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... ... @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 1 1 Part 1: War On Terror 2 2 3 -IN 2002 AT A NEW YORK AIRPORT, AN INNOCENT MUSLIM NAMED MAHER ARAR WAS DETAINED ON SUSPICION OF WORKING WITH AL-QAEDA, WHERE HE WAS TORTURED FOR 10 MONTHS. WHEN TAKEN TO COURT, THE OFFICERS INVOKED QUALIFIED IMMUNITY AND THE CASE WAS DISMISSED. ARAR IS NOT ALONE—HUNDREDS OF MUSLIMS HAVE BEEN TREATED AS SLAVES AND UNABLE TO GAIN RETRIBUTION DUE TO THE G LOBALWARONTERROR(GWOT)AND THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DOCTRINE3 +IN 2002 AT A NEW YORK AIRPORT, AN INNOCENT MUSLIM NAMED MAHER ARAR WAS DETAINED ON SUSPICION OF WORKING WITH AL-QAEDA, WHERE HE WAS TORTURED FOR 10 MONTHS. WHEN TAKEN TO COURT, THE OFFICERS INVOKED QUALIFIED IMMUNITY AND THE CASE WAS DISMISSED. ARAR IS NOT ALONE—HUNDREDS OF MUSLIMS HAVE BEEN TREATED AS SLAVES AND UNABLE TO GAIN RETRIBUTION DUE TO THE GWOT AND THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DOCTRINE 4 4 Knight ‘16 5 5 Knight, Sam. "Bush Officials Immunity for War on Terror Abuses to Be Subject, Again, of Supreme Court Battle." Truthout. The District Sentinel | Report, 13 Oct. 2016. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR 6 6 Hundreds of plaintiffs allege that they were swept up in an immigration dragnet in Brooklyn ... ... @@ -87,7 +87,14 @@ 87 87 88 88 This space is key—it is our responsibility to use the classroom to challenge violent racism and Islamophobia. Thus, the ROB: To vote for the debater who best methodologically combats Islamophobic power structures. 89 89 Zaal ‘12 90 -Zaal 12:, Mayida. "Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics." Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 55.6 (2012): 555-558.Mayida Zaal is an assistant professor at Montclair State University 90 +Zaal 12:, Mayida. "Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics." Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 55.6 (2012): 555-558.Mayida Zaal is an assistant professor at Montclair State University PESH AK 91 91 Becky and Aysha’s story was brought to my attention when Aysha’s parents sought guidance regarding 92 92 AND 93 93 learning environments in which students can engage as critical readers of their world. 94 + 95 +A vote affirmative is an ethical stance taken by the judge to refuse Islamophobia—every affirmation of our project is key to the process of awareness. The only productive start is challenging the culture of the American security state. 96 +Kundnani and Kumar ‘15 97 +Arun (professor @ NYU, and author on domestic surveillance) and Deepa (professor of Middle East Studies @ Rutgers), Spring 2015, “Race, surveillance, and empire”, http://isreview.org/issue/96/race-surveillance-and-empire, 98 +What brings together these different systems of racial oppression—mass incarceration, mass surveillance 99 +AND 100 +the beginnings of an effective multiracial opposition to the surveillance state and empire. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,156 @@ 1 +FRAMING 2 +The only way to evaluate questions of “ought” is through appealing to the constitutive rules of agents 3 +Searle ‘64 4 +Searle, John R. “How to Derive ‘Ought’ From ‘Is.’” The Philosophical Review, vol. 73, no. 1, 1964, pp. 43–58. www.jstor.org/stable/2183201. //KOHS-RR 5 +This summary of the traditional empirical view has been very brief, but I hope 6 +AND 7 +ought’s” from “is’s” on the model of the first derivation. 8 + 9 +Thus, the standard is consistency with the constitutive rules of agents. 10 + 11 +Constitutivism is concerned with the obligations of agents, which necessitates rule util. Prefer this over any other stance. 12 +Chappell ‘05 13 +Chappell, Richard Yetter. "Indirect Utilitarianism." Indirect Utilitarianism. University of New York, 11 June 2005. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://www.philosophyetc.net/2005/06/indirect-utilitarianism.html. //KOHS-RR 14 +Utilitarianism is a much maligned moral theory, in part because it's so easily abused 15 +AND 16 +that there is no real chance that actions will even approximate to them. 17 + 18 +Thus, the most important consequences to consider are those associated with abiding by a rule. 19 +Smart ‘56 20 +J. J. C. Smart, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide, PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Volume 6, 1956, p. 344-5. //KOHS-RR 21 +A more modest form of utilitarianism has recently become fashionable. The doctrine is to 22 +AND 23 +governs the given case. I shall call this doctrine "restricted utilitarianism." 24 + 25 +The U.S. Constitution is the constitutive rule for all government agents. 26 +Madison ‘87 27 +John Dickinson, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Edmund Randolph, James Madison, Roger Sherman, James Wilson, and George Wythe (Founding Fathers). Constitution. 1787. 28 +This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in 29 +AND 30 +America the Twelfth. In Witness Whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names. 31 + 32 +Public colleges and universities are agents and extensions of the government. 33 +Farlex ‘08 34 +"Colleges and Universities Legal Definition of Colleges and Universities." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, 2008. Web. 05 Jan. 2017. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Colleges+and+Universities. 35 +U.S. colleges and universities are governed by many of the same laws 36 +AND 37 +, which guarantees that the government will not interfere with Freedom of Speech. 38 + 39 +Because public agents shouldn’t violate the Constitution, I advocate that public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. I reserve the right to clarify in CX. 40 + 41 +Advantage 1: Credibility 42 + 43 +Constitutionality is key to credibility—violating the constitution kills trust. 44 +Ginsburg ‘06 45 +Tom Ginsburg (Professor of Law and Political Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign). “LOCKING IN DEMOCRACY: CONSTITUTIONS, COMMITMENT, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.” 2006. http://works.bepress.com/tom_ginsburg/12/ 46 +Why might these issues of constitutional design vary across countries? I draw on the 47 +AND 48 +their own hands, they actually can enhance their own authority. 49 + 50 +Inhibiting free speech would uniquely impact legitimacy—the majority of students don’t want restrictions. 51 +Jones ‘16 52 +(Jeffrey M. Jones, “College Students Oppose Restrictions on Political Speech”, http://www.gallup.com/poll/190451/college-students-oppose-restrictions-political-speech.aspx) 53 +PRINCETON, N.J. ~-~- U.S. College students mostly reject 54 +AND 55 +sampling error is ±3 percentage points at the 95 confidence level. 56 + 57 +Credibility has three implications: 58 + 59 +a) Key to addressing crime 60 +Tyler ‘04 61 +Professor Of Psychology at New York University. Enhancing Police Legitimacy Tom R. Tyler Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 593, To Better Serve and Protect: Improving Police Practices (May, 2004), pp. 84-99 62 +One way to approach the relationship between the police and the public is to consider 63 +AND 64 +2002) and in people's everyday law-related behavior (Tyler 1990). 65 + 66 +Violent crime creates self-reinforcing cycles that doom youth and increases structural violence. 67 +Reich ‘02 68 +Reich, Kathleen. "Children, Youth, and Gun Violence: Analysis and Recommendations." The Future of Children 12.2 (2002): n. pag. Web. 6 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR 69 +Just as the economic costs of gun violence are substantial, so are the psychological 70 +AND 71 +killed or die, and 19 sometimes wished they were dead.49 72 + 73 +b) Solves multiple scenarios for extinction. 74 +Nye and Armitage ‘07 75 +Joseph Nye (University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University, and previous dean of Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government) and Richard Armitage (13th United States Deputy Secretary of State, the second-in-command at the State Department, serving from 2001 to 2005), “CSIS Reports – A Smarter, More Secure America”, 11/6, 2007 http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,4156/type,1/ 76 +Soft power is the ability to attract people to our side without coercion. Legitimacy 77 +AND 78 +least as much as their ability to destroy the enemy’s will to fight. 79 + 80 +c) Constitutional credibility and free speech are prerequisites to all other impacts. 81 +Bernstein ‘03 82 +Bernstein, David E. "Defending the First Amendment from Antidiscrimination Laws." SSRN. North Carolina Law Review, 2003. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=392001104070024087023118031066018007046068057063028037092013031000105026003099016126010063039006013115083085095056083028059013065071065006031002064102126088040046031115094008094075002000101020121098104118084019110112078121117013001019092072098andEXT=pdf. //KOHS-RR 83 +The student who callously utters a racial epithet, the bigots who refuse to admit 84 +AND 85 +of others, and when they do, political processes cannot redress it." 86 + 87 +Advantage 2: Rule of Law 88 + 89 +The U.S. constitution is a worldwide model for rule of law—other countries prove. 90 +London ‘01 91 +Herbert I. London (President of the Hudson Institute and Profesor Emeritus at NYU). “The Enemy Within.” 1 April 2001. 92 +Fourth, the United States possesses a sense of moral universalism that exists nowhere else 93 +AND 94 +there is no question that the United States will maintain its extraordinary leadership. 95 + 96 +Two extinction scenarios: 97 + 98 +a) Rule of law is key to combating oppression and global war. 99 +Rhyne ‘58 100 +Charles S. Rhyne, Washington lawyer, Law Day Speech for Voice of America delivered on the first Law Day, 1958 101 +Law and courts exist to protect every citizens of the United States 102 +AND 103 +to replace weapons before the dreadful holocaust of nuclear war overtake our people. 104 + 105 +War causes extinction 106 +Germanos ‘13 107 +Germanos, Andrea. "Nuclear War Could Mean 'Extinction of the Human Race'" Common Dreams. Common Dreams, 10 Dec. 2013. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://www.commondreams.org/news/2013/12/10/nuclear-war-could-mean-extinction-human-race. //KOHS-RR 108 +A war using even a small percentage of the world's nuclear weapons threatens the lives 109 +AND 110 +“In order to eliminate this threat, we must eliminate nuclear weapons.” 111 + 112 +b) Maintaining the rule of law is k2 preventing pandemics. 113 +Greco 114 + (Michael, president of the American Bar Association, Miami Daily Business Review, 12/5, lexis) 115 +What makes the rule of law so important that it attracted such a distinguished community 116 +AND 117 +for an independent, nonpartisan commission to investigate our treatment of such prisoners. 118 + 119 +Pathogen outbreaks lead to extinction. 120 +Casadevall 121 +(Arturo Casadevall, Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases, and Director of the Center for Immunological Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, “The future of biological warfare,” Microbial Biotechnology, 5(5), September 2012, p.584-585, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00340.x/abstract) 122 +In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile 123 +AND 124 +acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering. 125 + 126 +Advantage 3: Terrorism 127 + 128 +The 1st amendment is key to preventing pro-terror backlash that increases terrorism—the AC supports engaging interactions that go against current militaristic approaches to terror. 129 +Lombardi et al ‘15 130 +Lombardi, Marco, IÌ„maÌ„n AhÌmad Rajab, Vivienne Chin, Yvon Dandurand, Valerio De Divitiis, and Alessandro Burato. Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism among Youth to Prevent Terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS, 2015. Print. 131 +First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate 132 +AND 133 +increasing meaningful and engaging interactions is the best antidote to violent extremist ideologies. 134 + 135 +Two implications: 136 + 137 +1) Increased terrorist backlash causes extinction. 138 +Gordon ‘02 139 +Gordon 02, (Harvey, Visiting Lecturer, Forensic Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, “The ‘Suicide’ Bomber: Is It a Psychiatric Phenomenon?” PSYCHIATRIC BULLETIN v. 26, 2002, pp. 285-287. Available from the Wrold Wide Web at: http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/26/8/285) 140 +Although terrorism throughout human history has been tragic, until relatively recently it has been 141 +AND 142 +phenomenon can be explained in political terms. Most participants in terrorism are not 143 + 144 +2) Militaristic approaches to terror perpetuate Islamophobia and strengthen barriers. 145 +Reister ‘16 146 +Reister. "Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism: A Vicious Cycle." The Evergreen State College. N.p., May 2016. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR 147 +Islamophobia has been present in many Western nations for hundreds of years, but has 148 +AND 149 +that it creates only serve to generate more Islamophobia through a vicious cycle. 150 + 151 +Islamophobia, especially in the classroom, destroys the health and learning capabilities of Muslims. 152 +Irshad ‘15 153 +Irshad, Ghazala. "How Anti-Muslim Sentiment Plays out in Classrooms across the US." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 21 Dec. 2015. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. //KOHS-RR 154 +Fifty-five percent of Muslim students surveyed by the Council on American Islamic Relations 155 +AND 156 +immune systems and destroys their focus, disrupting and learning ability. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,134 @@ 1 +The standard is minimizing structural barriers. Prefer— 2 + 3 +1) Debate should deal with material impacts—abstraction reflects privilege 4 +Curry ‘14 5 +Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”//KOHS-AG 6 +Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real 7 +AND 8 +used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters. 9 + 10 +2) Structural barriers are based in moral exclusion—we cannot come to ethical conclusions if individuals aren’t seen as human 11 +Winter and Leighton 12 +Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 13 +Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about 14 +AND 15 +local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace. 16 + 17 +Advantage 1: Echo Chambers 18 + 19 +Speech restrictions force bigots to retreat back to those with similar viewpoints—they exacerbate harmful ideologies and kill constructive debate. 20 +Levinovitz ‘16 21 +Alan Levinovitz, assistant professor of religion at James Madison University, “How Trigger Warnings Silence Religious Students,” The Atlantic, August 30, 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/silencing-religious-students-on-campus/497951/ 22 + There is no doubt that in America, the perspective of white, heterosexual 23 +AND 24 +deeply held beliefs. It would be a shame to execute him again. 25 + 26 +Echo chambers kill coalitional politics and forces the problem underground. 27 +Sunstein ‘12 28 +Sunstein 12 (Cass R. Sunstein. Sep 17, 2012. “Breaking up the echo”. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/18/opinion/balanced-news-reports-may-only-inflame.html?_r=0) //KOHS-RR 29 +It is well known that when likeminded people get together, they tend 30 +AND 31 +not what is said, but who, exactly, is saying it. 32 + 33 +The neg causes a substitution effect where new forms of hate speech emerge. 34 +Kurtz and Oscarson ’03 35 +Members of National Council of Teachers of English Conference on College Composition and Communication 2k3 (Anna, Christopher, “BookTalk: Revising the Discourse of Hate,” ProQuest) 36 +However, Butler also argues that the daily, repeated use of words opens a 37 +AND 38 +might be able to create spaces for learning in which everyone feels safe. 39 + 40 +Identifying and engaging with the problem through discourse is key—solves root cause of their impacts. 41 +ACLU ‘16 42 +American Civil Liberties Union. For almost 100 years, the ACLU has worked to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of the United States., “Hate Speech on Campus”, ACLU, 2016. https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus 43 +Where racist, sexist and homophobic speech is concerned, the ACLU believes that more 44 +AND 45 +, possibly change them, and forge solidarity against the forces of intolerance. 46 + 47 +Empirics flow aff—speech codes lead to more violence—open dialogue is key to solve. We say fight hate speech with activist speech. 48 +Malik ‘12 49 +Kenan Malik, I am a writer, lecturer and broadcaster. My latest book is The Quest for a Moral Compass: A Global History of Ethics, “why hate speech should not be banned”, April 12, 2012, https://kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/why-hate-speech-should-not-be-banned/ 50 +And in practice, you cannot reduce or eliminate bigotry simply by banning it. 51 +AND 52 +threshold for liability should not be lowered just because hate speech is involved. 53 + 54 +Advantage 2: Dissent 55 + 56 +University restrictions on speech destroy minority dissent and viewpoints. 57 +Fisher ‘17 58 +Anthony L. Fisher 17 (associate editor at Reason.com, where his beats include criminal justice, civil liberties, free speech, and foreign affairs. He is also a sports and culture columnist at The Week.). “The free speech problem on campus is real. It will ultimately hurt dissidents”. Vox, Jan 2, 2017. http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship 59 +It’s already happening. Just ask the Palestinian activists whose boycott campaigns against Israel have 60 +AND 61 +"safe space" from such "offensive" expressions of free speech. 62 + 63 +Communication is key—restricting speech hinders certain identities and destroys effective discourse. 64 +Fisher 2 65 +Anthony L. Fisher (associate editor at Reason.com, where his beats include criminal justice, civil liberties, free speech, and foreign affairs. He is also a sports and culture columnist at The Week.). “The free speech problem on campus is real. It will ultimately hurt dissidents”. Vox, Jan 2, 2017. http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship 66 +The authors express the need — “in an increasingly multicultural nation” — to 67 +AND 68 +to some — but in today’s campus climate, it’s an important intervention. 69 + 70 +A framework for alternate views to be heard is k2 pragmatic change and solves Ks. 71 +William ‘16 72 +Bryant. "The Counterrevolutionary Campus: Herbert Marcuse And The Suppression Of Student Protest Movements: N." Routledge Taylor And Francis. September 14, 2016. Web. December 08, 2016. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07393148.2016.1228580?needAccess=tru e. 73 +Importantly, we must not limit ourselves to merely critiquing existing oppressions, or just 74 +AND 75 +embodied that impetus here and shown it to be more relevant than ever. 76 + 77 +Advantage 3: Unions 78 + 79 +States can suppress labor movements from unions in public universities. 80 +Richman ‘16 81 +Shaun Richman 16 (former organizing director for the American Federation of Teachers). “How ‘Friedrichs’ Could Actually Unleash Unions from Decades of Free Speech Restrictions”. In These Times, Jan. 22, 2016. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18796/friedrichs-v-california-teachers-association-free-speech-strikes 82 +As the spring semester starts up at the City University of New York, union 83 +AND 84 +tool for reversing many anti-union measures that are on the books. 85 + 86 +Unions k2 pragmatic change within universities—squo restrictions are an attack on free speech and protest 87 +Richman 2 88 +Shaun Richman (former organizing director for the American Federation of Teachers). “How ‘Friedrichs’ Could Actually Unleash Unions from Decades of Free Speech Restrictions”. In These Times, Jan. 22, 2016. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18796/friedrichs-v-california-teachers-association-free-speech-strikes 89 +-Unions take out any K’s; the AC holds the internal link to pragmatic 90 +AND 91 +. I’d also suggest that they begin drawing up some new picket signs. 92 + 93 +Advantage 4: Terrorism 94 + 95 +The 1st amendment is key to preventing pro-terror backlash that increases terrorism—the AC supports engaging interactions that go against current militaristic approaches to terror. 96 +Lombardi et al ‘15 97 +Lombardi, Marco, IÌ„maÌ„n AhÌmad Rajab, Vivienne Chin, Yvon Dandurand, Valerio De Divitiis, and Alessandro Burato. Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism among Youth to Prevent Terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS, 2015. Print. //KOHS-RR 98 +First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate 99 +AND 100 +increasing meaningful and engaging interactions is the best antidote to violent extremist ideologies. 101 + 102 +Militaristic approaches to terror perpetuate Islamophobia and strengthen barriers. 103 +Reister ‘16 104 +Reister. "Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism: A Vicious Cycle." The Evergreen State College. N.p., May 2016. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR 105 +Islamophobia has been present in many Western nations for hundreds of years, but has 106 +AND 107 +that it creates only serve to generate more Islamophobia through a vicious cycle. 108 + 109 +Islamophobia, especially in the classroom, destroys the health and learning capabilities of Muslims. 110 +Irshad ‘15 111 +Irshad, Ghazala. "How Anti-Muslim Sentiment Plays out in Classrooms across the US." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 21 Dec. 2015. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. //KOHS-RR 112 +Fifty-five percent of Muslim students surveyed by the Council on American Islamic Relations 113 +AND 114 +immune systems and destroys their focus, disrupting and learning ability. 115 + 116 +Underview 117 + 118 +PICs are a voting issue against whole res affs 119 +1) Analytic 120 +2) Analytic 121 + 122 +Neg burden is to defend a competitive post-fiat policy. Offense-defense is key to fairness and real world education—ignore skep. 123 +Nelson ‘08 124 +Adam F. Nelson, J.D.1. Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Lincoln-Douglas Debate. 2008. 125 +And the truth-statement model of the resolution imposes an absolute burden of proof 126 +AND 127 +know how the various options affect us and the world we live in. 128 + 129 +Relativism justifies mass genocide 130 +Dimitrijevic 10 – associate professor at CEU Political Science Department 131 +(Nenad, “Moral knowledge and mass crime : A critical reading of moral relativism,” Philosophy Social Criticism February 2010 vol. 36 no. 2 131-156, dml) 132 +Relativism is not a trivial thesis, and the strength of its arguments deserves careful 133 +AND 134 +the erroneous explanation of the establishment, authority and justification of moral judgments. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,115 @@ 1 +FRAMING 2 +Every agent must recognize freedom as a necessary good. 3 +Gewirth ‘84 4 +Alan Gewirth (UChi Prof) “THE ONTOLOGICAL BASIS OF NATURAL LAW: A CRITIQUE AND AN ALTERNATIVE.” 29 American Journal of Jurisprudence. 95. 1984. HeinOnline. 5 +Let me briefly sketch the main line of argument that leads to this conclusion. 6 +AND 7 +of consistency with the material consideration of the generic features and rights of action 8 + 9 +The best model of freedom should be one the minimizes institutional humiliation—non-domination solves. 10 +Pettit ‘97 11 +Philip Pettit (Laurence Rockefeller University Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University). “Freedom with Honor: A Republican Ideal.” Spring 1997. http://www.princeton.edu/~ppettit/papers/FreedomwithHonor_SocialResearch_1997.pdf 12 +And so to my claim about the constitutional consistency of freedom as noninterference with institutional 13 +AND 14 +they may happen to receive respect but they will not command respect. 15 + 16 +Non-domination is the only notion of freedom that can apply to state actors. Prefer civic republicanism—state interference promotes freedom if it ensures non-domination. 17 +Waltman ‘02 18 +Jerry Waltman (taught political science at the University of Southern Mississippi for 25 years; in 15 of those he participated in the British Studies Program. He currently holds an endowed professorship in political science at Baylor University, where he teaches British politics and comparative public law. He received his Ph.D. from Indiana University, and is the author of eight books and numerous articles in academic journals on both British and American politics. In addition to his years spent on the British Studies Program, he has traveled and taught in the UK on many occasions). “Civic Republicanism, The Basic Income Guarantee, and the Living Wage.” USBIG Discussion Paper. No. 25, March 2002. 19 +Civic republicanism's origins lie in the ancient world, in the political theory undergirding several 20 +AND 21 +prudently framed, are by no means subversive but rather introductive of liberty." 22 + 23 +Thus, the standard is consistency with non-domination, defined as curtailing the capacity for arbitrary interference. Prefer: 24 + 25 +1)Non-domination is the primary moral good and turns other frameworks—it’s a pre-req to other values. 26 +Pettit 2 27 +Pettit, Philip (Professor at Princeton). Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford University Press, USA (September 30, 1999). 28 +The first of the further benefits becomes visible when we reflect on a salient way 29 +AND 30 +uncertainty, non-domination has the firm attraction of a primary good. 31 + 32 +2)Comes first under util for state actors, like universities—k2 resolve the infeasibility of direct util calc. 33 +Pettit 3 34 +Pettit, Philip (Professor at Princeton). Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford University Press, USA (September 30, 1999). 35 +Republicanism is a consequentialist doctrine which assigns to government, in particular to governmental authorities 36 +AND 37 +are tied: that they are agents with little or no independent discretion. 38 + 39 +3)Pre-req to Kant 40 +Ripstein ‘09 41 +Arthur Ripstein. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy. Harvard University Press. 2009. 42 +The right to freedom as independence provides a model of interaction that reconciles the ability 43 +AND 44 +. They are small- scale versions of despotism or abuse of office. 45 + 46 +I defend the resolution as a general principle and will clarify if necessary. 47 + 48 +ADVANTAGE 1: DISSENT 49 + 50 +University restrictions on speech repress minority dissent and viewpoints. 51 +Fisher ‘17 52 +Anthony L. Fisher 17 (associate editor at Reason.com, where his beats include criminal justice, civil liberties, free speech, and foreign affairs. He is also a sports and culture columnist at The Week.). “The free speech problem on campus is real. It will ultimately hurt dissidents”. Vox, Jan 2, 2017. http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship 53 +It’s already happening. Just ask the Palestinian activists whose boycott campaigns against Israel have 54 +AND 55 +"safe space" from such "offensive" expressions of free speech. 56 + 57 +Communication is key—restricting speech dominates certain identities and destroys effective discourse. 58 +Fisher 2 59 +Anthony L. Fisher (associate editor at Reason.com, where his beats include criminal justice, civil liberties, free speech, and foreign affairs. He is also a sports and culture columnist at The Week.). “The free speech problem on campus is real. It will ultimately hurt dissidents”. Vox, Jan 2, 2017. http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship 60 +The authors express the need — “in an increasingly multicultural nation” — to 61 +AND 62 +to some — but in today’s campus climate, it’s an important intervention. 63 + 64 +Institutions shouldn’t humiliate people; honor is a basic human good—restrictions on speech deprive people of honor. 65 +Pettit 4 66 +Philip Pettit (Laurence Rockefeller University Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University). “Freedom with Honor: A Republican Ideal.” Spring 1997. http://www.princeton.edu/~ppettit/papers/FreedomwithHonor_SocialResearch_1997.pdf 67 +The decent society, as Avishai Margalit (1996) defines it for us, 68 +AND 69 +to politics that was sidelined by classical liberalism in the early nineteenth century. 70 + 71 +ADVANTAGE 2: UNIONS 72 + 73 +States can arbitrarily dominate labor movements from unions in public universities. 74 +Richman ‘16 75 +Shaun Richman 16 (former organizing director for the American Federation of Teachers). “How ‘Friedrichs’ Could Actually Unleash Unions from Decades of Free Speech Restrictions”. In These Times, Jan. 22, 2016. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18796/friedrichs-v-california-teachers-association-free-speech-strikes 76 +As the spring semester starts up at the City University of New York, union 77 +AND 78 +tool for reversing many anti-union measures that are on the books. 79 + 80 +Unions k2 pragmatic change within universities through their bargaining power—squo restrictions are an attack on free speech and protest 81 +Richman 2 82 +Shaun Richman (former organizing director for the American Federation of Teachers). “How ‘Friedrichs’ Could Actually Unleash Unions from Decades of Free Speech Restrictions”. In These Times, Jan. 22, 2016. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18796/friedrichs-v-california-teachers-association-free-speech-strikes 83 +-Unions take out any K’s; the AC holds the internal link to pragmatic 84 +AND 85 +. I’d also suggest that they begin drawing up some new picket signs. 86 + 87 +Bargaining power k2 to non-domination. 88 +Konczal ‘14 89 +Mike Konczal (fellow at the Roosevelt Institute). “7 Bipartisan Reasons to Raise the Minimum Wage.” Boston Review. March 3rd, 2014. http://www.bostonreview.net/us/mike-konczal-seven-reasons-raise-minimum-wage 90 +When low-wage workers protest at fast food restaurants, low wages are not 91 +AND 92 +workers and will help to eliminates these kinds of domination. 93 + 94 +Bargaining power is key to solve income inequality 95 +Gupta ‘15 96 +Sarita Gupta (executive director of Jobs with Justice). “Protect and Expand Workers’ Ability to Bargain.” Moyers and Company. January 20th, 2015. http://billmoyers.com/2015/01/20/protect-expand-workers-ability-bargain/ 97 +Greedy corporations have been on a decades-long bender to takes 98 +AND 99 +now to join the fight for fair schedules and expanded bargaining for workers. 100 + 101 +Income inequality undermines civic republicanism and furthers dominant voices. 102 +Waltman 2 103 +Jerry Waltman (taught political science at the University of Southern Mississippi for 25 years; in 15 of those he participated in the British Studies Program. He currently holds an endowed professorship in political science at Baylor University, where he teaches British politics and comparative public law. He received his Ph.D. from Indiana University, and is the author of eight books and numerous articles in academic journals on both British and American politics. In addition to his years spent on the British Studies Program, he has traveled and taught in the UK on many occasions). “Civic Republicanism, The Basic Income Guarantee, and the Living Wage.” USBIG Discussion Paper. No. 25, March 2002. 104 +Nevertheless, too much inequality in material possessions is an equally serious problem. Again 105 +AND 106 +attractive economic alternative, one of the central vestiges of citizenship is removed. 107 + 108 +UNDERVIEW 109 + 110 +Neg burden is to defend a competitive post-fiat policy. Offense-defense is key to fairness and real world education. 111 +Nelson ‘08 112 +Adam F. Nelson, J.D.1. Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Lincoln-Douglas Debate. 2008. 113 +And the truth-statement model of the resolution imposes an absolute burden of proof 114 +AND 115 +know how the various options affect us and the world we live in. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,114 @@ 1 +I value Morality. 2 + 3 +The Value Criterion is minimizing structural barriers, defined as alleviating the material conditions that commit structural violence on marginalized groups. Prefer— 4 + 5 +1)Debate should deal with material impacts—abstraction reflects privilege 6 +Curry ‘14 7 +Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century” 8 +Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real 9 +AND 10 +used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters. 11 + 12 +2)Structural violence is based in moral exclusion—ethics do not apply if individuals are not included 13 +Winter and Leighton 14 +Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 15 +Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about 16 +AND 17 +local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace. 18 + 19 +I advocate that the United States ought to guarantee the right to housing. This should be done through Rapid Rehousing and Housing First initiatives. 20 +Surowiecki ’14 claims 21 +James Surowiecki. "Give the Homeless Homes." The New Yorker. 22 Sept. 2014. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/22/home-free. Staff writer at The New Yorker. Contributing editor at Fortune. Previous business columnist for New York. Contributed to the Wall Street Journal, Wired, the Times Magazine, the Washington Post, and Lingua FrancaHis book, “The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations,” was published in 2004. 22 +“In 2005, Utah set out to fix a problem that’s often thought of 23 +AND 24 +: what looks like a giveaway may actually be a really wise investment.” 25 + 26 +This counts as the right to housing—the right to housing should be thought of as a programmatic right that compels action by governments to address homelessness 27 +Byrne and Culhane ‘11 28 +Byrne, Thomas, and Dennis P. Culhane. "Right to Housing: An Effective Means for Addressing Homelessness." University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law and Social Change 14.3 (2011): 1-12. UPenn Legal Scholarship Repository. University of Pennsylvania. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1142andcontext=jlasc. Dennis P. Culhane is a Professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice. Thomas Byrne is a Doctoral Student at the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice. 29 +“Even though homelessness is one of the most flagrant violations of the right to 30 +AND 31 +‘programmatic rights’ approach and have created a legally enforceable right to housing.” 32 + 33 +Housing First increases housing retention by up to 62. 34 +Kertesz et al ‘16 35 +Kertesz, Stefan G., Travis P. Baggett, James O'Connell, David S. Buck, and Margot B. Kushel. "Permanent Supportive Housing for Homeless People — Reframing the Debate." The New England Journal of Medicine 375 (2016): 2115-117. The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. Web. 27 Feb. 2017. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1608326#t=article. Kertesz, M.D., Baggett, M.D. / M.P.H., O’Connelll, M.D., Buck, M.D. / M.P.H., and Kushel, M.D. 36 +“The persistence of homelessness in the United States has increased interest in providing permanent 37 +AND 38 +scientifically sound, economically reasonable, and ethical approach to addressing chronic homelessness.” 39 + 40 +Rapid Rehousing solves poverty and homelessness 41 +Henderson ‘15 42 +Tim Henderson (covers demographics for Stateline, has been a reporter at the Miami Herald, the Cincinnati Enquirer and The Journal News). “Attacking Homelessness With ‘Rapid Rehousing’.” The Pew Charitable Trusts. 21 April 2015. http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2015/4/21/attacking- homelessness-with-rapid-rehousing 43 +The rapid rehousing strategy is based on the idea that in a majority of cases 44 +AND 45 +. The District of Columbia has the largest per-capita homeless population. 46 + 47 +Advantage 1: Forced Evictions 48 + 49 +The problem of forced evictions is huge in the US, but current conditions disguise it and push it underground 50 +Desmond ‘16 51 +Desmond, Matthew. "The Eviction Epidemic." The New Yorker. The New Yorker, 8 Feb. 2016. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/08/forced-out. //KOHS-RR 52 +Even in the most desolate areas of American cities, forced evictions used to be 53 +AND 54 +a similar number thought it was likely that they would be evicted soon. 55 + 56 +Forced evictions increase inequality by causing discrimination and social conflict. 57 +OHCHR ’14 58 +Forced Evictions. Geneva: United Nations, 2014. UN Habitat, 2014. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS25.Rev.1.pdf.//KOHS-RR 59 +In many instances, the victims of forced evictions are those belonging to specific groups 60 +AND 61 +and local level, as well as in their international cooperation and assistance. 62 + 63 +Forced evictions are a growing problem that disproportionately affects minorities—the right to housing provides an essential protection. 64 +OHCHR 65 +"The Right to Adequate Housing." Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (n.d.): 1-58. UN Habitat. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Web. 26 Feb. 2017. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS21_rev_1_Housing_en.pdf. //KOHS-RR 66 +Protection against forced evictions. Protection against forced evictions is a key element of the 67 +AND 68 +if they take place in accordance with the relevant principles of international law. 69 + 70 +Advantage 2: Health 71 + 72 +R2H violations are empirically proven to destroy individual and public health. 73 +Gardner et al ‘09 74 +Gardner, Tiffany M., Alec Irwin, and Curtis W. Peterson. "No Shelter from the Storm: Reclaiming the Right to Housing and Protecting the Health of Vulnerable Communities in Post-Katrina New Orleans." Health and Human Rights Journal 11.2 (2009): n. pag. Health and Human Rights Journal. Health and Human Rights Journal, 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. https://www.hhrjournal.org/2013/08/no-shelter-from-the-storm-reclaiming-the-right-to-housing-and-protecting-the-health-of-vulnerable-communities-in-post-katrina-new-orleans/. Tiffany M. Gardner, JD, is Director of the Human Right to Housing Program at the National Economic and Social Rights Initiative (NESRI). Alec Irwin, PhD, is a public health researcher at the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health. Curtis W. Peterson is an activist and a researcher at the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health. 75 +“Violations of the right to housing have a direct impact on health. Decades 76 +AND 77 +of New Orleans’ poor black communities during the city’s post-Katrina rebuilding.” 78 + 79 +Prefer further—a meta-analysis of over one hundred studies concludes aff. 80 +Gibson et al ‘11 81 +Gibson, Marcia, Mark Petticrew, Clare Bambra, Amanda J. Sowden, Kath E. Wright, and Margaret Whitehead. "Housing and Health Inequalities: A Synthesis of Systematic Reviews of Interventions Aimed at Different Pathways Linking Housing and Health." Health Place 17.1 (2011): 175-84. US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3098470/#bib30. Gibson, MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, UK. Petticrew, Public and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Bambra, Department of Geography, Durham University, Wolfson Research Institute, Durham University Queen's Campus. Sowden and Wright, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York. Whitehead, Division of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building. 82 +“We conducted a systematic overview of housing interventions, finding five systematic reviews, 83 +AND 84 +at those in greatest need may hold the most promise for improving health.” 85 + 86 +Advantage 3: Racism 87 + 88 +Housing policy have disserviced minorities by centering on racism—federal entities were pioneers of racist policy. 89 +Coates ‘14 90 +Ta-Nehisi Coates. "The Case for Reparations." The Atlantic. June 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2014/05/the-case-for-reparations/361631/. Ta-Nehisi Paul Coates is an American writer, journalist, and educator. Coates is a national correspondent for The Atlantic, where he writes about cultural, social and political issues, particularly as they regard African-Americans. Recipient of the 2014 George Polk Award for commentary, 2015 MacArthur Fellows Program Award, and the 2015 National Book Award for Nonfiction. 91 +“Whereas shortly before the New Deal, a typical mortgage required a large down 92 +AND 93 +submerged—continued even amidst the aims and achievements of New Deal liberals.” 94 + 95 +Chicago demonstrates the persistence of racism as the basis for housing policy—white flight spawned from the fearmongering of real estate agents. 96 +Coates 2 97 +Ta-Nehisi Coates. "The Case for Reparations." The Atlantic. June 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2014/05/the-case-for-reparations/361631/. Ta-Nehisi Paul Coates is an American writer, journalist, and educator. Coates is a national correspondent for The Atlantic, where he writes about cultural, social and political issues, particularly as they regard African-Americans. Recipient of the 2014 George Polk Award for commentary, 2015 MacArthur Fellows Program Award, and the 2015 National Book Award for Nonfiction. 98 +“Today Chicago is one of the most segregated cities in the country, a 99 +AND 100 +bought cheap through block-busting and sell them to blacks on contract.” 101 + 102 +Home inequity kills school funding and perpetuates cycles of poverty. 103 +Matthew et al ‘17 104 +Matthew, Dayna Bowen, Richard V. Reeves, and Edward Rodrigue. "Health, Housing, and Racial Justice: An Agenda for the Trump Administration." Brookings. Brookings Institute, 17 Jan. 2017. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ccf_20170116_racial_segregation_and_health_matthew_reeves2.pdf. Matthew is a nonresident senior fellow in the Center for Health Policy. Works at the University of Colorado School of Law, the Colorado School of Public Health, and the Center for Bioethics and Humanities at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Reeves is a senior fellow in Economic Studies, policy director of the Center on Children and Families, and editor-in-chief of the Social Mobility Memos blog. Former director of strategy to the UK’s Deputy Prime Minister, former director of Demos (London-based political think-tank), former director of futures at the Work Foundation, former principal policy advisor to the Minister for Welfare Reform, former research fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research, and former researcher at the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London. BA from Oxford University and a PhD from Warwick University. Rodrigue is a writer for Brookings. 105 +“There is a strong connection between area of residence and school quality. Poorer 106 +AND 107 +of segregation allows them to see black student’s struggles as another community’s problem.” 108 + 109 +Any alternatives to a comprehensive right fail—a right to housing is uniquely key to solving all of the impacts. 110 +Andrews et al. ‘16 111 +Andrews, E. Mitchell, Cristine Delaney Goldman, Katherine Hughes, and Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum. "ADVANCING THE RIGHT TO HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES: Using International Law as a Foundation." REPORT BY THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE 1 OF (n.d.): n. pag. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE1 THE NEW YORK CITY BAR ASSOCIATION O, 12 Feb. 2016. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf/report/uploads/20072632-AdvancingtheRighttoHousingIHR2122016final.pdf. //KOHS-RR 112 +The United States does, however, address the issue of inadequate housing through federal 113 +AND 114 +local forms of assistance, there is no federal statutory entitlement to housing. - EntryDate
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