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... ... @@ -1,82 +1,0 @@ 1 -=Clarify the Definition Neg (vs Violent Crime)= 2 - 3 - 4 -===Framing === 5 -Justice- the quality of being just, impartial, or fair 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -====From the UN: ==== 10 - 11 -Aristotle said more than two thousand years ago, "The rule of law is better than that of any individual." 12 - 13 -The notion of the "rule of law" stems from many traditions 14 -AND 15 -with a view to establishing an international community based on law. 16 - 17 - 18 - 19 -====Because the rule of law and Justice are so intertwined, my value is Justice, and my Value Criterion, therefore, is upholding the rule of law. ==== 20 - 21 -Today, the concept of the rule of law is embedded in the Charter of the United Nations. In its Preamble, one of the aims of the UN is "to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained". A primary purpose of the Organization is "to maintain international peace and security… and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace." The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the historic international recognition that all human beings have fundamental rights and freedoms, recognizes that "… it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law…" 22 - 23 -For the UN, the Secretary-General defines the rule of law 24 -AND 25 -international law apply to the Organization as they do to States. 26 - 27 - 28 - 29 -====The Rule of Law allows sustainable growth and development ==== 30 -"Linkages between the Rule of Law, Democracy and Sustainable Development." IDEA. Institute of Democratic and Electoral Assistance, 12 Apr. 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. http://www.idea.int/un/upload/Concept-Note-IDEA-IDLO-Italy-rev-5-0-Final.pdf. 31 - 32 -Many facets of the rule of law form essential components of sustainable development 33 -AND 34 -rights can actually be exercised, talents developed, and personal dignity respected. 35 - 36 - 37 -===C1- Qualified Immunity allows police officers to do their job. The ability to enforce the rule of law is the most important. === 38 - 39 - 40 -====Without qualified immunity officers would be afraid to do their job, driving up violence, collapsing rule of law==== 41 -Chen, '94 (Alan K. Assistant Professor, University of Denver College of Law. B.A., 1982, Case Western Reserve University, J.D., 1985, Stanford Law School "THE BURDENS OF QUALIFIED IMMUNITY: SUMMARYJUDGMENT AND THE ROLE OF FACTS IN CONSTITUTIONAL TORT LAW" American University Law Review. http://www.americanuniversitylawreview.org/pdfs/47/47-1/chen.pdf) 42 - In both Wood and Scheuer v. Rhodes,0 the Court expanded the 43 -AND 44 -rationale in recognizing qualified immunity for other types of public officials as well. 45 - 46 - 47 -====Studies show officers fear litigation, which creates a chilling effect on enforcement==== 48 -Homer C. Hawkins (Associate Professor, School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University) and Catherine Montsinger (Assistant Professor, Criminology, Johnson C. Smith University). "Po-lice and Civil Liability: A Practical Guide to Avoiding Litigation." Law Enforcement Executive Fo-rum • 2007 • 7(1). https://www.iletsbeiforumjournal.com/images/Issues/FreeIssues/ILEEF202007-7.1.pdf 49 -Litigaphobia, also referred to as Police Liability Syndrome, creates a certain paralysis in 50 -AND 51 -become trained to avoid the "chill effect" that litigation may present. 52 - 53 - 54 -===C2- The Supreme Court ought to clarify the method in which a police officer qualifies for qualified immunity to fix rule of law=== 55 - 56 - 57 -====The court should adopt a necessary and proportionate standard in determining availability of qualified immunity.==== 58 -Tahir Puckett, ~~Georgetown University Law Center, Founder of the Board at ReThink~~, "Unrea-sonably Immune: Rethinking Qualified Immunity in Fourth Amendment Excessive Force Cases," American Criminal Law Review vol. 53, 2016. 59 -The Court should adopt the following rule to determine the availability of qualified immunity in 60 -AND 61 -,"' this test substitutes "necessary and proportionate" for reasons explained below 62 - 63 - 64 -====This test clarifies the qualified immunity doctrine.==== 65 -Tahir Puckett, ~~Georgetown University Law Center, Founder of the Board at ReThink~~, "Unrea-sonably Immune: Rethinking Qualified Immunity in Fourth Amendment Excessive Force Cases," American Criminal Law Review vol. 53, 2016. 66 -The first question is whether this new test clarifies the doctrine. I submit that 67 -AND 68 -the test itself can provide more immediate simplicity and clarity for police officers. 69 - 70 - 71 -====This test encourages a much healthier and cognizable body of law.==== 72 -Tahir Puckett, ~~Georgetown University Law Center, Founder of the Board at ReThink~~, "Unrea-sonably Immune: Rethinking Qualified Immunity in Fourth Amendment Excessive Force Cases," American Criminal Law Review vol. 53, 2016. 73 -The third question is whether this test allows for the development of the law. 74 -AND 75 -test solves the major problems with the current doctrine highlighted in this note. 76 - 77 - 78 -====This test also builds in a buffer for reasonably mistaken police action.==== 79 -Tahir Puckett, ~~Georgetown University Law Center, Founder of the Board at ReThink~~, "Unrea-sonably Immune: Rethinking Qualified Immunity in Fourth Amendment Excessive Force Cases," American Criminal Law Review vol. 53, 2016. 80 -Finally, does the test protect officers from being held liable for actions that they 81 -AND 82 -the judiciary's qualified immunity doctrine is one important step in restoring that trust. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,52 @@ 1 +=Nuclear Medicine PIC Outline = 2 + 3 + 4 +==A: FRAMEWORK: Util== 5 +Util is the only way actual policy-makers make decisions 6 + 7 + 8 +==B: COUNTERPLAN TEXT: == 9 +Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power except in instances of using nuclear power for medical developments. 10 +http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nuclear20medicine 11 +Nuclear medicine is defined by Merriam Webster as: a branch of medicine dealing with radioactive materials in the diagnosis and treatment of disease 12 + 13 + 14 +==C: COMPETITION:== 15 + 16 + 17 +===Mutual exclusivity – === 18 +You cannot advocate for anything but a complete ban on the aff and this is not a complete ban since nuclear power is key to the production of nuclear medicine 19 +Department of Energy 01, 2001, Report to Congress on the Extraction of Medical Isotopes, http://www.nuclear.gov/pdfFiles/U233RptConMarch2001.pdf 20 +U.S. must develop its own nuclear power to lead in radio isotope development For the United States to continue contributions in the application of radioactive materials for biomedical investigations, it is essential that we establish a reliable source and supply of radioisotopes. Because of the uncertain supply of radioisotopes in the United States, many nuclear medicine researchers have become dissuaded from pursuing their ideas for new medical advances, threatening the future of nuclear medicine in the United States. To correct this gradual decline, the Department must continue to invest in dedicated, state-of-the-art facilities in order to reliably supply existing radioisotopes in use and develop new radioisotopes in sufficient quantity and year-long availability to support clinical research. Alpha-emitting radioisotopes are an example of this investment. 21 + 22 + 23 +===Net benefits === 24 + 25 + 26 +====Part 1) nuclear medicine saves thousands of lives per year and improves health care==== 27 +Department of Energy 01, 2001, Report to Congress on the Extraction of Medical Isotopes, http://www.nuclear.gov/pdfFiles/U233RptConMarch2001.pdf 28 +Nuclear power save lives and reduce health care costs. Some of the more frequent 29 +AND 30 +the debilitating side effects and extended hospital stays associated with more common treatments. 31 + 32 + 33 +====Part 2) The use of nuclear medicine is so common that prohibiting it could billions of lives and dollars to replace==== 34 +Department of Energy 01, 2001, Report to Congress on the Extraction of Medical Isotopes, http://www.nuclear.gov/pdfFiles/U233RptConMarch2001.pdf 35 +Each year, about one-third of the 30 million Americans hospitalized are diagnosed 36 +AND 37 + 38 +Part 2) Alternatives to medical isotopes are overpriced or impossible to find 39 + 40 + 41 +====Part 3) Nuclear power crucial to advancing cancer treatment ==== 42 +International Atomic Energy Agency, 2008, Nuclear Technology Review, http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC52/GC52InfDocuments/English/gc52inf-3_en.pdf 43 +Successful treatment of cancer requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interaction among the various 44 +AND 45 +treating localized or disseminated solid cancer and for treating blood-borne malignancies. 46 + 47 + 48 +====Part 4) There is no alternative to nuclear medicine ==== 49 +Radiology information 16 http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear 50 +Nuclear medicine imaging uses small amounts of radioactive materials called radiotracers that are typically injected 51 +AND 52 +other imaging procedures and offers the potential to identify disease in its earliest stages - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,52 @@ 1 +=Food Security DA= 2 + 3 + 4 +==Part A: Uniqueness == 5 + 6 + 7 +====Certain aspects of nuclear power are key to current research, inventions, and innovations in general. ==== 8 +Nuclear Energy Institute 1, http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Other-Nuclear-Energy-Applications/Food-Agriculture 9 +In the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has 10 +AND 11 +of electrical power to that supplied by coal, gas, or oil. 12 + 13 + 14 +==Part B: Link== 15 +Prohibiting nuclear power will eliminate the use of nuclear reactors which are crucial to many innovations 16 + 17 + 18 +==Part C: Internal Link == 19 + 20 + 21 +====First) Nuclear power is crucial to helping food last longer and be safer to eat==== 22 +Nuclear Energy Institute 2, http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Other-Nuclear-Energy-Applications/Food-Agriculture 23 +Food irradiation kills bacteria, insects and parasites that can cause food-borne diseases 24 +AND 25 +does not change the food any more than canning or freezing. 26 +AND 27 + 28 + 29 +====Second) Nuclear power is crucial to sustaining our agriculture industry==== 30 +Nuclear Energy Institute 3, http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Other-Nuclear-Energy-Applications/Food-Agriculture 31 +By the end of the 1980s, radiation had eradicated approximately 10 species of pest 32 +AND 33 +prevents overuse, thus reducing a major source of soil and water pollution. 34 + 35 + 36 +==Part D: Impacts== 37 + 38 + 39 +====First) Food insecurity causes violence ==== 40 +Lagi, Marco. 2011. Researcher at the Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza,' MIT, and the New England Complex Systems Institute, an independent research and educational institution. The Food Crises and Political Instability in North Africa and the Middle East. 41 +The importance of food prices for social stability points to the level of human suffering 42 +AND 43 +political crises to represent a global concern about vulnerable populations and social order. 44 + 45 + 46 +====Second) Food security is necessary to solve oppression==== 47 +Golay, UN advisor on food security issues, 2005 48 +(Christophe, "The Right to Food," CETIM Publication, Online: http://www.cetim.ch/en/documents/Br-alim-A4-ang.pdf) 49 + 50 +The right to food is a human right. It is universal, 51 +AND 52 +productive. All benefits of democracy promotion cannot be reached without food security. - EntryDate
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