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... ... @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 1 1 Part 1: War On Terror 2 2 3 -IN 2002 AT A NEW YORK AIRPORT, AN INNOCENT MUSLIM NAMED MAHER ARAR WAS DETAINED ON SUSPICION OF WORKING WITH AL-QAEDA, WHERE HE WAS TORTURED FOR 10 MONTHS. WHEN TAKEN TO COURT, THE OFFICERS INVOKED QUALIFIED IMMUNITY AND THE CASE WAS DISMISSED. ARAR IS NOT ALONE—HUNDREDS OF MUSLIMS HAVE BEEN TREATED AS SLAVES AND UNABLE TO GAIN RETRIBUTION DUE TO THE G LOBALWARONTERROR(GWOT)AND THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DOCTRINE3 +IN 2002 AT A NEW YORK AIRPORT, AN INNOCENT MUSLIM NAMED MAHER ARAR WAS DETAINED ON SUSPICION OF WORKING WITH AL-QAEDA, WHERE HE WAS TORTURED FOR 10 MONTHS. WHEN TAKEN TO COURT, THE OFFICERS INVOKED QUALIFIED IMMUNITY AND THE CASE WAS DISMISSED. ARAR IS NOT ALONE—HUNDREDS OF MUSLIMS HAVE BEEN TREATED AS SLAVES AND UNABLE TO GAIN RETRIBUTION DUE TO THE GWOT AND THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DOCTRINE 4 4 Knight ‘16 5 5 Knight, Sam. "Bush Officials Immunity for War on Terror Abuses to Be Subject, Again, of Supreme Court Battle." Truthout. The District Sentinel | Report, 13 Oct. 2016. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR 6 6 Hundreds of plaintiffs allege that they were swept up in an immigration dragnet in Brooklyn ... ... @@ -87,7 +87,14 @@ 87 87 88 88 This space is key—it is our responsibility to use the classroom to challenge violent racism and Islamophobia. Thus, the ROB: To vote for the debater who best methodologically combats Islamophobic power structures. 89 89 Zaal ‘12 90 -Zaal 12:, Mayida. "Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics." Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 55.6 (2012): 555-558.Mayida Zaal is an assistant professor at Montclair State University 90 +Zaal 12:, Mayida. "Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics." Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 55.6 (2012): 555-558.Mayida Zaal is an assistant professor at Montclair State University PESH AK 91 91 Becky and Aysha’s story was brought to my attention when Aysha’s parents sought guidance regarding 92 92 AND 93 93 learning environments in which students can engage as critical readers of their world. 94 + 95 +A vote affirmative is an ethical stance taken by the judge to refuse Islamophobia—every affirmation of our project is key to the process of awareness. The only productive start is challenging the culture of the American security state. 96 +Kundnani and Kumar ‘15 97 +Arun (professor @ NYU, and author on domestic surveillance) and Deepa (professor of Middle East Studies @ Rutgers), Spring 2015, “Race, surveillance, and empire”, http://isreview.org/issue/96/race-surveillance-and-empire, 98 +What brings together these different systems of racial oppression—mass incarceration, mass surveillance 99 +AND 100 +the beginnings of an effective multiracial opposition to the surveillance state and empire. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,156 @@ 1 +FRAMING 2 +The only way to evaluate questions of “ought” is through appealing to the constitutive rules of agents 3 +Searle ‘64 4 +Searle, John R. “How to Derive ‘Ought’ From ‘Is.’” The Philosophical Review, vol. 73, no. 1, 1964, pp. 43–58. www.jstor.org/stable/2183201. //KOHS-RR 5 +This summary of the traditional empirical view has been very brief, but I hope 6 +AND 7 +ought’s” from “is’s” on the model of the first derivation. 8 + 9 +Thus, the standard is consistency with the constitutive rules of agents. 10 + 11 +Constitutivism is concerned with the obligations of agents, which necessitates rule util. Prefer this over any other stance. 12 +Chappell ‘05 13 +Chappell, Richard Yetter. "Indirect Utilitarianism." Indirect Utilitarianism. University of New York, 11 June 2005. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://www.philosophyetc.net/2005/06/indirect-utilitarianism.html. //KOHS-RR 14 +Utilitarianism is a much maligned moral theory, in part because it's so easily abused 15 +AND 16 +that there is no real chance that actions will even approximate to them. 17 + 18 +Thus, the most important consequences to consider are those associated with abiding by a rule. 19 +Smart ‘56 20 +J. J. C. Smart, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide, PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Volume 6, 1956, p. 344-5. //KOHS-RR 21 +A more modest form of utilitarianism has recently become fashionable. The doctrine is to 22 +AND 23 +governs the given case. I shall call this doctrine "restricted utilitarianism." 24 + 25 +The U.S. Constitution is the constitutive rule for all government agents. 26 +Madison ‘87 27 +John Dickinson, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Edmund Randolph, James Madison, Roger Sherman, James Wilson, and George Wythe (Founding Fathers). Constitution. 1787. 28 +This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in 29 +AND 30 +America the Twelfth. In Witness Whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names. 31 + 32 +Public colleges and universities are agents and extensions of the government. 33 +Farlex ‘08 34 +"Colleges and Universities Legal Definition of Colleges and Universities." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, 2008. Web. 05 Jan. 2017. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Colleges+and+Universities. 35 +U.S. colleges and universities are governed by many of the same laws 36 +AND 37 +, which guarantees that the government will not interfere with Freedom of Speech. 38 + 39 +Because public agents shouldn’t violate the Constitution, I advocate that public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. I reserve the right to clarify in CX. 40 + 41 +Advantage 1: Credibility 42 + 43 +Constitutionality is key to credibility—violating the constitution kills trust. 44 +Ginsburg ‘06 45 +Tom Ginsburg (Professor of Law and Political Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign). “LOCKING IN DEMOCRACY: CONSTITUTIONS, COMMITMENT, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.” 2006. http://works.bepress.com/tom_ginsburg/12/ 46 +Why might these issues of constitutional design vary across countries? I draw on the 47 +AND 48 +their own hands, they actually can enhance their own authority. 49 + 50 +Inhibiting free speech would uniquely impact legitimacy—the majority of students don’t want restrictions. 51 +Jones ‘16 52 +(Jeffrey M. Jones, “College Students Oppose Restrictions on Political Speech”, http://www.gallup.com/poll/190451/college-students-oppose-restrictions-political-speech.aspx) 53 +PRINCETON, N.J. ~-~- U.S. College students mostly reject 54 +AND 55 +sampling error is ±3 percentage points at the 95 confidence level. 56 + 57 +Credibility has three implications: 58 + 59 +a) Key to addressing crime 60 +Tyler ‘04 61 +Professor Of Psychology at New York University. Enhancing Police Legitimacy Tom R. Tyler Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 593, To Better Serve and Protect: Improving Police Practices (May, 2004), pp. 84-99 62 +One way to approach the relationship between the police and the public is to consider 63 +AND 64 +2002) and in people's everyday law-related behavior (Tyler 1990). 65 + 66 +Violent crime creates self-reinforcing cycles that doom youth and increases structural violence. 67 +Reich ‘02 68 +Reich, Kathleen. "Children, Youth, and Gun Violence: Analysis and Recommendations." The Future of Children 12.2 (2002): n. pag. Web. 6 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR 69 +Just as the economic costs of gun violence are substantial, so are the psychological 70 +AND 71 +killed or die, and 19 sometimes wished they were dead.49 72 + 73 +b) Solves multiple scenarios for extinction. 74 +Nye and Armitage ‘07 75 +Joseph Nye (University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University, and previous dean of Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government) and Richard Armitage (13th United States Deputy Secretary of State, the second-in-command at the State Department, serving from 2001 to 2005), “CSIS Reports – A Smarter, More Secure America”, 11/6, 2007 http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,4156/type,1/ 76 +Soft power is the ability to attract people to our side without coercion. Legitimacy 77 +AND 78 +least as much as their ability to destroy the enemy’s will to fight. 79 + 80 +c) Constitutional credibility and free speech are prerequisites to all other impacts. 81 +Bernstein ‘03 82 +Bernstein, David E. "Defending the First Amendment from Antidiscrimination Laws." SSRN. North Carolina Law Review, 2003. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=392001104070024087023118031066018007046068057063028037092013031000105026003099016126010063039006013115083085095056083028059013065071065006031002064102126088040046031115094008094075002000101020121098104118084019110112078121117013001019092072098andEXT=pdf. //KOHS-RR 83 +The student who callously utters a racial epithet, the bigots who refuse to admit 84 +AND 85 +of others, and when they do, political processes cannot redress it." 86 + 87 +Advantage 2: Rule of Law 88 + 89 +The U.S. constitution is a worldwide model for rule of law—other countries prove. 90 +London ‘01 91 +Herbert I. London (President of the Hudson Institute and Profesor Emeritus at NYU). “The Enemy Within.” 1 April 2001. 92 +Fourth, the United States possesses a sense of moral universalism that exists nowhere else 93 +AND 94 +there is no question that the United States will maintain its extraordinary leadership. 95 + 96 +Two extinction scenarios: 97 + 98 +a) Rule of law is key to combating oppression and global war. 99 +Rhyne ‘58 100 +Charles S. Rhyne, Washington lawyer, Law Day Speech for Voice of America delivered on the first Law Day, 1958 101 +Law and courts exist to protect every citizens of the United States 102 +AND 103 +to replace weapons before the dreadful holocaust of nuclear war overtake our people. 104 + 105 +War causes extinction 106 +Germanos ‘13 107 +Germanos, Andrea. "Nuclear War Could Mean 'Extinction of the Human Race'" Common Dreams. Common Dreams, 10 Dec. 2013. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://www.commondreams.org/news/2013/12/10/nuclear-war-could-mean-extinction-human-race. //KOHS-RR 108 +A war using even a small percentage of the world's nuclear weapons threatens the lives 109 +AND 110 +“In order to eliminate this threat, we must eliminate nuclear weapons.” 111 + 112 +b) Maintaining the rule of law is k2 preventing pandemics. 113 +Greco 114 + (Michael, president of the American Bar Association, Miami Daily Business Review, 12/5, lexis) 115 +What makes the rule of law so important that it attracted such a distinguished community 116 +AND 117 +for an independent, nonpartisan commission to investigate our treatment of such prisoners. 118 + 119 +Pathogen outbreaks lead to extinction. 120 +Casadevall 121 +(Arturo Casadevall, Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases, and Director of the Center for Immunological Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, “The future of biological warfare,” Microbial Biotechnology, 5(5), September 2012, p.584-585, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00340.x/abstract) 122 +In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile 123 +AND 124 +acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering. 125 + 126 +Advantage 3: Terrorism 127 + 128 +The 1st amendment is key to preventing pro-terror backlash that increases terrorism—the AC supports engaging interactions that go against current militaristic approaches to terror. 129 +Lombardi et al ‘15 130 +Lombardi, Marco, IÌ„maÌ„n AhÌmad Rajab, Vivienne Chin, Yvon Dandurand, Valerio De Divitiis, and Alessandro Burato. Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism among Youth to Prevent Terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS, 2015. Print. 131 +First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate 132 +AND 133 +increasing meaningful and engaging interactions is the best antidote to violent extremist ideologies. 134 + 135 +Two implications: 136 + 137 +1) Increased terrorist backlash causes extinction. 138 +Gordon ‘02 139 +Gordon 02, (Harvey, Visiting Lecturer, Forensic Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, “The ‘Suicide’ Bomber: Is It a Psychiatric Phenomenon?” PSYCHIATRIC BULLETIN v. 26, 2002, pp. 285-287. Available from the Wrold Wide Web at: http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/26/8/285) 140 +Although terrorism throughout human history has been tragic, until relatively recently it has been 141 +AND 142 +phenomenon can be explained in political terms. Most participants in terrorism are not 143 + 144 +2) Militaristic approaches to terror perpetuate Islamophobia and strengthen barriers. 145 +Reister ‘16 146 +Reister. "Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism: A Vicious Cycle." The Evergreen State College. N.p., May 2016. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. //KOHS-RR 147 +Islamophobia has been present in many Western nations for hundreds of years, but has 148 +AND 149 +that it creates only serve to generate more Islamophobia through a vicious cycle. 150 + 151 +Islamophobia, especially in the classroom, destroys the health and learning capabilities of Muslims. 152 +Irshad ‘15 153 +Irshad, Ghazala. "How Anti-Muslim Sentiment Plays out in Classrooms across the US." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 21 Dec. 2015. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. //KOHS-RR 154 +Fifty-five percent of Muslim students surveyed by the Council on American Islamic Relations 155 +AND 156 +immune systems and destroys their focus, disrupting and learning ability. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,81 @@ 1 +AGONISM AC 2 +Part 1: The Classroom 3 +Exclusion is inevitable in any moral theory because it requires one to distinguish between good and bad. When we define justice, that definition always excludes that which it doesn’t account for. 4 +Hagglund 5 +Hägglund, Martin. Radical atheism: Derrida and the time of life. Stanford University Press, 2008. Swedish Philosopher, Literary Theorist, scholar of modernist literature, and currently a Junior Fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows PESH AK 6 +In effect, every attempt to organize life in accordance with ethical or political prescriptions 7 +AND 8 +is in the service of perpetrating the better. (82-83) 9 +The belief in peace is contradictory and justifies absolute violence—they foreclose the possibility of justice in the first place. 10 +Hagglund 11 +Hägglund, Martin. Radical atheism: Derrida and the time of life. Stanford University Press, 2008. Swedish Philosopher, Literary Theorist, scholar of modernist literature, and currently a Junior Fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows PESH AK 12 +Consequently, my argument is not that the desire for lesser violence doesn’t 13 +AND 14 +violence is itself violent and given over to possible contestation. (83) 15 +The only way to resolve inevitable conflict is to embrace that it is inevitable. This requires an agonistic commitment, which recognizes that conflict is inevitable, but frames the other as an opponent instead of an enemy. 16 +Mouffe ‘06 17 +Mouffe, Chantal (currently a Professor of Political Theory at the University of Westminster in the UK) “Bringing hegemony, agonism and the political into journalism and media studies: The Democratic Paradox” Journalism Studies 7(6): 964-75. 2006, PESH AK 18 +Envisaged from the point of view of 'agonistic pluralism', the aim of democratic politics 19 +AND 20 +; but they should be seen as temporary respites in an ongoing confrontation. 21 +Thus, the standard is ensuring legitimate structures of pluralism. Impact calc: 22 +1) The standard is concerned with the availability to pursue discourse, not whether the discourse is “effective” or not, for that presupposes an already “correct” belief 23 +Butler ‘06 24 +Butler, Judith. Precarious life: The powers of mourning and violence. Verso, 2006 25 +Dissent and debate depends upon the inclusion of those who maintain critical 26 +AND 27 +as the ability to think critically and publicly about the effects of war. 28 +2) Agonism controls the internal link to every other framework because any theory requires us to choose a conception of morality, which we would do through agonism 29 +3) Agonism is key to solve oppression 30 +a. Any conception of oppression must begin from the differentiation from them and us—we recognize that the enemy doesn’t share the same views but realize we must agree on some principles. Absent this, society would devolve to one group trying to become all similar, which devolves into nazism as only one group could be pure, which is the worst form of oppression. 31 +b. Oppression is justified through creating an out group that does not have the same deliberative standing as others. 32 +c. The only way to solve oppression is by accepting the oppressor’s view and changing it through deliberation in an agonistic forum. 33 +4) Arguing against the standard concedes its legitimacy—without an agonistic sphere for deliberation, it would be impossible to contest the standard, which also means agonism controls the internal link to any pedagogical impacts 34 +Part 2: Advocacy 35 +I advocate that public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. I reserve the right to clarify in CX. 36 +Advantage 1: Discourse 37 +Censorship cedes the political and makes bigots feel more solidified about their beliefs—Trump proves 38 +Nichols ‘16 39 + (How the P.C. Police Propelled Donald Trump, 01.04.16, The Daily Beast, Tom Nichols) 40 +The American left created Donald Trump. When I say “the left,” I 41 +AND 42 +feels itself to be a silenced majority, and Trump is their solution. 43 +Censorship destroys the key ability of students to challenge disagreeable viewpoints by silencing them 44 +Snyder ‘15 45 +Bonnie K. Snyder. "Articles: It's Time for a New Free Speech Movement on Campus." American Thinker. N.p., 7 May 2015. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. 46 +The worst part of the suppression of free speech on a college campus is that 47 +AND 48 +brain. The true meaning of liberalism is being open to considering ideas. 49 +Empirics flow aff—speech codes lead to more tangible violence—open dialogue is key to solve. We say fight hate speech with activist speech 50 +Malik ‘12 51 +Kenan Malik, I am a writer, lecturer and broadcaster. My latest book is The Quest for a Moral Compass: A Global History of Ethics, “why hate speech should not be banned”, April 12, 2012, https://kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/why-hate-speech-should-not-be-banned/ 52 +And in practice, you cannot reduce or eliminate bigotry simply by banning it. 53 +AND 54 +threshold for liability should not be lowered just because hate speech is involved. 55 +Advantage 2: Student Government 56 +Perceived violations of free speech turn student governments conservative—we control uniqueness 57 +Jones ‘16 58 +(Jeffrey M. Jones, “College Students Oppose Restrictions on Political Speech”, http://www.gallup.com/poll/190451/college-students-oppose-restrictions-political-speech.aspx) 59 +PRINCETON, N.J. ~-~- U.S. College students mostly reject 60 +AND 61 +sampling error is ±3 percentage points at the 95 confidence level. 62 +Conservative governments pass policies like concealed carry—they’re dangerous 63 +AeroAG ‘12 64 +(AeroAG2012, 11/28/12, “Student Senate Passes Concealed Carry Bill, Overturns Veto by a 41-16 Margin”, https://texags.com/forums/16/topics/2220173 65 +The Texas AandM Personal Protection Bill, which supports a change in University 66 +AND 67 +Student Government and will be lobbied for at the University and State level. 68 +Two impacts— 69 +1) Handguns on college campuses empirically increases rape 70 +Reindl ‘15 71 + Jade reindl is part of the Center for Information Management and Education Services , the International Youth Council and part of the End Rape on Campuses movement. She graduated from Florida State University and is a Chairperson at International Youth Council USA. “‘Campus Carry’ doesn’t protect women”. Miami Herald. SEPTEMBER 28, 2015 8:23 PM . http://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/article36880293.html. 72 +Strikingly, the rate of forcible rape on campuses that has recently enacted campus- 73 +AND 74 +increase in guns on campus doesn’t lead to a reduced rate of assault. 75 +2) Concealed carry chills discourse in classrooms—stifles social change 76 +PHW ‘14 77 +public Health Watch Keeping an Eye on the Public Impact of Modern Politics“Point Blank: Guns Don’t Belong On College Campuses – Here’s Why” March 2014 78 +https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/ KKJY 79 +In order to 80 +AND 81 +the college experience. - EntryDate
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