Summary

• Objects (1 modified, 1 added, 0 removed)
  • Caselist.RoundClass[13]
  • Caselist.CitesClass[11]

Details

Caselist.RoundClass[13]

EntryDate

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1		-2016-09-17 15:22:39.132
	1	+2016-09-17 15:22:39.0

Caselist.CitesClass[11]

Cites

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	1	+Fission Technology Exist – countries are moving back towards it WNA 16
	2	+World Nuclear Association. "Nuclear Reactors and Radioisotopes for Space." Nuclear Reactors for Space. February 2016. Accessed August 22, 2016. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/transport/nuclear-reactors-for-space.aspx. WHB
	3	+After a gap of several years, there is a revival of interest in the use of nuclear fission power for space missions. While Russia has used over 30 fission reactors in space, the USA has flown only one - the SNAP-10A (System for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) in 1965. Early on, from 1959-73 there was a US nuclear rocket programme – Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications (NERVA) – which was focused on nuclear power replacing chemical rockets for the latter stages of launches. NERVA used graphite-core reactors heating hydrogen and expelling it through a nozzle. Some 20 engines were tested in Nevada and yielded thrust up to more than half that of the space shuttle launchers. Since then, "nuclear rockets" have been about space propulsion, not launches. The successor to NERVA is today's nuclear thermal rocket (NTR). Another early idea was the US Project Orion, which would launch a substantial spacecraft - about 1000 tonnes - from the earth using a series of small nuclear explosions to propel it. The project was commenced in 1958 by General Atomics and was aborted in 1963 when the Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty made it illegal, but radioactive fallout could have been a major problem. The Orion idea is still alive, as other means of generating the propulsive pulses are considered. The United Nations has an Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA)* implements decisions of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) set up in 1959 and now with 71 member states. UNOOSA recognises “that for some missions in outer space nuclear power sources are particularly suited or even essential owing to their compactness, long life and other attributes” and “that the use of nuclear power sources in outer space should focus on those applications which take advantage of the particular properties of nuclear power sources.” It has adopted a set of principles applicable “to nuclear power sources in outer space devoted to the generation of electric power on board space objects for non-propulsive purposes,” including both radioisotope systems and fission reactors.
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	5	+Nuclear rockets are the most effective form of space travel – weight means better for cargo transport Zolfagharifard 16
	6	+Daily Mail; Nasa wants to use nuclear rockets to get to Mars: Space agency claims the technique is 'most effective way' of reaching red planet; Ellie Zolfagharifard; 20:39 EST, 18 March 2016; http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3499441/Nasa-wants-use-nuclear-rockets-Mars-Space-agency-claims-technique-effective-way-reaching-red-planet.html CE
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	8	+Nuclear thermal propulsion is 'the most effective' way of sending humans to Mars. ¶ That's according to Nasa administrator and former astronaut, Charles Bolden, who made the statement when speaking to Congress this week. ¶ 'We are on a journey to Mars and most people believe that, in the end, nuclear thermal propulsion will be the most effective form of propulsion to get there,' he said. He didn't, however, expand on details on how quickly Nasa hoped the technology could get astronauts to Mars. ¶ HOW NUCLEAR PROPULSION WORKS¶ Nuclear rockets are rocket engines that use a nuclear fission reactor to heat propellant.¶ Fission entails the splitting of atoms of uranium in a nuclear reactor ¶ The idea is relatively simple; a nuclear reactor will be used, similar to the ones used for power generation today.¶ However, rather than using the reactor to heat water into steam, it will heat propellant instead and run it out of a rocket nozzle for thrust.¶ ¶ Nasa is betting on nuclear propulsion because it weighs almost half as much as a chemical rocket without reducing thrust. ¶ This means larger payloads of cargo can be carried on the spacecraft and they can also be made to travel far faster.¶ And unlike existing technology which uses defined trajectories, a nuclear engine also allows a spacecraft to manoeuvre throughout flight.¶ Nasa's announcement follows news earlier this week that Russia plans to test a nuclear engine in 2018.¶ It says the technology could help cosmonauts reach Mars in just six weeks. ¶ This compares to the 18 months spacecraft currently need to get to Mars, and could make Russia the first nation to land humans on the red planet. ¶ The $274 million project, which was originally overseen by the space agency RosCosmos in 2010, has now become the responsibility of nuclear group, Rosatom.¶ 'A nuclear power unit makes it possible to reach Mars in a matter of one to one and a half months, providing capability for manoeuvring and acceleration,' Sergey Kirienko, head of Rosatom told RT .
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	10	+Fission is key to exploration and mining Palaszewski 06
	11	+ (October 2006, Bryan Palaszewski, Master of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering, "Atmospheric Mining in the Outer Solar System,” http://mdcampbell.com/TM-2006-214122AtmosphericMining.pdf, ngoetz) WHB from File
	12	+Mining in the outer solar system is an important option for exploration and exploitation (refs. 5 to 10). Launching and transporting all of the materials for exploration from Earth is expensive and may make the idea of exploration untenable. The large reserves of atmospheric gases in the outer planets are an excellent resource for fuels and other life sustaining or colony building gases (ref. 10). The moons of the planets can be a great resource for oxygen, ceramic precursors, and metals. Outer planet moons, such as Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, may have reserves of liquid and frozen water. Specialized factories created in the outer solar system can leverage all of these resources and allow for extended stays in that cold, dark environment. In-Situ Resources Utilization Many decades of research have been focused on using the natural resources of the solar system to allow sustainable human exploration and exploitation of the environments of the planets and the Sun (refs. 4 to 23). Everything from preliminary experiments in propellant production to creation of human colonies in space has been proposed (refs. 11 to 23). Studies such as those of reference 10 have shown that the outer planets can provide the rich resources for interstellar exploration and the eventual human colonization of the galaxy. As human exploration is initiated in the outer solar system, the travel time and other natural hazards (planetary radiation belts, solar coronal mass ejections, etc.) will create new challenges for the explorers. In-situ resources will likely be a great asset in this exploration. Shielding from radiation can be created with rock from the moons or with hydrogen and other liquefied gases from the planetary atmospheres. High speed travel will be augmented by nuclear fission (ref. 24) and advanced future fusion propulsion (ref. 25), fueled by the atmospheric gases.
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	14	+Access to the moon and beyond is key to human survival Cheetham and Pastuf 08
	15	+(Brad and Dan, Research Associate at the Goddard Space Flight Center NASA Academy students in Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the University of Buffalo, “Lunar Resources and Development: A brief overview of the possibilities for lunar resource extraction and development,” http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/~cheetham/index_files/Moon20Paper20441.pdf) WHB from file
	16	+The Moon has helped define existence on Earth since life began. It is one of the most visible and important celestial bodies which humans and other animals ever see. The Earth and Moon are tied to each other and the destiny of the human race is critically dependent on the Moon. As the population of Earth grows and the available resources on earth dwindle, serious problems will begin to develop (Lewis 11). Future generations of the Earth require that the Moon be utilized just as today we require oil and previous generations required the discovery of the “New World” by Columbus to prosper. The Moon is approximately 240,000 miles from Earth. Its mass results in a force of gravity 1/6th of that felt on Earth. The Moon lacks an atmosphere, and as a result the surface has never been weathered and only experiences changes due to asteroid and meteor impacts. These impacts potentially leave rocks and evidence of early Earth that have been preserved for billions of years (Aeronautics). Furthermore, there exists, on the lunar surface, numerous valuable raw materials. As a result of these attributes the Moon presents endless value to humans both now and in the future. This paper will examine the various reasons for returning to the Moon permanently and begin to discuss the technical developments and solutions that will allow the beginning of the next phase of human expansion to begin.

EntryDate

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	1	+2016-09-17 15:22:40.988

Judge

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	1	+Rodrigo

Opponent

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	1	+West KN

ParentRound

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	1	+13

Round

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	1	+1

Team

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	1	+Harvard Westlake Engel Neg

Title

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	1	+SEPT-OCT - DA - Space Colonization

Tournament

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	1	+Greenhill