Changes for page Isidore Newman Kanner Neg

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Summary

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1 -T-Plural
2 -
3 -
4 -===A. Interpretation: The aff must defend countries in general and not specify one or several countries ===
5 -
6 -
7 -===B. Violation – The aff specifies one nation or group of nations ===
8 -
9 -
10 -===C. Standards ===
11 -
12 -
13 -====1: Predictability – ====
14 -They can pick any of 200 countries to avoid neg prep. Each one of the countries in the world has a unique nuclear power situation, which would create a huge burden on the neg to prep out each country. Also the aff could do any combination of the 200 countries meaning that there are over 40,000 scenarios that the neg would have to prep out. Predictability links to fairness because if I can't predict and prepare a debate, there's no way I could ever be fairly prepared to engage it. And predictability links to education because if I have no prep or knowledge on the countries they spec, we will never have educational and clashing debates.
15 -
16 -
17 -====2: Grammar – ====
18 -The resolution uses the grammatical term known as zero + plural which implies that we are using first) a plural noun, in this case, "countries", and second) the "zero" is the lack of an article in front of the plural noun. The resolution "Countries ought to prohibit the use of nuclear power" meets this by having a subject without an article. Therefore, the resolution requires us to generalize. Grammar is key to education because if we don't follow the basic rules of grammar, every argument that follows is nonsensical and educational in regards to the resolution at hand.
19 -And, this is the internal link to common usage too – no one would
20 -AND
21 -says. Common usage is key to predictability which is key to fairness.
22 -
23 -
24 -====3: Clash – ====
25 -By specifying one country or a specific group of nations you are avoiding clash because you could just avoid any general neg evidence I use by creating a combination of countries that somehow does not apply to my Das. Clash is key in order to have the most educational round and in order to truly challenge each other's ideas.
26 -
27 -
28 -===D. Voters ===
29 -
30 -
31 -====First is Fairness ====
32 -When debate's rules are unfairly skewed, the activity becomes more risky while the payoff remains the same. If risk calculations assume that we have an equal chance of winning on either side, but in reality we do not, there is a disincentive to participate.
33 -
34 -
35 -====Second is Education ====
36 - The impacts garnered from education are lasting, and impact our real lives, as well as the lives of those around us. Additionally, it's the reason schools fund debate in the first place – if debate ceased to be educational, the activity would cease to exist.
37 -And Drop the debater
38 -1. The abuse has already happened and cannot be
39 -AND
40 -the advantage that my opponent takes with the affirmative strategy is by rejecting RVIs
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1 -=Nuclear Medicine PIC Outline =
2 -
3 -
4 -==A: FRAMEWORK: Util==
5 -Util is the only way actual policy-makers make decisions
6 -
7 -
8 -==B: COUNTERPLAN TEXT: ==
9 -Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power except in instances of using nuclear power for medical developments.
10 -http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nuclear20medicine
11 -Nuclear medicine is defined by Merriam Webster as: a branch of medicine dealing with radioactive materials in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
12 -
13 -
14 -==C: COMPETITION:==
15 -
16 -
17 -===Mutual exclusivity – ===
18 -You cannot advocate for anything but a complete ban on the aff and this is not a complete ban since nuclear power is key to the production of nuclear medicine
19 -Department of Energy 01, 2001, Report to Congress on the Extraction of Medical Isotopes, http://www.nuclear.gov/pdfFiles/U233RptConMarch2001.pdf
20 -U.S. must develop its own nuclear power to lead in radio isotope development For the United States to continue contributions in the application of radioactive materials for biomedical investigations, it is essential that we establish a reliable source and supply of radioisotopes. Because of the uncertain supply of radioisotopes in the United States, many nuclear medicine researchers have become dissuaded from pursuing their ideas for new medical advances, threatening the future of nuclear medicine in the United States. To correct this gradual decline, the Department must continue to invest in dedicated, state-of-the-art facilities in order to reliably supply existing radioisotopes in use and develop new radioisotopes in sufficient quantity and year-long availability to support clinical research. Alpha-emitting radioisotopes are an example of this investment.
21 -
22 -
23 -===Net benefits ===
24 -
25 -
26 -====Part 1) nuclear medicine saves thousands of lives per year and improves health care====
27 -Department of Energy 01, 2001, Report to Congress on the Extraction of Medical Isotopes, http://www.nuclear.gov/pdfFiles/U233RptConMarch2001.pdf
28 -Nuclear power save lives and reduce health care costs. Some of the more frequent
29 -AND
30 -the debilitating side effects and extended hospital stays associated with more common treatments.
31 -
32 -
33 -====Part 2) The use of nuclear medicine is so common that prohibiting it could billions of lives and dollars to replace====
34 -Department of Energy 01, 2001, Report to Congress on the Extraction of Medical Isotopes, http://www.nuclear.gov/pdfFiles/U233RptConMarch2001.pdf
35 -Each year, about one-third of the 30 million Americans hospitalized are diagnosed
36 -AND
37 -
38 -Part 2) Alternatives to medical isotopes are overpriced or impossible to find
39 -
40 -
41 -====Part 3) Nuclear power crucial to advancing cancer treatment ====
42 -International Atomic Energy Agency, 2008, Nuclear Technology Review, http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC52/GC52InfDocuments/English/gc52inf-3_en.pdf
43 -Successful treatment of cancer requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interaction among the various
44 -AND
45 -treating localized or disseminated solid cancer and for treating blood-borne malignancies.
46 -
47 -
48 -====Part 4) There is no alternative to nuclear medicine ====
49 -Radiology information 16 http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear
50 -Nuclear medicine imaging uses small amounts of radioactive materials called radiotracers that are typically injected
51 -AND
52 -other imaging procedures and offers the potential to identify disease in its earliest stages
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1 -=Food Security DA=
2 -
3 -
4 -==Part A: Uniqueness ==
5 -
6 -
7 -====Certain aspects of nuclear power are key to current research, inventions, and innovations in general. ====
8 -Nuclear Energy Institute 1, http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Other-Nuclear-Energy-Applications/Food-Agriculture
9 -In the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has
10 -AND
11 -of electrical power to that supplied by coal, gas, or oil.
12 -
13 -
14 -==Part B: Link==
15 -Prohibiting nuclear power will eliminate the use of nuclear reactors which are crucial to many innovations
16 -
17 -
18 -==Part C: Internal Link ==
19 -
20 -
21 -====First) Nuclear power is crucial to helping food last longer and be safer to eat====
22 -Nuclear Energy Institute 2, http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Other-Nuclear-Energy-Applications/Food-Agriculture
23 -Food irradiation kills bacteria, insects and parasites that can cause food-borne diseases
24 -AND
25 -does not change the food any more than canning or freezing.
26 -AND
27 -
28 -
29 -====Second) Nuclear power is crucial to sustaining our agriculture industry====
30 -Nuclear Energy Institute 3, http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Other-Nuclear-Energy-Applications/Food-Agriculture
31 -By the end of the 1980s, radiation had eradicated approximately 10 species of pest
32 -AND
33 -prevents overuse, thus reducing a major source of soil and water pollution.
34 -
35 -
36 -==Part D: Impacts==
37 -
38 -
39 -====First) Food insecurity causes violence ====
40 -Lagi, Marco. 2011. Researcher at the Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza,' MIT, and the New England Complex Systems Institute, an independent research and educational institution. The Food Crises and Political Instability in North Africa and the Middle East.
41 -The importance of food prices for social stability points to the level of human suffering
42 -AND
43 -political crises to represent a global concern about vulnerable populations and social order.
44 -
45 -
46 -====Second) Food security is necessary to solve oppression====
47 -Golay, UN advisor on food security issues, 2005
48 -(Christophe, "The Right to Food," CETIM Publication, Online: http://www.cetim.ch/en/documents/Br-alim-A4-ang.pdf)
49 -
50 -The right to food is a human right. It is universal,
51 -AND
52 -productive. All benefits of democracy promotion cannot be reached without food security.
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1 -=Anthro K=
2 -
3 -
4 -==Frame==
5 -
6 -
7 -====We as a single humanity need to recognize the intrinsic values of all living species and natural environments to incorporate non-anthropocentric ethics.====
8 -Marshall '08 ~~Alan, Journal of Applied Philosophy Volume 10, Issue 2, pages 227–236, February 18, 2008 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-5930.1993.tb00078.x/abstract (LS)~~
9 -After a brief review of environmental ethics this paper examines how terrestrial environmental values can
10 -AND
11 -policy-makers to incorporate non-anthropocentric ethics into extraterrestrial environmental policy.
12 -
13 -
14 -==Link==
15 -
16 -
17 -===Space: General===
18 -
19 -
20 -====Terraforming, asteroid mining, and space power projection are all rooted in an anthropocentric mindset====
21 -Sadeh '11 ~~Eligar, American political scientist and academic Assistant Professor, Department of Space Studies University of North Dakota, Ch. 13 Space Power and the Environment, Toward a Theory of Spacepower, June 13, 2011, http://www.opensourcesinfo.org/journal/2011/6/13/toward-a-theory-of-spacepower-selected-essays.html, JFang~~
22 -In the anthropocentric view, humans are treated as ends in and of themselves and
23 -AND
24 -scientific, security, and economic interests through a robust space exploration program.
25 -
26 -
27 -====Space flight is just a method discovered by man to avoid the pain that he is feeling deep within his inner self, and that it continues in the form of the need to get off the rock because it is going to kill us====
28 -Devall '85 (,Bill currently is a consultant to the Foundation for Deep Ecology in San Francisco and Professor Emeritus in Sociology at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California. Devall is a well-known lecturer and author, most notably (with George Sessions) of the influential book, Deep Ecology (1985), and Simple in Means, Rich in Ends (1988), Living Richly in an Age of Limits (1992), and Clearcut: The Tragedy of Industrial Logging (1993). He is completing a book on bioregional politics and culture, Bioregion on the Edge; "Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered; pg 165)
29 -One space engineer of Eiseley's acquaintance claimed that "We have got to spend everything
30 -AND
31 -not destroy him. It is he who threatens to destroy the earth.
32 -
33 -
34 -====the human view needs to change along with the notion of outer space as the escape idea that is bad we need to focus our efforts onto fixing rather than escaping the planet that gave birth to the human race.====
35 -Devall '85 (,Bill currently is a consultant to the Foundation for Deep Ecology in San Francisco and Professor Emeritus in Sociology at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California. Devall is a well-known lecturer and author, most notably (with George Sessions) of the influential book, Deep Ecology (1985), and Simple in Means, Rich in Ends (1988), Living Richly in an Age of Limits (1992), and Clearcut: The Tragedy of Industrial Logging (1993). He is completing a book on bioregional politics and culture, Bioregion on the Edge; "Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered; pg 176)
36 -The overall claim here has been that the explicit or implicit utopian visions of the
37 -AND
38 -visions together with appropriate social strategies. Educational goals and strategies must follow suit
39 -
40 -
41 -====Every life-form possesses intrinsic value; space exploration rejects this notion and in turn has abject effects on extra-terrestrial life ====
42 -Lupisella 9 (Mark is and engineer and scientist for the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, "The search for extraterrestrial life: epistemology, ethics, and worldviews," Published in Exploring the Origin, Extent, and Future of Life: Philosophical, Ethical and Theological Perspectives, September 28, 2009, http://www.scribd.com/doc/31517429/Exploring-the-Origin-Extent-And-Future-of-Life-Philosophical-Ethical-And-Theological-Perspectives-Constance-M-Bertka, Scribd)
43 -Robel1 Zubrin, the founder of the Mars Society, acknowledges the unique value of
44 -AND
45 -) may provide a more pragmatic framework for considering these issues ~~17~~.
46 -
47 -
48 -=
49 -=
50 -
51 -
52 -====In outer space we must consider the values of the most primitive life forms====
53 -Lupisella 9 (Mark is and engineer and scientist for the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, "The search for extraterrestrial life: epistemology, ethics, and worldviews," Published in Exploring the Origin, Extent, and Future of Life: Philosophical, Ethical and Theological Perspectives, September 28, 2009, http://www.scribd.com/doc/31517429/Exploring-the-Origin-Extent-And-Future-of-Life-Philosophical-Ethical-And-Theological-Perspectives-Constance-M-Bertka, Scribd)
54 -While the focus of this chapter is not extraterrestrial intelligence, astrobiology nevertheless prompts us
55 -AND
56 -views regarding how we should move out into the solar system and beyond.
57 -
58 -
59 -=
60 -=
61 -
62 -
63 -====Space exploration harms both the terrestrial environment and beyond====
64 -Bhutia 10 (WANGCHEN RIGZIN BHUTIA ~~West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences~~,"Protection of the Outer Space Environment"; March 17, 2010. http://jurisonline.in/2010/03/protection-of-the-outer-space-environment/)
65 -The exploration of the space environment is a natural extension of the desire of the
66 -AND
67 -to animate and inanimate nature, and the health and welfare of man.
68 -
69 -
70 -=
71 -=
72 -
73 -
74 -====Space launches kill non-human species for the benefit of humans—hydrochloric acid decimates fish and other wildlife, and also ruins the ozone layer====
75 -Smeaton 5 (Zoe, Reporter Chemist and Druggist, UBM, "Is the Shuttle Green?" August 8, 2005, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4130980.stm)
76 -Professor Fraser said: "The classic example of environmental impact is in Kazakhstan at
77 -AND
78 -the large number of high altitude aircraft in the World all the time".
79 -
80 -
81 -=
82 -=
83 -
84 -
85 -====Ground clouds created by spacecraft launches release toxins that decimates the Earth's ozone====
86 -Bhutia 10 (WANGCHEN RIGZIN BHUTIA ~~West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences~~,"Protection of the Outer Space Environment"; March 17, 2010. http://jurisonline.in/2010/03/protection-of-the-outer-space-environment/)
87 -When a spacecraft is launched into the space, they produce something called "ground
88 -AND
89 -in the ionosphere which will have harmful effects on the environment of the earth
90 -
91 -
92 -===Resource Wars===
93 -
94 -
95 -====Securing natural resources for human control isolates nature as a threat to be eliminated.====
96 -Mulligan '10
97 -Shane Mulligan. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. November 2010. "Energy, Environment, and Security: Critical Links in a Post-Peak World". Global Environmental Politics 10:4. Pages 86-88.
98 -The environment/energy relation rests in large part upon the ideological separation of "
99 -AND
100 -and as subject to states' sovereign right to exploit their natural resources.68
101 -
102 -
103 -===Environmentalism/Save Nature===
104 -
105 -
106 -====Even the affirmative's attempts to help the environment place anthropocentrism at the forefront of an ecological approach—a radical rethinking is necessary.====
107 -Lintott '11
108 -Sheila Lintott. Fall 2011. "Preservation, Passivity, and Pessimism". Ethics and the Environment. 16:2. Pages 104-106.
109 -Striking parallels exist between the old domination program and restoration. The most basic is
110 -AND
111 -indeed it may be part of its strength. Link—"Save" Nature
112 -
113 -
114 -====Human solutions to environmental problems reinforce human chauvinism—nature/culture binaries must be questioned before environmental destruction can be confronted.====
115 -Lintott '11
116 -Sheila Lintott. Fall 2011. "Preservation, Passivity, and Pessimism". Ethics and the Environment. 16:2. Pages 100-102.
117 -Perhaps I am being too literal; perhaps Jordan is merely suggesting that seeing nature
118 -AND
119 -which will ultimately leave us with nothing tangible on which to base restorations.
120 -
121 -
122 -====The desire to preserve the current ecosystem reflects anthropocentric bias====
123 -Grey 1993
124 -William Grey, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland, 1993
125 -~~Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Vol 71, No 4 (1993), pp. 463-475~~
126 -Finally, I consider the "ecocentric" approach advocated, for example, by
127 -AND
128 -the grounds on which his regret is based are deprived of any foundation.
129 -
130 -
131 -===Government interaction with nature ===
132 -
133 -
134 -====Government interaction for the environment is bad especially when that is applied to third world nations that have no interest in deep ecological ideals in the first place.====
135 -Devall '85(,Bill currently is a consultant to the Foundation for Deep Ecology in San Francisco and Professor Emeritus in Sociology at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California. Devall is a well-known lecturer and author, most notably (with George Sessions) of the influential book, Deep Ecology (1985), and Simple in Means, Rich in Ends (1988), Living Richly in an Age of Limits (1992), and Clearcut: The Tragedy of Industrial Logging (1993). He is completing a book on bioregional politics and culture, Bioregion on the Edge; "Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered; pg 73)
136 -Governments in Third World countries (with the exception of Costa Rica and a few
137 -AND
138 -to act globally "from grassroots to grassroots," thus avoiding negative governmental interference
139 -
140 -
141 -===Science===
142 -Sivil 2000
143 -Richard Sivil studied at the University of Durban Westville, and at the University of Natal, Durban. He has been lecturing philosophy since 1996. "WHY WE NEED A NEW ETHIC FOR THE ENVIRONMENT", 2000, http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/II-7/chapter_vii.htm
144 -Understanding the magnitude of the environmental crisis and the potential threat it poses to life on this planet, it is clearly not an option to adopt a "wait and see" attitude. A popular option is to turn to science, which helps provide adequate material needs for everyone and also extends the richness of our non-material lives. Playing such a socially prominent and important role, science constitutes a major element of the "cultural filter" through which Western society views the environment (Pepper 1996: 240). Classical science, which is still very dominant, has developed into a dualist paradigm in which the scientific observer is separate and distinct from his or her observations. This has contributed to a conception of the world consisting of independent material objects, each having independent properties, with the behaviour of the whole explainable by the behaviour of its constituent parts. Nature is viewed as separate from humanity, machine-like and reducible to basic components, which can be known objectively and predicted. This science represents the source of absolute truths on which to base decisions and is often regarded as the most respectable way to know nature. The dimensions of environmental issues are seldom, if ever, restricted to the specific parameters of any one scientific discipline (Des Jardins 1997:5). Moreover, most major issues facing humanity stretch beyond being mere scientific problems, involving as they do, society, politics, law, economics, etc. Covering such a broad spectrum, it is evident that science, widely distinguished by the compartmentalisation of knowledge, cannot deliver comprehensive solutions to global issues (McMichael 1993: 326). The task of assessing the impacts of ecological imbalances and disruptions on human and other life forms entails significantly more than the classical scientific paradigm of hypothesis formation, data collection and data analysis. Leaving environmental problems in the hands of science would, therefore, effectively result in a narrow understanding of the problem at hand, and by correlation a limited and short-sighted solution. Furthermore, classical science asserts that "scientific knowledge equals power over nature" (Pepper 1996: 240), and that the manipulation of nature can be used for social progress. This has resulted in science being used in many modern developments, of which some exert a negative impact on the environment (e.g. inorganic fertilisers, pesticides, industrial processes, nuclear energy, and nuclear threat, to name but a few). In this light, science should not be viewed as the ultimate source of hope for the future, and clearly should not be given full responsibility for addressing the environmental crisis.
145 -
146 -
147 -===Warming===
148 -Crist 07
149 -Eileen Crist, PhD in sociology from Boston University, 2007, Telos 141 (Winter 2007): 29–55. "Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse," http://www.sts.vt.edu/faculty/crist/
150 -And yet, the current framing of climate change as the urgent issue encourages regarding the unwinding of biodiversity as a less critical mat- ter than the forthcoming repercussions of global warming. Attention to the long-standing ruination of biodiversity underway is subverted in two ways in climate-change discourse: either it gets elided through a focus on anthropocentric anxieties about how climate change will specifically affect people and nations; or biodepletion is presented as a corollary of climate change in writings that closely consider how global warming will cause biodiversity losses. Climate change is undoubtedly speeding up the unraveling of life's interconnectedness and variety. But if global warming has such potential to afflict the natural world, it is because the latter's "immunity" has been severely compromised. It is on an already profoundly wounded natural world that global warming is delivering its blow. Focusing on the added blow of climate change is important, but this focus should not come at the expense of erasing from view the prior, ongo- ing, and climate-change-independent wounding of life on Earth.
151 -
152 -
153 -===Farming ===
154 -
155 -
156 -====Farming is bad and it is a disease that is destroying the planet it needs to eradicated and replaced with hunting and gathering it is in our genetics.====
157 -Devall '85 (,Bill currently is a consultant to the Foundation for Deep Ecology in San Francisco and Professor Emeritus in Sociology at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California. Devall is a well-known lecturer and author, most notably (with George Sessions) of the influential book, Deep Ecology (1985), and Simple in Means, Rich in Ends (1988), Living Richly in an Age of Limits (1992), and Clearcut: The Tragedy of Industrial Logging (1993). He is completing a book on bioregional politics and culture, Bioregion on the Edge; "Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered; pg 172-173)
158 -Not only is farming itself an ecological disease, according to Shepard, but the
159 -AND
160 -The past is the formula for our being. Cynegetic man is us.
161 -
162 -
163 -===Energy/Oil/Resources===
164 - 
165 -Mulligan 10
166 -Shane Mulligan. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. November 2010. "Energy, Environment, and Security: Critical Links in a Post-Peak World". Global Environmental Politics 10:4. Pages 86-88.
167 -The environment/energy relation rests in large part upon the ideological separation of "man" and "nature." Historically, at least in Western thought, the "natural world" has been seen either in opposition to, or as the antithesis of, manmade and industrialized landscapes. This image is represented in a wide range of cultural narratives (from Bible stories of Genesis to our political emergence from a "state of nature") that reinforce a profound separation between an abstract "nature" and an (equally) abstract "man." The conception of humans as somehow distinct from nature has helped encourage a general disregard for the natural world in political and economic thought, and natural resources are given limited consideration in either discipline. Fossil fuels, perhaps because of their close association with the rise of industrial society, are thus seen as part of the human (rather than the "natural") world. Our ideas of nature are also tied to our political beliefs, and it may be that popular rule helps instill a notion of nature as a provider, or a victim of human negligence—but nature is no longer in control; it is humanity that is "sovereign," and that holds the power to destroy nature or save the Earth.48We seem to believe that "we are now at the planetary controls, whether we like it or not."49 Although the extent of our control is debatable, such ideas support a view of energy security as a matter of technological cleverness and political astuteness, the ultimate success of which is generally assumed: "the standard politico-economic world view denies the possibility that humankind will not be able to achieve any technological feat that may be needed, and in the meantime, resources are being used without any thought for the future."50 Yet in the absence of a major technological breakthrough (and likely even then), the impending peak in oil production dictates that we will reduce our consumption—of oil, anyway—because we really have no choice. This lack of choice, which equates to a lack of control or power, may be the most unwelcome aspect of the peak oil message: it competes directly with our political self-image, and runs into entrenched psychological barriers to bad news.51 While our ideas of nature are deeply political, we can nevertheless identify more explicitly political considerations as a second constraint on integrating energy resources and the environment. Indeed, the message of the Limits view was in part rejected due to political incorrectness: its calls for reduced economic activity and consumption directly challenged "business as usual." Some feel this thesis was "delegitimized almost from the start through corporate veto," while the corporate world was able to embrace the rubric of "global change" and the growth opportunities it afforded.52 The self-identiªed "Cassandras" on the environment were thus isolated from policy circles.53 Jimmy Carter was an exception in this sense: yet his efforts to run a Presidency while highlighting an energy crisis, and his repeated calls for energy conservation, were far less marketable than Ronald Reagan's assurances of prosperity.54 Even the environmental movement abandoned the Limits approach, redeªning its mandate in order to improve its reception within the mainstream of industrial society.55 International political factors also favored the exclusion of energy from the environmental agenda. For one, the oil crises of the 1970s could readily be blamed on political decisions, especially the actions of OPEC, and "aboveground factors" including the Iranian Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War. Oil scarcity in these instances was quite clearly induced or even "contrived" by human agency (and hence, was not an ecological scarcity).56 In addition, we must consider the suspicion with which the South looked upon environmentalism generally: as a threat to economic development, thrust upon these states by both well-meaning and opportunistic parties of the North. While these concerns did not prevent an explosion of environmental diplomacy in subsequent decades, energy supplies have been largely absent from the sustainable development agenda.57 Thus in an international setting, the notion of limits to growth faced serious obstructions from those states that still felt the need to prioritize growth—which effectively meant all the world's nations. A third important factor can be found in economic arguments, which from the beginning challenged the Limits thesis by invoking the expectation that any problems of resource decline would be solved through technological advances and market-driven substitution. Declining commodity prices in the 1980s were held by many as evidence of an enduring abundance in resources: Ehrlich's "stupid bet"58 with Julian Simon over future trends in commodity prices left Ehrlich not only hundreds of dollars poorer, but also facing a raft of critics who now held (what they took to be) conclusive evidence that natural scarcity was not a serious concern for industrial societies. Indeed, during the long period of global economic growth that ground to a halt in 2008, it was not uncommon to hear suggestions that the vision of The Limits to Growth—"that shortages of energy and other natural resources would soon become widespread in the face of growing demand"—was simply "an error."59 Such ideas were deeply embedded in the early literature on environmental security. Mathews argued that "human society has not arrived at the brink of some absolute limit to its growth," but that nonrenewable resources were, paradoxically, "inexhaustible:" "As a nonrenewable resource becomes scarce and more expensive, demand falls, and substitutes and alternative technologies appear. For that reason we will never pump the last barrel of oil or anything close to it."60 Homer-Dixon also took the apparent abundance of resources as reason to discount their ultimate scarcity: Many energy-supply predictions made in the 1970s are now truly embarrassing. For example, in 1973 the Cornell ecologist David Pimental and his colleagues asserted that "if current use patterns continue, fuel costs are expected to double or triple in a decade and to increase nearly ªvefold by the turn of the century." In 1998, real petroleum costs were little higher than in 1973.61 More recently, Dennis Pirages made the rather questionable assertion that the trends of the 1980s and 1990s constituted "empirical observations that for the foreseeable future, resource scarcity is likely to be a relatively minor source of human suffering."62 A final consideration in the separation of environment and energy is the role of security discourses. Corresponding with the emergence of a "new" discourse on environmental security was an "old" security establishment that jealously guarded its domain. This was reºected in the academic community's aversion to broader and deeper notions of security, which in many ways seemed "utterly alien to the security studies community."63 The environment did not invoke the specter of organized violence, nor were national security (i.e. military) technologies and methods likely to be helpful for most environmental problems—rather, military research and actions were recognized as a major cause of degradation.64 And despite the wide range of issues discussed under critical security studies (CSS), the notion of "threats without enemies"65 rubs gratingly against more established views of security analysts. On the other hand, analysts have long viewed energy (and especially oil) as a national security concern, and the military role in ensuring (or preventing) access to energy resources is well established. By the time environmental security came on stage, then, energy supply was already understood as a matter of national security.66 Moreover, many key analytical characteristics of environmental security did not seem to apply to energy resources. In the latter, sovereign claims over the resource enabled the identification of an enemy that could be confronted, a "will" that might be broken (OPEC, Saddam Hussein). Thus, energy security could be provided for by military means, while also being essential for military superiority. Perhaps most importantly, the structure of sovereign rights and the physical and institutional excludability of energy resources has sidelined efforts to consider these as global or commons resources.67 Surely fossil fuels could be seen as a commons problem, similar to freshwater sources, with distinct rights for "upstream" and "downstream" users—a point that suggests prospects for international governance arrangements. Yet fossil fuels have historically been seen in terms of "property," and as subject to states' sovereign right to exploit their natural resources
168 -
169 -
170 -===Link- Nuclear power===
171 -
172 -
173 -====Floating nuclear power plants plague the marine ecology with air and water pollution leading to ecologic deterioration-the plan is too risky towards the environment and only serves the anthropogenic mindset.====
174 -**Glaser 68** (Peter E. Glaser, Peter E. Glaser, a noted pioneer in the study of solar energy. Born in Czechoslovakia, Glaser came to the United States in 1948 and earned an M.S. and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering at Columbia University, 22 November 1968, Power from the sun: its future, Volume 162, Number 3856)
175 -In Fig. 2 the estimated energy consumption for the United States is projected to
176 -AND
177 -plants, to reduce the cost of controlling undesirable effects on our environment.
178 -
179 -
180 -====Nuclear weapons, nuclear power, and ecology all have an interconnection-for every impact on one there is a correlation, ther affirmative plan has unknown consequences due to the lack of thinking they put into these relationships.====
181 -**Hannigan 14 **(John Hannigan, John H. Hannigan, Ph.D. is the Deputy Director of the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, 2014, Environmental Sociology Third Edition)
182 -After the scale of destruction wreaked by the dropping of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and
183 -AND
184 -human economic and population growth and requiring nothing less than fundamental societal change.
185 -
186 -
187 -===Military Readiness ===
188 -
189 -
190 -====Military readiness protects humans at the expense of non-human life, contaminates groundwater, birds, and marine life. ====
191 -Glenn 6 (Jerome C. director of American Council for the United Nations University, director of the Millennium Project, "Nanotechnology: Future military environment health considerations," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 73 Issue 2, February 2006, Pages 128-137, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162505000909~~#SECX3)
192 -The following is an unranked list of the panel's suggestions (edited and condensed for
193 -AND
194 -25 that are not conventionally thought of as health or environmental impacts included:
195 -
196 -
197 -===Link - Apocalyptic Rhetoric===
198 -
199 -
200 -====Their use of apocalyptic rhetoric creates a form of ecopolitics where anything is justified and the root cause is never addressed to ensure contol====
201 -**Schatz 12, Prof of English @ Binghamton**
202 -(Joe, The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-of-the-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism, The Journal of Ecocriticism, p 23-24)
203 -Outside of charges of terrorism, direct activists face a host of criticism from academics
204 -AND
205 -omnicide while simultaneously criticizing the most effective tactic activists on the frontlines have.
206 -
207 -
208 -===General===
209 -
210 -
211 -====Current Environmentalism isn't based in rational thought and doesn't gain mass support, we need to change our views for a more effective alternative====
212 -**Richards, **11 – researcher of philosophy at Haverford College, PA Timothy, Beyond Environmental Morality: Towards a Viable Environmental Ethic, The International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability, Volume 7, Number 2, 2011
213 -Environmentalism, which draws on modern environmental ethics for its conceptual foundations, is in
214 -AND
215 -historical contingencies that can, and I would argue must, be changed.
216 -
217 -
218 -**====Humans are characterized by speciesism and anthropocentrism whether they know it or not.====**
219 -**Kochi and Ordan, 08, -Senior Lecture of Law @ University Sussex; Research fellow of translation studies @ university of saarlan**
220 -**Tarik and Noam, An Argument for the global suicide of humanity, borderlands E**
221 -**AND**
222 -a profound role in the way in which humans interact with their environment.
223 -
224 -
225 -**====The idea of sustainability is impossible to achieve the attempts to achieve this through this idea will only result in failure ====**
226 -**Mentz, 12 – Prof of English @ St. John's University Steve, After Sustainability, Theories and Methodologies, 586-587**
227 -IT SEEMED UKE A GOOD IDEA WHILE IT LASTED, BUT WE SHOULD HAVE KNOWN
228 -AND
229 -skin is disruptive. Our environment changes constantly, unexpectedly, often painfully.
230 -
231 -
232 -===Link- Climate Change Discourse===
233 -
234 -
235 -====It is inherent in the human condition to constantly search for the technological fix, when in reality that avoids the problems that need to be prioritized the most-anthropocentrism cannot solve this problem.====
236 -**Crist 07** (Eileen Crist, Eileen Crist received her Bachelor's degree from Haverford College in sociology in 1982 and her doctoral degree from Boston University in 1994, also in sociology, with a specialization in life sciences and society, 2007, Beyond the Climate Crisis: A critique of climate change discourse, 29-55)
237 -While the dangers of climate change are real, I argue that there are even
238 -AND
239 -forgiving by comparison with "dangerous anthropogenic interference" with the climate system.
240 -
241 -
242 -===Link – Disease===
243 -
244 -
245 -====Their understanding of disease fails to understand a larger narrative of the nonhuman "disease" and stops scientific advancement – turns the aff====
246 -**Yong 6/11 – Mphil in Biochemistry from University College London**
247 -(Ed, "Does our anthropocentric view of genetics keep us from scientific discovery?," Genetic Literacy Project, 6/11/14)
248 -In a normal laboratory setting, one can usually find a human behind the bench
249 -AND
250 -us, and can even kill us, but that isn't about us.
251 -
252 -
253 -===Link – Environmental Dualism===
254 -
255 -
256 -====The aff is rife with examples of environmental dualism which justifies environmental exploitation in the name of progress and makes environmental destruction and climate change inevitable====
257 -**Hine and Kingsnorth 9 **
258 -(Dougald and Paul, Unicivilisation: The Dark Mountain Manifesto)
259 -The myth of progress is founded on the myth of nature. The first tells
260 -AND
261 -name. Climate change, which brings home at last our ultimate powerlessness.
262 -
263 -
264 -===Link – Economy===
265 -
266 -
267 -====The aff's view of the economy places nature as an entity in need of stewardship that guarantees total environmental collapse and disasters – turns the aff====
268 -**Marshall and Bormann 10 - ecologists**
269 -(Bruce and Frank, "The Earth has its own set of rules: Our view of nature is based on our human desire for more, and that economic model is broken," Los Angeles Times, 1-2)
270 -But by far our most prevalent view of nature derives from a rudimentary human desire
271 -AND
272 -Earth's rules, and is therefore on a direct collision course with them.
273 -
274 -
275 -===Link – Energy Security/State/Policy Affs===
276 -
277 -
278 -====The Aff's search for energy security ensures violence on marginalized communities and exploits the Earth====
279 -**Simpson 13 – lecturer International studies @ South Australia University**
280 -(Adam, "Challenging Injustice through a Critical Approach to Energy Security: A
281 -Central Component of Environmental Security," Australasian Political Studies Association, p 2)
282 -
283 -AND
284 -they inhabit is therefore best placed to capture the significance of these impacts.
285 -
286 -
287 -===Biodiversity Discovery===
288 -
289 -
290 -**====The discovery of new marine species for the benefit of humans is anthropocentric because it refuses to recognize that organisms have intrinsic value for their own sake.====**
291 -**Anton, 97 – director of policy and international llaw @ University of Melbourne**
292 -**Donald K., Columbia Journal of Transnational Law**
293 -In order to appreciate the need for new international law to provide greater protection to
294 -AND
295 -biological diversity and rights to profits generated through the exploitation of genetic material.
296 -
297 -
298 -**====Anthropocentrists only choose to explore the environment when there is a possibility for that specific thing to help them like "rare herb theory" ====**
299 -**Katz 10 – prof of philosophy @New Jersey Institute of Technology**
300 -**Eric, Nature as Subject: Human Obligation and Natural Community, 1997**
301 -Anthropocentric **and instrumental **arguments** in **favors** of **preservationist policies** can be developed in a series **
302 -**AND**
303 -**possible, to preserve natural species even, when they are "nonresources". **
304 -
305 -
306 -===Mapping===
307 -
308 -
309 -====Mapping conforms to the borders of the ocean, dividing up nature in boundaries is anthropocentric – it assumes that the earth is just a "resource" to be divided for human consumption, rather than deserving of value in its own right.====
310 -**Rollstone, 95 – prof of philosophy @ Colorado State University**
311 -**Holmes, "A New Century for Natural Resource Management", http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/Global.htm**
312 -There is one Earth: on it are 178 sovereign nations, a politically fragmented
313 -AND
314 -valuing the whole Earth and responsibilities to it are unfamiliar and need philosophical analysis
315 -
316 -
317 -====The idea that certain groups of people "own" parts of the natural world is anthropocentric====
318 -**Orton, 03 **– Deep ecologist and philosopher (David, Key Deep Ecology Ideas)
319 -Deep ecology opposes the idea of "private property" in nature.** As Arne **
320 -**AND**
321 -than human society. Nature must remain a Commons and not be privatized.
322 -
323 -
324 -===Marine Archaeology===
325 -
326 -
327 -====Marine archaeologists are extremely dependant on and obsessed with technology.====
328 -**Flatman, 07 – Member of Institute of Archaeology @ University of College London**
329 -**Joe, The Origins and Ethics of Maritime Archaeology**
330 -Divers are, for various reasons, obsessed with equipment. They would argue safety
331 -AND
332 -the conjunction of three distinctive socio-cultural perspectives in the 1960–1970s
333 -
334 -
335 -====The Affirmative's Dependence on Technology Detaches Humanity from the Environment.====
336 -**Bodain and Naess 88 **(Arne, Norwegian philosopher and the founder of deep ecology. Former professor at the University of Oslo, founder of the deep ecology movement. "Simple in Means Rich in Ends An interview with Arne Naess in Deep Ecology for the 21st Century, ed. George Sessions, p. 32)
337 -S.B.: Some people, particularly in this country, have great faith
338 -AND
339 -interfere with technology, and so we allow technology to dictate cultural forms.
340 -
341 -
342 -===Link – Aquacultures===
343 -
344 -
345 -====Aquacultures are the epitome of human domination of the environment that promotes overfishing and destruction of habitats====
346 -
347 -
348 -**====Kheraj 13 – assistant prof of history @ York University====**
349 -(Sean, "Nature's Past Canadian Environmental History")
350 -Canada's fisheries have been subjects of controversy and sites of tension for over 200 years
351 -AND
352 -of legal battles during the twentieth century to regain autonomy over their fisheries.
353 -
354 -
355 -===Link – Icebreakers===
356 -
357 -
358 -====Icebreakers contribute to climate change's positive feedback lops and fracture habitats====
359 -**Leitzell 12 – PhD in biology @ University of Southern California**
360 -(Katherine, "Are icebreakers changing the climate?," National Snow and Ice Date Center)
361 -Arctic sea ice reflects most of the sun's rays, helping to keep the Arctic
362 -AND
363 -." But what is the effect on the ice cover as a whole?
364 -
365 -
366 -===Link – Methane Hydrates===
367 -
368 -
369 -====Methane Hydratess are too fragile to be accessed – Drilling for them destabilizes sea floor stability, accidental methane release, and collapse of drilling platforms====
370 -**Mielke 2K – Prof Biological Anthropology @ Kansas**
371 -(James, Methane Hydrates: Energy Prospect or Natural Hazard?, CRS Report for Congress, p 3)
372 -Sea floor stability and safety are two important issues related to gas hydrates. Sea
373 -AND
374 -than carbon dioxide in the process believed by many to cause climate warming.
375 -
376 -
377 -===Link–OTEC===
378 -
379 -
380 -====OTEC needs to be reevaluated before put into action. The idea of placing these plants without knowing the full consequences of the action is an extremely anthropocentric mindset that needs reconsidering.====
381 -**Hammar 14** (Linus Hammar, PhD Student, Energy and Environment DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. Linus Hammar works on ecological risk assessment of renewable ocean energy, 2014, Power from the same new ocean marine renewable energy and ecological risks, Department of Energy and Environment http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/196091/196091.pdf)
382 -Although the potential environmental effects of OTEC plant construction and operation were evaluated in the
383 -AND
384 -near the site for the proposed Kahe Point, Oahu OTEC demonstration plant.
385 -
386 -
387 -====OTEC mutates environments into unnatural forms that aren't conducive to life====
388 -**Hammar 14 – PhD student of energy and environmental studies @ Chalmers University of Technology**
389 -(Linus, Power from the Brave New Ocean: Marine Renewable Energy and Ecological Risks, PhD thesis, 14)
390 -OTEC plants differ much from other marine renewables. Because the conversion efficiency is low
391 -AND
392 -plants, accidental leakages may have local effects (Pelc and Fujita 2002).
393 -
394 -
395 -===Link- Earth Fertilization===
396 -
397 -
398 -====Earth Fertilization changes the ecological community and offsets the balance of nature. Once they start the impact is irreversible, and the mindset won't be changed until too late, prefer the alternative then the plan.====
399 -**Chisholm Falkowski and Cullen 08** (Sallie W. Chisholm, Paul G. Falkowski, John J. Cullen, Chisholm is in the Department of Environmental Engineering, January 9 2008 Discrediting Ocean Fertilization, Science Compass Public Forum)
400 -The proponents' claim that fertilization for carbon sequestration would be environmentally benign is inconsistent with
401 -AND
402 -, in the open seas or territorial waters, should never become eligible.
403 -
404 -
405 -===Link- Hydro energy===
406 -
407 -
408 -====Hydraulics have direct and indirect impacts which inevitably lead to ecological consequences-we frame the impact on the ecological destruction due to anthropocentrism====
409 -**Grecian et al 10 **(W. JAMES GRECIAN1,*, RICHARD INGER2, MARTIN J. ATTRILL1, STUART BEARHOP2, BRENDAN J. GODLEY2, MATTHEW J. WITT2 and STEPHEN C. VOTIER1 , Grecian Attrill, Votier are all part of the Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Inger, Bearhop, Godley, and Witt are all part of the Peninsula Research Institute for Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMaRE) and Marine Institute, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK, 12 August 2010, Potential impacts of wave-powered marine renewable energy installations on marine birds, British Ornithologists Union, Volume 152, Issue 4, pages 683–697)
410 -It is harder to predict the indirect impacts that wave-powered MREIs may have
411 -AND
412 -effect, although there may be short-term benefits for scavenging species.
413 -
414 -
415 -===Link- Oil===
416 -
417 -
418 -====Offshore oil drilling is too risky-empirics prove to well despite what the affirmative may say about the safety-we can't gamble the risk for the negative impact of the marine ecology====
419 -**Hong and Yangie 09 **(Mei Hong and Yin Yangie, Law and Politics school University of China (Hong), School of engineering and arts Qindao Technical College, February 27 2009, Study on Marine Spills and their ecological damage J. Ocean University China)
420 -The sources of marine oil spills are mainly from accidents oil marine oil tankers or
421 -AND
422 -illustrate the marine ecological damage caused by oil spills (Si, 2002).
423 -
424 -
425 -===Link – Offshore Wind===
426 -
427 -
428 -====Offshore Wind triggers a host of environmental crises and the science isn't advanced enough to know its full consequences ====
429 -**Bergström et al 12**
430 -(Lena, Lena Kautsky, Torleif Malm, Hans Ohlsson, Magnus Wahlberg, Rutger Rosenberg and Nastassja Åstrand Capetillo "Effects of wind power on marine life – a summary", Vindval, 3-5)
431 -Offshore wind power There are mainly two types of foundation structures used in Sweden today
432 -AND
433 -hard bottom surface formed by the foundations and their structures is relatively small.
434 -
435 -
436 -===Link- Shipping Transport===
437 -
438 -
439 -====Shipping transport has the inherent risk of leakage and lack of traffic management-The affirmative is hubristic thinking that they can dismiss these causes-prefer the affirmative alternative.====
440 -**Hong and Yangie 09 **(Mei Hong and Yin Yangie, Law and Politics school University of China (Hong), School of engineering and arts Qindao Technical College, February 27 2009, Study on Marine Spills and their ecological damage J. Ocean University China)
441 -The new industrial era beginning alter World War ll began to change the world into
442 -AND
443 -. Oil spills pollute the marine environment and destroy the marine ecosystem seriously.
444 -
445 -
446 -===Link- GMOs===
447 -
448 -
449 -====Genetically Modified Organisms create huge disruption in the environment-impacts like invasion, mutated reproduction, and could possibly become a biohazard-reject aff plan to attain ecocentric attitudes.====
450 -**Covello and Merkhofer 93** (Vincent T. Covello and Miley W. Merkhofer, Vincent T. Covello is a nationally and internationally recognized expert in risk communications: the art and science of communicating effectively in high concern/ low trust situations. He is currently serving as Director of the Center for Risk Communication in New York City, and has a PhD, Miley W. (Lee) Merkhofer is a author and practitioner in the field of decision analysis. His specialty is project portfolio management (PPM). 1993, Risk Assessment Methods: Approaches for Assessing Health and Environmental Risks)
451 -Genetic engineering is the technology used to alter the genetic material of living cells,
452 -AND
453 -/or more resistant than the original chemicals (Strauss, 1991).2
454 -
455 -
456 -===Critical Pedagogy Link===
457 -
458 -
459 -====Critical pedagogy papers over anthropocentric activity that abuses the more-than human and precludes aff solvency. ====
460 -**Bell and Russell '00**
461 -~~Anne C. , York Universi- ty and Constance L., University of Toronto, "Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn," http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf 10/24/11~~
462 -For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
463 -AND
464 -Russell, Bell, and Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1
465 -
466 -
467 -===Race Links===
468 -
469 -
470 -**====The current mindset of the human mind is based off anthropocentrism, and additionally has an intrinsic link to racism.====**
471 -**Snauwaert 96** (Dale T. Snauwaert, Ph.D. is Professor of Philosophy of Education and Director of the Center for Nonviolence and Democratic Education in the Judith Herb College of Education at The University of Toledo. He is the Founding Editor of In Factis Pax: Online Journal of Peace Education and Social Justice. 1996, The Relevance of the Anthropocentric-Ecocentric Debate, Philosophy of Education)
472 -This argument commits what Warwick Fox refers to as "the anthropocentric fallacy," a
473 -AND
474 -beings are incapable of adopting an ecocentric perspective simply because they are human.
475 -
476 -
477 -==Impacts==
478 -
479 -
480 -===Making the environment worse===
481 -Ingwe 10
482 -Richard, Centre for Research and Action on Developing Locales "Ecocentric and anthropocentric policies and crises in climate/environment, finance and economy: Implications of the emerging green policy of the Obama administration for Africa's sustainable development," African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Vol. 4(1), pp. 001-012, January 2010, http://www.academicjournals.org/ajpsir ISSN 1996-0832
483 -The crisis in climate, finance, and economy, among other sectors at the global and national levels reflect the way policy has ignored ecocentric principles and limitation in the concept and operation of anthropocentrism. Specifically, pursuing the objectives, goals and interests of human beings without considering ecological principles or the inter-relatedness of human and non-human natural systems is responsible for the climate-environmental crisis. While the corruption of anthropocentric institutions, processes, structures and attitudes by top functionaries of global and national financial and economic systems has led to the crisis in these sub-sectors. The climate crisis is also the consequence of the way policy has ignored research-derived scientifically based information and knowledge provided by think-tanks, NGOs/CSOs and universities. This point is also applicable to the causes of the crises in finance and economy at global and national levels. The mitigation and adaptation to climate change and resuscitation of financial and economic systems will be successful if policy hearkens promptly to the research- derived information produced by think-tanks, universities and civil society in directing development plans and programmes. Unfortunately, despite the energy crisis in Africa in the form of gross inadequacy of electricity and the attendant disability of social and economic systems in Africa, the adoption of sustainable (renewable and efficient) energy has been rather negligible, slow, and by far below the level in nations that are in the front line of green power implementation.
484 -
485 -
486 -===Root Cause===
487 -
488 -
489 -====Humanism is the root cause of the drive for war, violence, and systemic militarization and domination of nature ====
490 -Johns 98
491 -~~David M. Adjunct Assistant Professor of Political Science Portland State Univ. B.S. Political Science and Anthropology 1976, Portland State University; M.A. Political Science 1978, J.D. Law, 1980, Columbia University.The Relevance of Deep Ecology to the Third World (1990) Some Preliminary Comments in The great new wilderness debate By J. Baird Callicott, Michael P. Nelson~~ ~~ct~~ ~~Page/s 257~~
492 -MILITARIZATION As with overconsumption we should ask which system of values will constrain militarism more
493 -AND
494 -arrogance. the same split that has brought us to the current crisis.
495 -
496 -
497 -==Alt==
498 -Formulate policies that make all life forms equal. This does not mean disbanding util, I am just advocating for a non-anthropocentric util. I concede that there is a conflict between moral equals, but we must change our thought and bring in all entities into the util equation.
499 -
500 -
501 -==Weighing ==
502 -I outweigh on scope, magnitude and probability. My impacts affect all entities, dead or alive, and their wellbeing. I win magnitude since anthropocentrism puts all beings in a cycle of oppression, violence, and speciesism which we can never break free from. And I win probability since anthropocentrism is happening now.
503 -
504 -
505 -==Blocks==
506 -
507 -
508 -===AT: Anthro Inevitable===
509 -
510 -
511 -====Their ideology of anthropocentrism being inevitable universalizes dominant/masculinized experience. The AFF challenges the mindset that makes anthropocentrism seem inevitable. Their argument only links back to the AFF's critic of refusing responsibility and recreating all of the AFF's impacts. ====
512 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 98-99 Accessed: 7/11/16 LGF
513 -Rationalist culture has fostered a version of human-self enclosure and human-centredness
514 -AND
515 -of assumptions provides the ethical underpinnings for capitalism and the commodification of nature.
516 -
517 -
518 -===AT: Humans Good===
519 -
520 -
521 -====Human concerns and non-human concerns are not zero-sum. Human-centrism is not inevitable. ====
522 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 123-124 Accessed: 7/13/16 LGF
523 -My argument challenges all these assumptions and objections. Most philosophical critics of the core
524 -AND
525 -anthropocentrism' to accord with the universalist/impersonalist philosophical tradition of rationalism.2
526 -
527 -
528 -===AT: Humans Key to Solve Environmental Impacts===
529 -
530 -
531 -====Concepts of non-human dependence on humans ignores many conflicts and justifies status quo human-centrism that cause environmental impacts. ====
532 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 125-126 Accessed: 7/13/16 LGF
533 -Norton claims to do the same job as the critique of anthropocentrism with a principle
534 -AND
535 -is unlikely to provide a general or workable framework for the conservation argument.
536 -
537 -
538 -====Their assumption that nature needs human to survive only reifies the hegemonic discourse that make us causes those impacts. ====
539 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 109 Accessed: 7/12/16 LGF
540 -Rather than according nature the dignity of an independent other or presence, anthropocentric culture
541 -AND
542 -of understanding and classification that reduce nature to raw materials for human projects.
543 -
544 -
545 -===AT: Technology Solve===
546 -
547 -
548 -====Increasing technology to solve ecological crisis will never solve- it ignores responsibility for human actions and only recreates those impacts- empirics prove. Humans ignore biological limits in favor for scientific manipulation. ====
549 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 25-26 Accessed: 7/10/16 LGF
550 -I will illustrate and motivate this theoretical account of how dominant forms of economic reason
551 -AND
552 -of and able to rationally re-create the world by itself.22
553 -
554 -
555 -===AT: Extinction 1^^st===^^
556 -
557 -
558 -====Human-centric mindsets make extinction inevitable. Only the AFF provides a hope for the future. ====
559 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 99-100 Accessed: 7/11/16 LGF
560 -The epistemic and moral limitations and dualisms associated with human-centredness are, I
561 -AND
562 -dangerous perceptual and conceptual distortion and blindspots such as the Illusion of Disembeddedness.
563 -
564 -
565 -===AT: Util ===
566 -
567 -
568 -====Utilitarian frameworks ignore the broad picture of ecological destruction. ====
569 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 92 Accessed: 7/11/16 LGF
570 -The notion that an ecologically rational society would need to take a participatory form derives
571 -AND
572 -tackling these redistributive features and will not foster ecological rationality in this area.
573 -
574 -
575 -===AT: Space Turn===
576 -
577 -
578 -====The affirmative justifications for colonization are anthropocentric- the only goal is to benefit humans.====
579 -**Fogg 2k** ~~*Working on Ph.D. in planetary science*, Space Policy, Martyn J. Fogg, "The Ethical Dimensions of Space Settlement". 2000. Online. http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~~mfogg/EthicsDTP.pdf M.F.~~
580 -It is clear that anthropocentrism poses no fundamental moral objection to terraforming Mars, or
581 -AND
582 -living there, and terraforming the planet, would be a moral cause.
583 -
584 -
585 -====Space exploration is actually exploitation. ====
586 -**Crisp '09** ~~John, staff writer, "Right to Go Back to Moon," Korea Times, 11/30/09~~ JL
587 -The recent discovery of water on the moon could provide us with something that's been
588 -AND
589 -of this planet to have earned the right to begin exploiting resources elsewhere.
590 -
591 -
592 -===AT: You Eat Meat===
593 -
594 -
595 -====We draw a distinction between usage of non-humans solely for resources and as an inevitable means to survival. Our AFF is not dependent of veganism. ====
596 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 158-159 Accessed: 7/13/16 LGF
597 -The conceptual means by which reductionist concepts of meat are culturally universalised and more respectful
598 -AND
599 -which means working towards ethical, respectful and highly constrained forms of use.
600 -
601 -
602 -===AT: FW/Individual Action Good===
603 -
604 -
605 -====The 1AC's performance is key to break down hegemonic structures of speech; their interpretation continues western domination in debate. ====
606 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 93 Accessed: 7/11/16 LGF
607 -Could such a strong public sphere come to the rescue and sufficiently counter the effects
608 -AND
609 -she means at a personal/individual level rather than a state level.
610 -
611 -
612 -====Relying on state institutions recreates the same cycle of AFF impacts- state solutions ignore problems of culture that the 1AC critics. ====
613 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 8 Accessed: 7/9/16 LGF
614 -In an alternative version of the techno-optimist fantasy more favourable to state intervention
615 -AND
616 -reason that does not flinch from examining its own role in the crisis.
617 -
618 -
619 -===="Fairness" standards are based on privilege and don't allow for discussions that create effective political change- this turns their framework. ====
620 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 96 Accessed: 7/11/16 LGF
621 -I want to draw out several points in conclusion. Ecologically rational societies would attend
622 -AND
623 -know, but that this may ultimately be the condition of our ecological survival
624 -
625 -
626 -===AT: Cap===
627 -
628 -
629 -====Our AFF is all about deconstructing the logics of capitalism- perm do the AFF====
630 -
631 -
632 -====Perm do both: Capitalism relies on global rationality of economic structures- the AFF acts as a method to critic that. ====
633 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 23-24 Accessed: 7/10/16 LGF
634 -Since the contemporary economic rationalist model has significant parallels to older systems of hegemonic rationalism
635 -AND
636 -in the universe, all else being inferior, replaceable and ultimately inessential.
637 -
638 -
639 -===AT: Anti-Blackness===
640 -
641 -
642 -====The Permutation solves- the 1AC's critic of rationalism is a critic of Western domination that includes the slave. ====
643 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 18-19 Accessed: 7/10/16 LGF
644 -Rationalism has given us a deeply anti-ecological narrative of reason that has guided
645 -AND
646 -corollaries – negotiation, communication and perception of the Other's limits and agency.
647 -
648 -
649 -====The perm solves- rationalist ideology justified the oppressions and slavery. ====
650 -**Plumwood 2** (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 101-102 Accessed: 7/12/16 LGF
651 -Radical exclusion marks the Otherised group out as both inferior and radically separate.10
652 -AND
653 -polarised and internally homogenised 'superior' and 'inferior' racialised or genderised classes.
EntryDate
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Round
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1 -3
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1 -Isidore Newman Kanner Neg
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1 -Anthro K
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1 -Greenhill
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1 -0
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1 -2016-09-17 18:21:20.0
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1 -NA
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1 -NA
Round
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1 -2
Tournament
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1 -Greenhill
Caselist.RoundClass[1]
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1 -1
EntryDate
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1 -2016-09-17 18:22:48.0
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1 -NA
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1 -NA
Round
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1 -2
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1 -Greenhill
Caselist.RoundClass[2]
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1 -2
EntryDate
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1 -2016-09-17 20:11:43.0
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1 -NA
Opponent
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1 -NA
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -3
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Greenhill
Caselist.RoundClass[3]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -3
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2016-09-17 20:13:17.0
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -NA
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -NA
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -3
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1 -Greenhill

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