a Maligned Defense: The Policy Bases of the Qualified Immunity Defense In Actions Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983." Bridgeport Law Review 12.3 (1992): 665-713. HeinOnline. Quinnipiac University. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/qlr12anddiv=6andid=andpage=. ~~Putnam is a Senior Assistant Attorney General for New Hampshire, and Ferris has a JD from Franklin Pierce Law Center.~~ 12 +"National resources are obviously scarce, yet increasing numbers of section 1983 actions are 13 +AND 14 +thus an important safety measure for both the courts and defendants facing suit." 15 + 16 + 17 +====Overburdening swells dockets and expansion won't be able to keep up, leading to collapse of the federal judiciary.==== 18 +Oakley '96 19 +Oakley, John B. "The Myth of Cost-Free Jurisdictional Reallocation." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 543 (1996): 52-63. JSTOR. American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1996. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1048447. ~~Distinguished Professor of Law Emeritus US Davis School of Law~~ 20 +"Personal effects: The hidden costs of greater workloads. The hallmark of federal 21 +AND 22 +would raise the most serious questions of the future course of the nation." 23 + 24 + 25 +====Collapse of the judiciary puts severely undercuts separation of powers, which destroys accountability and paves the way for unaccountable governmental actions (such as war).==== 26 +Adler and George '96 27 +Adler, David Gray, and Larry Nelson George. The Constitution and Conduct of American Foreign Policy. Lawrence, Kansas: U of Kansas, 1996. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. 28 +"The structure of shared powers in foreign relations serves to deter the abuse of 29 +AND 30 +in comparison to those of the American people and their representatives in Congress." - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,53 @@ 1 +====The 1AC's attempt to hold state agents (like the police) accountable is futile. The State always wants to maintain power. The State is constantly arresting what Deleuze and Guattari call "lines of flight," or possible connections between two things. It does this by "territorializing," or placing restrictions and control. The State is not one to give up this control easily and will always reassert mechanisms of control.==== 2 +**Deleuze and Guattari 1** 3 +Deleuze, Gilles, and Pierre-Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism 4 +AND 5 +which only reinforced the connection between commerce and the war machine.64" 6 + 7 + 8 +====State violence is "smooth" – there are no beginnings or ends, no boundaries or borders, no starts or stops – there is only an omnipresent violence which simply is.==== 9 +**Deleuze and Guattari 2** 10 +Deleuze, Gilles, and Pierre-Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota, 1987. Print. (Pages 352-353) 11 +"Let us take a limited example and compare the war machine and the State 12 +AND 13 +elsewhere . ..). Another justice, another movement, another space-time." 14 + 15 + 16 +====The operation of the State is even more heinous than that of war. Not only is the slaughter of war encapsulated in the machinations of the State, the State mutilates our existence and pushes a living death upon us in order to arrest our potentiality for production.==== 17 +**Deleuze and Guattari 3** 18 +Deleuze, Gilles, and Pierre-Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota, 1987. Print. (Pages 424-425) 19 +"Let us return to Dumezil's theses: (1) Political sovereignty has two 20 +AND 21 +, the congenitally infirm, the one-eyed and one-armed." 22 + 23 + 24 +====This appropriation of the war machine by the State institutes an economy of violence, making it unlimited. This turns the case – their arguments attempting to break free of violent cycles only play into their re-creation.==== 25 +**Deleuze and Guattari 4** 26 +Deleuze, Gilles, and Pierre-Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota, 1987. Print. (Pages 395-396) 27 +"Second, weapons and tools do not 'tendentially' (approximately) have the 28 +AND 29 +; he abstracts the idea of the motor, applying it to himself." 30 + 31 + 32 +====The micro-social is key to disrupting the hegemonic discourse of the status quo. The youth is able to singularize and take control of a space in order to stage an ethico-political revolt. The judge must be a catalyst to these thoughts. The role of the judge is to embrace an abstract methodology – we must find something which can lead us to individualized solutions to infinitely unique problems.==== 33 +**Guattari 2k** 34 +Guattari, Pierre-Félix. The Three Ecologies. London: Athlone, 2000. Print. (Pages 33-34) 35 +"As for young people, although they are crushed by the dominant economic relations 36 +AND 37 +, as much on a microsocial level as on a larger institutional scale." 38 + 39 + 40 +====They'll try to condemn our abstraction, yet they don't distinguish between material and ideological abstraction. Their methodologies, just as any State methodologies, belie notions of power – power which makes abstract totalizations in order to control the masses. Embracing ideological abstraction is key to formulate specific solutions to localized problems. This is especially important now, when a politicized pedagogy will call upon educators to police thought. Thus, the role of the ballot is to endorse micro-political rejections of oppression.==== 41 +**Deleuze '72** 42 +Deleuze, Gilles. "Intellectuals and Power: A Conversation between Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze." Libcom.org. Libcom.org, 9 Sept. 2006. Web. 20 Nov. 2016. https://libcom.org/library/intellectuals-power-a-conversation-between-michel-foucault-and-gilles-deleuze. 43 +"On the basis of our actual situation, power emphatically develops a total or 44 +AND 45 +of information carried by the Agence de Press Liberation (7).'" 46 + 47 + 48 +====Thus, we embark upon the schizoanalytic journey of the alternative. That is, we cast away presuppositions and embrace the ability to deterritorialize ourselves. We refuse to seek solutions which only throw us back into the arms of the State. We embrace "becoming," which is framed in the context of the "body without organs," which is the plane of ultimate deterritorialization where no restrictions have been placed on our potential. This allows us to break down a racist system which perpetuates racism and allows us to fundamentally understand the Other, resolving the disparities of knowledge that enable racism.==== 49 +**Ibrahim '15** 50 +Ibrahim, Awad. "Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36.1 (2015): 13-26. Taylor and Francis Online. Taylor and Francis Group, 27 Mar. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01434632.2014.892498?journalCode=rmmm20. ~~Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa. Ph.D., Curriculum Theory / Educational Foundations, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto. Awad Ibrahim is Full Professor. Curriculum Theorist with special interest in cultural studies, Hip-Hop, youth and Black popular culture, social foundations (i.e., philosophy, history and sociology of education), social justice and community service learning, diasporic and continental African identities, ethnography and applied linguistics. He has researched and published widely in these areas. Has ongoing projects in Morocco, Sudan and the United States. His immediate projects include an ethnography of an inner city high school in Ottawa and a project on the daily struggle of 'becoming citizen' in Canada. Books include: The Rhizome of Blackness: A critical ethnography of Hip-Hop culture, language, identity and the politics of becoming (Peter Lang, 2014); Critical Youth studies: A reader (with Shirley Steinberg; Peter Lang, 2014); The education of African Canadian children: Critical perspectives (with Ali Abdi; in progress); Provoking curriculum studies: Strong poetry and the arts of the possible (with Nicholas Ng-A-Fook and Giuliano Reis; Routledge, in progress) and Global Linguistic Flows: Hip-Hop Cultures, Youth Identities, and the Politics of Language (with Samy Alim and Alastair Pennycook, Routledge, 2009).~~ 51 +"Juxtaposing the two rhizomes of BswO and CRT, I want to create a 52 +AND 53 +human dignity and claim a Canadianness that is conscious of its own limits." - EntryDate
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