Changes for page Klein Oak Rashid Aff

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Summary

Details

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1 1  Part 1: War On Terror
2 2  
3 -IN 2002 AT A NEW YORK AIRPORT, AN INNOCENT MUSLIM NAMED MAHER ARAR WAS DETAINED ON SUSPICION OF WORKING WITH AL-QAEDA, WHERE HE WAS TORTURED FOR 10 MONTHS. WHEN TAKEN TO COURT, THE OFFICERS INVOKED QUALIFIED IMMUNITY AND THE CASE WAS DISMISSED. ARAR IS NOT ALONE—HUNDREDS OF MUSLIMS HAVE BEEN TREATED AS SLAVES AND UNABLE TO GAIN RETRIBUTION DUE TO THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR (GWOT) AND THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DOCTRINE
3 +IN 2002 AT A NEW YORK AIRPORT, AN INNOCENT MUSLIM NAMED MAHER ARAR WAS DETAINED ON SUSPICION OF WORKING WITH AL-QAEDA, WHERE HE WAS TORTURED FOR 10 MONTHS. WHEN TAKEN TO COURT, THE OFFICERS INVOKED QUALIFIED IMMUNITY AND THE CASE WAS DISMISSED. ARAR IS NOT ALONE—HUNDREDS OF MUSLIMS HAVE BEEN TREATED AS SLAVES AND UNABLE TO GAIN RETRIBUTION DUE TO THE GWOT AND THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DOCTRINE
4 4  Knight ‘16
5 5  Knight, Sam. "Bush Officials Immunity for War on Terror Abuses to Be Subject, Again, of Supreme Court Battle." Truthout. The District Sentinel | Report, 13 Oct. 2016. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR
6 6  Hundreds of plaintiffs allege that they were swept up in an immigration dragnet in Brooklyn
... ... @@ -87,7 +87,14 @@
87 87  
88 88  This space is key—it is our responsibility to use the classroom to challenge violent racism and Islamophobia. Thus, the ROB: To vote for the debater who best methodologically combats Islamophobic power structures.
89 89  Zaal ‘12
90 -Zaal 12:, Mayida. "Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics." Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 55.6 (2012): 555-558.Mayida Zaal is an assistant professor at Montclair State University
90 +Zaal 12:, Mayida. "Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics." Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 55.6 (2012): 555-558.Mayida Zaal is an assistant professor at Montclair State University PESH AK
91 91  Becky and Aysha’s story was brought to my attention when Aysha’s parents sought guidance regarding
92 92  AND
93 93  learning environments in which students can engage as critical readers of their world.
94 +
95 +A vote affirmative is an ethical stance taken by the judge to refuse Islamophobia—every affirmation of our project is key to the process of awareness. The only productive start is challenging the culture of the American security state.
96 +Kundnani and Kumar ‘15
97 +Arun (professor @ NYU, and author on domestic surveillance) and Deepa (professor of Middle East Studies @ Rutgers), Spring 2015, “Race, surveillance, and empire”, http://isreview.org/issue/96/race-surveillance-and-empire,
98 +What brings together these different systems of racial oppression—mass incarceration, mass surveillance
99 +AND
100 +the beginnings of an effective multiracial opposition to the surveillance state and empire.
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1 -NOVDEC Islamophobia AC
1 +NOVDEC - Islamophobia 1AC
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1 +FRAMING
2 +The only way to evaluate questions of “ought” is through appealing to the constitutive rules of agents
3 +Searle ‘64
4 +Searle, John R. “How to Derive ‘Ought’ From ‘Is.’” The Philosophical Review, vol. 73, no. 1, 1964, pp. 43–58. www.jstor.org/stable/2183201. //KOHS-RR
5 +This summary of the traditional empirical view has been very brief, but I hope
6 +AND
7 +ought’s” from “is’s” on the model of the first derivation.
8 +
9 +Thus, the standard is consistency with the constitutive rules of agents.
10 +
11 +Constitutivism is concerned with the obligations of agents, which necessitates rule util. Prefer this over any other stance.
12 +Chappell ‘05
13 +Chappell, Richard Yetter. "Indirect Utilitarianism." Indirect Utilitarianism. University of New York, 11 June 2005. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://www.philosophyetc.net/2005/06/indirect-utilitarianism.html. //KOHS-RR
14 +Utilitarianism is a much maligned moral theory, in part because it's so easily abused
15 +AND
16 +that there is no real chance that actions will even approximate to them.
17 +
18 +Thus, the most important consequences to consider are those associated with abiding by a rule.
19 +Smart ‘56
20 +J. J. C. Smart, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide, PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Volume 6, 1956, p. 344-5. //KOHS-RR
21 +A more modest form of utilitarianism has recently become fashionable. The doctrine is to
22 +AND
23 +governs the given case. I shall call this doctrine "restricted utilitarianism."
24 +
25 +The U.S. Constitution is the constitutive rule for all government agents.
26 +Madison ‘87
27 +John Dickinson, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Edmund Randolph, James Madison, Roger Sherman, James Wilson, and George Wythe (Founding Fathers). Constitution. 1787.
28 +This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in
29 +AND
30 +America the Twelfth. In Witness Whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names.
31 +
32 +Public colleges and universities are agents and extensions of the government.
33 +Farlex ‘08
34 +"Colleges and Universities Legal Definition of Colleges and Universities." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, 2008. Web. 05 Jan. 2017. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Colleges+and+Universities.
35 +U.S. colleges and universities are governed by many of the same laws
36 +AND
37 +, which guarantees that the government will not interfere with Freedom of Speech.
38 +
39 +Because public agents shouldn’t violate the Constitution, I advocate that public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. I reserve the right to clarify in CX.
40 +
41 +Advantage 1: Credibility
42 +
43 +Constitutionality is key to credibility—violating the constitution kills trust.
44 +Ginsburg ‘06
45 +Tom Ginsburg (Professor of Law and Political Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign). “LOCKING IN DEMOCRACY: CONSTITUTIONS, COMMITMENT, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.” 2006. http://works.bepress.com/tom_ginsburg/12/
46 +Why might these issues of constitutional design vary across countries? I draw on the
47 +AND
48 +their own hands, they actually can enhance their own authority.
49 +
50 +Inhibiting free speech would uniquely impact legitimacy—the majority of students don’t want restrictions.
51 +Jones ‘16
52 +(Jeffrey M. Jones, “College Students Oppose Restrictions on Political Speech”, http://www.gallup.com/poll/190451/college-students-oppose-restrictions-political-speech.aspx)
53 +PRINCETON, N.J. ~-~- U.S. College students mostly reject
54 +AND
55 +sampling error is ±3 percentage points at the 95 confidence level.
56 +
57 +Credibility has three implications:
58 +
59 +a) Key to addressing crime
60 +Tyler ‘04
61 +Professor Of Psychology at New York University. Enhancing Police Legitimacy Tom R. Tyler Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 593, To Better Serve and Protect: Improving Police Practices (May, 2004), pp. 84-99
62 +One way to approach the relationship between the police and the public is to consider
63 +AND
64 +2002) and in people's everyday law-related behavior (Tyler 1990).
65 +
66 +Violent crime creates self-reinforcing cycles that doom youth and increases structural violence.
67 +Reich ‘02
68 +Reich, Kathleen. "Children, Youth, and Gun Violence: Analysis and Recommendations." The Future of Children 12.2 (2002): n. pag. Web. 6 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR
69 +Just as the economic costs of gun violence are substantial, so are the psychological
70 +AND
71 +killed or die, and 19 sometimes wished they were dead.49
72 +
73 +b) Solves multiple scenarios for extinction.
74 +Nye and Armitage ‘07
75 +Joseph Nye (University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University, and previous dean of Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government) and Richard Armitage (13th United States Deputy Secretary of State, the second-in-command at the State Department, serving from 2001 to 2005), “CSIS Reports – A Smarter, More Secure America”, 11/6, 2007 http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,4156/type,1/
76 +Soft power is the ability to attract people to our side without coercion. Legitimacy
77 +AND
78 +least as much as their ability to destroy the enemy’s will to fight.
79 +
80 +c) Constitutional credibility and free speech are prerequisites to all other impacts.
81 +Bernstein ‘03
82 +Bernstein, David E. "Defending the First Amendment from Antidiscrimination Laws." SSRN. North Carolina Law Review, 2003. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=392001104070024087023118031066018007046068057063028037092013031000105026003099016126010063039006013115083085095056083028059013065071065006031002064102126088040046031115094008094075002000101020121098104118084019110112078121117013001019092072098andEXT=pdf. //KOHS-RR
83 +The student who callously utters a racial epithet, the bigots who refuse to admit
84 +AND
85 +of others, and when they do, political processes cannot redress it."
86 +
87 +Advantage 2: Rule of Law
88 +
89 +The U.S. constitution is a worldwide model for rule of law—other countries prove.
90 +London ‘01
91 +Herbert I. London (President of the Hudson Institute and Profesor Emeritus at NYU). “The Enemy Within.” 1 April 2001.
92 +Fourth, the United States possesses a sense of moral universalism that exists nowhere else
93 +AND
94 +there is no question that the United States will maintain its extraordinary leadership.
95 +
96 +Two extinction scenarios:
97 +
98 +a) Rule of law is key to combating oppression and global war.
99 +Rhyne ‘58
100 +Charles S. Rhyne, Washington lawyer, Law Day Speech for Voice of America delivered on the first Law Day, 1958
101 +Law and courts exist to protect every citizens of the United States
102 +AND
103 +to replace weapons before the dreadful holocaust of nuclear war overtake our people.
104 +
105 +War causes extinction
106 +Germanos ‘13
107 +Germanos, Andrea. "Nuclear War Could Mean 'Extinction of the Human Race'" Common Dreams. Common Dreams, 10 Dec. 2013. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://www.commondreams.org/news/2013/12/10/nuclear-war-could-mean-extinction-human-race. //KOHS-RR
108 +A war using even a small percentage of the world's nuclear weapons threatens the lives
109 +AND
110 +“In order to eliminate this threat, we must eliminate nuclear weapons.”
111 +
112 +b) Maintaining the rule of law is k2 preventing pandemics.
113 +Greco
114 + (Michael, president of the American Bar Association, Miami Daily Business Review, 12/5, lexis)
115 +What makes the rule of law so important that it attracted such a distinguished community
116 +AND
117 +for an independent, nonpartisan commission to investigate our treatment of such prisoners.
118 +
119 +Pathogen outbreaks lead to extinction.
120 +Casadevall
121 +(Arturo Casadevall, Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases, and Director of the Center for Immunological Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, “The future of biological warfare,” Microbial Biotechnology, 5(5), September 2012, p.584-585, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00340.x/abstract)
122 +In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile
123 +AND
124 +acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering.
125 +
126 +Advantage 3: Terrorism
127 +
128 +The 1st amendment is key to preventing pro-terror backlash that increases terrorism—the AC supports engaging interactions that go against current militaristic approaches to terror.
129 +Lombardi et al ‘15
130 +Lombardi, Marco, IÌ„maÌ„n AhÌmad Rajab, Vivienne Chin, Yvon Dandurand, Valerio De Divitiis, and Alessandro Burato. Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism among Youth to Prevent Terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS, 2015. Print.
131 +First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate
132 +AND
133 +increasing meaningful and engaging interactions is the best antidote to violent extremist ideologies.
134 +
135 +Two implications:
136 +
137 +1) Increased terrorist backlash causes extinction.
138 +Gordon ‘02
139 +Gordon 02, (Harvey, Visiting Lecturer, Forensic Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, “The ‘Suicide’ Bomber: Is It a Psychiatric Phenomenon?” PSYCHIATRIC BULLETIN v. 26, 2002, pp. 285-287. Available from the Wrold Wide Web at: http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/26/8/285)
140 +Although terrorism throughout human history has been tragic, until relatively recently it has been
141 +AND
142 +phenomenon can be explained in political terms. Most participants in terrorism are not
143 +
144 +2) Militaristic approaches to terror perpetuate Islamophobia and strengthen barriers.
145 +Reister ‘16
146 +Reister. "Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism: A Vicious Cycle." The Evergreen State College. N.p., May 2016. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR
147 +Islamophobia has been present in many Western nations for hundreds of years, but has
148 +AND
149 +that it creates only serve to generate more Islamophobia through a vicious cycle.
150 +
151 +Islamophobia, especially in the classroom, destroys the health and learning capabilities of Muslims.
152 +Irshad ‘15
153 +Irshad, Ghazala. "How Anti-Muslim Sentiment Plays out in Classrooms across the US." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 21 Dec. 2015. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. //KOHS-RR
154 +Fifty-five percent of Muslim students surveyed by the Council on American Islamic Relations
155 +AND
156 +immune systems and destroys their focus, disrupting and learning ability.
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1 +The standard is minimizing structural barriers. Prefer—
2 +
3 +1) Debate should deal with material impacts—abstraction reflects privilege
4 +Curry ‘14
5 +Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”//KOHS-AG
6 +Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
7 +AND
8 +used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.
9 +
10 +2) Structural barriers are based in moral exclusion—we cannot come to ethical conclusions if individuals aren’t seen as human
11 +Winter and Leighton
12 +Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5
13 +Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
14 +AND
15 +local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.
16 +
17 +Advantage 1: Echo Chambers
18 +
19 +Speech restrictions force bigots to retreat back to those with similar viewpoints—they exacerbate harmful ideologies and kill constructive debate.
20 +Levinovitz ‘16
21 +Alan Levinovitz, assistant professor of religion at James Madison University, “How Trigger Warnings Silence Religious Students,” The Atlantic, August 30, 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/silencing-religious-students-on-campus/497951/
22 + There is no doubt that in America, the perspective of white, heterosexual
23 +AND
24 +deeply held beliefs. It would be a shame to execute him again.
25 +
26 +Echo chambers kill coalitional politics and forces the problem underground.
27 +Sunstein ‘12
28 +Sunstein 12 (Cass R. Sunstein. Sep 17, 2012. “Breaking up the echo”. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/18/opinion/balanced-news-reports-may-only-inflame.html?_r=0) //KOHS-RR
29 +It is well known that when like­minded people get together, they tend
30 +AND
31 +not what is said, but who, exactly, is saying it.
32 +
33 +The neg causes a substitution effect where new forms of hate speech emerge.
34 +Kurtz and Oscarson ’03
35 +Members of National Council of Teachers of English Conference on College Composition and Communication 2k3 (Anna, Christopher, “BookTalk: Revising the Discourse of Hate,” ProQuest)
36 +However, Butler also argues that the daily, repeated use of words opens a
37 +AND
38 +might be able to create spaces for learning in which everyone feels safe.
39 +
40 +Identifying and engaging with the problem through discourse is key—solves root cause of their impacts.
41 +ACLU ‘16
42 +American Civil Liberties Union. For almost 100 years, the ACLU has worked to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of the United States., “Hate Speech on Campus”, ACLU, 2016. https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus
43 +Where racist, sexist and homophobic speech is concerned, the ACLU believes that more
44 +AND
45 +, possibly change them, and forge solidarity against the forces of intolerance.
46 +
47 +Empirics flow aff—speech codes lead to more violence—open dialogue is key to solve. We say fight hate speech with activist speech.
48 +Malik ‘12
49 +Kenan Malik, I am a writer, lecturer and broadcaster. My latest book is The Quest for a Moral Compass: A Global History of Ethics, “why hate speech should not be banned”, April 12, 2012, https://kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/why-hate-speech-should-not-be-banned/
50 +And in practice, you cannot reduce or eliminate bigotry simply by banning it.
51 +AND
52 +threshold for liability should not be lowered just because hate speech is involved.
53 +
54 +Advantage 2: Dissent
55 +
56 +University restrictions on speech destroy minority dissent and viewpoints.
57 +Fisher ‘17
58 +Anthony L. Fisher 17 (associate editor at Reason.com, where his beats include criminal justice, civil liberties, free speech, and foreign affairs. He is also a sports and culture columnist at The Week.). “The free speech problem on campus is real. It will ultimately hurt dissidents”. Vox, Jan 2, 2017. http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship
59 +It’s already happening. Just ask the Palestinian activists whose boycott campaigns against Israel have
60 +AND
61 +"safe space" from such "offensive" expressions of free speech.
62 +
63 +Communication is key—restricting speech hinders certain identities and destroys effective discourse.
64 +Fisher 2
65 +Anthony L. Fisher (associate editor at Reason.com, where his beats include criminal justice, civil liberties, free speech, and foreign affairs. He is also a sports and culture columnist at The Week.). “The free speech problem on campus is real. It will ultimately hurt dissidents”. Vox, Jan 2, 2017. http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship
66 +The authors express the need — “in an increasingly multicultural nation” — to
67 +AND
68 +to some — but in today’s campus climate, it’s an important intervention.
69 +
70 +A framework for alternate views to be heard is k2 pragmatic change and solves Ks.
71 +William ‘16
72 +Bryant. "The Counterrevolutionary Campus: Herbert Marcuse And The Suppression Of Student Protest Movements: N." Routledge Taylor And Francis. September 14, 2016. Web. December 08, 2016. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07393148.2016.1228580?needAccess=tru e.
73 +Importantly, we must not limit ourselves to merely critiquing existing oppressions, or just
74 +AND
75 +embodied that impetus here and shown it to be more relevant than ever.
76 +
77 +Advantage 3: Unions
78 +
79 +States can suppress labor movements from unions in public universities.
80 +Richman ‘16
81 +Shaun Richman 16 (former organizing director for the American Federation of Teachers). “How ‘Friedrichs’ Could Actually Unleash Unions from Decades of Free Speech Restrictions”. In These Times, Jan. 22, 2016. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18796/friedrichs-v-california-teachers-association-free-speech-strikes
82 +As the spring semester starts up at the City University of New York, union
83 +AND
84 +tool for reversing many anti-union measures that are on the books.
85 +
86 +Unions k2 pragmatic change within universities—squo restrictions are an attack on free speech and protest
87 +Richman 2
88 +Shaun Richman (former organizing director for the American Federation of Teachers). “How ‘Friedrichs’ Could Actually Unleash Unions from Decades of Free Speech Restrictions”. In These Times, Jan. 22, 2016. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18796/friedrichs-v-california-teachers-association-free-speech-strikes
89 +-Unions take out any K’s; the AC holds the internal link to pragmatic
90 +AND
91 +. I’d also suggest that they begin drawing up some new picket signs.
92 +
93 +Advantage 4: Terrorism
94 +
95 +The 1st amendment is key to preventing pro-terror backlash that increases terrorism—the AC supports engaging interactions that go against current militaristic approaches to terror.
96 +Lombardi et al ‘15
97 +Lombardi, Marco, IÌ„maÌ„n AhÌmad Rajab, Vivienne Chin, Yvon Dandurand, Valerio De Divitiis, and Alessandro Burato. Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism among Youth to Prevent Terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS, 2015. Print. //KOHS-RR
98 +First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate
99 +AND
100 +increasing meaningful and engaging interactions is the best antidote to violent extremist ideologies.
101 +
102 +Militaristic approaches to terror perpetuate Islamophobia and strengthen barriers.
103 +Reister ‘16
104 +Reister. "Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism: A Vicious Cycle." The Evergreen State College. N.p., May 2016. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR
105 +Islamophobia has been present in many Western nations for hundreds of years, but has
106 +AND
107 +that it creates only serve to generate more Islamophobia through a vicious cycle.
108 +
109 +Islamophobia, especially in the classroom, destroys the health and learning capabilities of Muslims.
110 +Irshad ‘15
111 +Irshad, Ghazala. "How Anti-Muslim Sentiment Plays out in Classrooms across the US." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 21 Dec. 2015. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. //KOHS-RR
112 +Fifty-five percent of Muslim students surveyed by the Council on American Islamic Relations
113 +AND
114 +immune systems and destroys their focus, disrupting and learning ability.
115 +
116 +Underview
117 +
118 +PICs are a voting issue against whole res affs
119 +1) Analytic
120 +2) Analytic
121 +
122 +Neg burden is to defend a competitive post-fiat policy. Offense-defense is key to fairness and real world education—ignore skep.
123 +Nelson ‘08
124 +Adam F. Nelson, J.D.1. Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Lincoln-Douglas Debate. 2008.
125 +And the truth-statement model of the resolution imposes an absolute burden of proof
126 +AND
127 +know how the various options affect us and the world we live in.
128 +
129 +Relativism justifies mass genocide
130 +Dimitrijevic 10 – associate professor at CEU Political Science Department
131 +(Nenad, “Moral knowledge and mass crime : A critical reading of moral relativism,” Philosophy Social Criticism February 2010 vol. 36 no. 2 131-156, dml)
132 +Relativism is not a trivial thesis, and the strength of its arguments deserves careful
133 +AND
134 +the erroneous explanation of the establishment, authority and justification of moral judgments.
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