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Summary

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1 -The Role of the Judge is to Promote Critical Education, which means they must enhance our potential to uncover biases and oppression in dominant thinking
2 -
3 -
4 -Judges can uniquely make debate a way to challenge social norms.
5 -Giroux writes: Giroux, Henry. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University “Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization.” Teacher Education Quarterly, Winter 2004. CH
6 -
7 -The search for
8 -AND
9 -and gendered inequalities.
10 -
11 -The Role of the Ballot is to Endorse the Best Liberation Strategy for the Oppressed.
12 -
13 -
14 -1 States can’t focus on abstract, overarching theories but should do what’s right because it’s the right thing to do– political philosophy should analyze particular injustice when deciding what action to take.
15 -
16 -Raz: Raz, Joseph Faculty, Columbia Law School “Multiculturalism: A Liberal Perspective.” Multiculturalism. Winter 1994. RP
17 -
18 -Political philosophy does
19 -AND
20 -heading for disaster.
21 -
22 -2 Aggregating interests is the only way to account for the equality of all beings.
23 -David Cummiskey Associate prof of philo @ UChicago, “Kantian Consequentialism”, University of Chicago Press, Ethics, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Apr., 1990), pp. 586-615, BE
24 -We must not
25 -AND
26 -to benefit others.
27 -
28 -Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.
29 -
30 -WNN writes: World Nuclear News Source that writes about news affecting nuclear power and nuclear weapons “Proposal for financing German nuclear phase-out.” WNN, April 2016. RP
31 -
32 -Following the Fukushima
33 -AND
34 -markets Stefan Dohler.
35 -
36 -
37 -Advantage 1: The War Against Workers
38 -Nuclear power frequently place workers in harm’s way, exploiting their financial vulnerability by actively misleading them about the risks they face.
39 -Alldred shows: Alldred, Mary. Ph.D. candidate, Stony Brook Ecology Department “Environmental Injustice in Siting Nuclear Plants.” Environmental Injustice, Volume 2 (Number 2), 2009. RP
40 -
41 -In stages (2)–(5) of
42 -AND
43 -dose of 50 mSv. Bracketed for clarity
44 -
45 -The nuclear industry pays off state officials to cover up nuclear power’s risks, fabricating studies on the safety of plants.
46 -
47 -Shrader-Frechette: Shrader-Frechette, Kristin. O’Neill Family Professor, University of Notre Dame “Answering ‘Scientific Attacks’ on Ethical Imperatives: Wind and Solar Versus Nuclear Solutions to Climate Change.” Ethics and the Environment Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013. RP
48 -
49 -Part of the
50 -AND
51 -use renewable energy.
52 -
53 -These cover ups are DELIBERATE ATTEMPTS by the state – they want people to just return to jobs, providing labor.
54 -Cousins notes: Cousins, Elicia Researcher, Carleton College, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta. “Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice.” Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project, no date. RP
55 -
56 -Those who experience
57 -AND
58 -the Chernobyl zone:
59 -
60 -A ban is key ~-~- mere regulations get are ineffective and get circumvented, so nothing short of prohibition solves.
61 -Ross shows: Ross, Timothy J. Professor of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico “Avoiding Apocalypse: Congress Should Ban Nuclear Power.” UB Law, Fall 2011. RP
62 -
63 -Currently, the NRC
64 -AND
65 -the general public.
66 -
67 -Advantage 2: Resisting Racism
68 -Every stage of nuclear production is tied to colonialism – the government mines on areas they think of as wastelands.
69 -Endres 1: Endres, Danielle Department of Communication, University of Utah “From Wasteland to Waste Site: The Role of Disocurse In Nuclear Power’s Environmental Injustice.” Routledge, November 2009. RP
70 -
71 -In addition to
72 -AND
73 -and tailing piles.
74 -
75 -
76 -Nuclear power is anti-black; states place reactors near minority communities they deem disposable, continuing the legacy of slavery.
77 -
78 -Mangano writes: Mangano, Joseph J. Contributor, The Nation “Reactors and Racism.” The Nation. August 2005. RP
79 -
80 -The Entergy Nuclear
81 -AND
82 -most vulnerable members.
83 -
84 -These forms of exploitation prime society for mass death and killings, and eventually extinction.
85 -
86 -Scheper-Hughes writes: (Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
87 -
88 -This large and
89 -AND
90 -feelings of victimization).
91 -
92 -A ban solves and encourages renewables ~-~- shift away from nuclear is inevitable due to decreasing uranium supply – banning nuclear power is key to jumpstart the renewable industry.
93 -
94 -Schönau: Electricity Schönau. German Power Company “100 Good Reasons Against Nuclear Power.” 2009. RP
95 -
96 -Nuclear power is
97 -AND
98 -with relevant references.
99 -
100 -A ban solves – Germany proves that renewables can make up for coal and nuclear – nuclear BLOCKS renewables since base load power prevents the growth of a decentralized grid.
101 -Thomas et al: Steve Thomas, Antony Frogatt, Mycle Schneider Contributors, World Nuclear Report “Nuclear Power in a Post-Fukushima World 25 Years After the Chernobyl Accident.” World Nuclear Industry Status Report. 2011. RP
102 -
103 -“If someone declares
104 -AND
105 -to the “prosumer.”
106 -
107 -Bans LAY THE FOUNDATION for a cultural shift away from nuclear and towards renewables. The neg is the REASON that hasn’t happened.
108 -Klein: Klein, Naomi. Social Activist This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014. RP
109 -
110 -And yet it
111 -AND
112 -displaced fossil fuels.
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1 -The Role of the Judge is to Promote Critical Education for ALL Debaters
2 -
3 -Squo hurts crit thought
4 -Giroux, Henry. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University "The Curse of Totalitarianism and the Challenge of Critical Pedagogy." Philosophersforchange.org, October 13, 2015. BE
5 -The forces of
6 -AND
7 -A vibrant democracy
8 -
9 -The Role of the Ballot is to Endorse the More Productive Liberation Strategy for the Oppressed.
10 -
11 -Lib starts are bottom up
12 -Freire, Pauolo. Ph.D., Philosophy “Pedagogy of the Oppressed.” 1968. CH
13 -The “fear of
14 -AND
15 -Manifestations of dehumanization
16 -
17 -Lib start must be tangible
18 -Giroux, Henry. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University “Beyond Dystopian Visions in the Age of Neoliberal Authoritarianism.” Truthout, November 4, 2015. BE
19 -In this instance
20 -AND
21 -Can do more
22 -
23 -Racial violence is police norm
24 -Sabo, Samantha University of Arizona, Susan Shawb, Maia Ingrama, Nicolette Teufel-Shonec, Scott Carvajala, Jill Guernsey de Zapiena, Cecilia Rosalesd, Flor Redondoe, Gina Garciae, Raquel Rubio-Goldsmithf. b University of Arizona, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Anthropology, United States c University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion Science, United States d University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Division of Community, Environment, and Policy, United States e Campesinos Sin Fronteras, United States f University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies and Research Center, United States “Everyday Violence, Structural Racism, and Mistreatment at the US–Mexico Border.” Social Science and Medicine, Volume 109, May 2014. BE
25 -Everyday violence came
26 -AND
27 -And across generations
28 -QI protects police
29 -
30 -Wright, Sam. Contributor, Above the Law “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity.” Above the Law, November 2015. RP
31 -Recently, police have
32 -AND
33 -Just a start
34 -
35 -QI lets police off without repercussion
36 -Margulies, Peter. Professor of Law, Roger Williams University “Noncitizens’ Remedies Lost?: Accountability for Overreaching in Immigration Enforcement.” FIU Law Review, 2011. BE
37 -The specificity two
38 -AND
39 -Incentivizes reckless behavior
40 -
41 -QI stop victims from going to court
42 -Pattis, Norman. Connecticut-based trial lawyer “Qualified Immunity and The Police State.” Pattis Blog, October 2016. RP
43 -A man calls
44 -AND
45 -Even realize it
46 -
47 -Thus the plan:
48 -The United States ought to limit qualified immunity, or “QI,” for police officers through a sliding-scale model
49 -Margulies, Peter. Professor of Law, Roger Williams University “Noncitizens’ Remedies Lost?: Accountability for Overreaching in Immigration Enforcement.” FIU Law Review, 2011. BE
50 -Fortunately, case law
51 -AND
52 -Should trigger deference
53 -OR
54 -
55 -Civil suit expose misconduct
56 -Bernick, Evan. Contributor, Foundation for Economic Education “To Hold Police Accountable, Don’t Give Them Immunity.” Foundation for Economic Education, April 2015. RP
57 -Qualified Immunity shields
58 -AND
59 -Needs to happen
60 -
61 -Aff has direct impact on officers
62 -Marque-Anthony. Contributor, ThyBlackMan “The Strategic Plan To End Police Brutality.” ThyBlackMan, July 2016. RP
63 -Officers rarely feel
64 -AND
65 -Seminars and workshops
66 -
67 -Scale lets PO do job and stop excessive force
68 -Carvalho, Ambar. J.D., Emory University School of Law (2008); B.S., Stanford University (2005) “The Sliding Scale Approach to Protecting Nonresident Immigrants Against the Use of Excessive Force in Violation of the Fourth Amendment.” Emory International Law Review, 2008. BE
69 -Due to the
70 -AND
71 -Of their visit
72 -
73 -Limit QI likely to give liberation
74 -Keffer, Bradley, and Scott Barnhart. Partners, Keffer Barnhart LLP “Inbox: Lawyers Question Use of Qualified Immunity for Police.” The Indiana Lawyer, December 2014. RP
75 -However, if qualified
76 -AND
77 -Limited by law
78 -
79 -Ind cit need to sue for lib
80 -Wright, Sam. Contributor, Above the Law “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity.” Above the Law, November 2015. RP
81 -As usual, I’ve
82 -AND
83 -In the courts
84 -
85 -QI gives ppl their day in court, confronting pessimism
86 -Smith, Ethan Indigo. Contributor, Mintpress News “Oligarchy, Police State, and The War On Individualism.” Mintpress News, March 2015. RP
87 -All the social
88 -AND
89 -More frequently so.
90 -HE ADDS:
91 -The documentary “the
92 -AND
93 -Declaration of independence
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1 -I affirm and value Just State Action, meaning government policy that treats people as they deserve.
2 -Since people use their reasoning to form states, we look to individuals’ moral capacities first. As all action results from our ability to reflect, recognizing self-awareness is the basis of all philosophy.
3 -
4 -Wood 1: Allen W. Wood. "Fichte's Philosophy of Right and Ethics," forthcoming in Günter Zöller (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Fichte. New York: Cambridge University Press. CH
5 -
6 -Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre is
7 -AND
8 -latter "real" activity (GA I/2:402-404. SK 236-238).
9 -
10 -Next, the self-awareness that gives us the freedom to act also demands that we recognize others’ freedom and choices.
11 -Wood 2: Allen W. Wood. "Fichte's Philosophy of Right and Ethics," forthcoming in Günter Zöller (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Fichte. New York: Cambridge University Press. CH
12 -
13 -The condition for
14 -AND
15 -the external world (GA I/3:409).
16 -
17 -Thus, the standard is Respecting Moral Agency. Respecting Moral Agency means viewing both oneself and others as capable of making ethically important choices. This is a means-based standard: I look to whether actions are consistent with the goals of moral agency, not whether outcomes increase it.
18 -Prefer this standard, since:
19 -
20 -
21 -1 People need to respect agency to achieve any other goods.
22 -Kuhler 1: Kuhler, Michael. “Autonomy and The Self,” Wilhelms University, Munster, November 2010. SR
23 -
24 -Surely, there are
25 -AND
26 -precedes the self.
27 -
28 -2 Respecting agency recognizes distinct groups’ needs without taking a race- or gender-free approach.
29 -Fraser: Fraser, Nancy. Professor on the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science, New School for Social Research “Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation.” The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Stanford University, April 30-May 2, 1996. CH
30 -
31 -For practical purposes,
32 -AND
33 -do distributive inequities.
34 -
35 -
36 -I advocate that the United States federal government ought to limit qualified immunity, or “QI,” for police officers.
37 -Wright shows: Wright, Sam. Public Interest Lawyer “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity.” Above the Law, Nov. 2015. MZ
38 -
39 -To bring about
40 -AND
41 -in the courts?
42 -
43 -Advantage 1: Giving Voice to Victims
44 -U.S. police show consistent and overt racism, disproportionately harming Blacks.
45 -Makarechi: Makarechi, Kia. Senior Editor of Mobile and Innovations, The Huffington Post “What the Data Really Says About Police and Racial Bias.” Vanity Fair, July 14, 2016. CH
46 -
47 -A study
48 -AND
49 -searched without consent.
50 -Yet QI typically protects those who commit such misconduct simply due to who commits it.
51 -Bernick 1: Bernick, Evan Contributor, Foundation for Economic Education “To Hold Police Accountable, Don’t Give Them Immunity.” Foundation for Economic Education. April 2015. RP
52 -
53 -But for decades,
54 -AND
55 -“shall be liable.”
56 -
57 -
58 -By barring victims from suing police, QI denies their status as moral agents. Instead, harming victims becomes just a “cost of doing business.”
59 -
60 -Temple Law: Temple Law. “Accountability for Government Misconduct: Limiting Qualified Immunity and the Good Faith Defense.” Temple Law Review, Vol. 49, 1976. MZ
61 -
62 -No matter what
63 -AND
64 -of civil liberties.
65 -
66 -Turning away from rights abuses is a form of complicity that actively dehumanizes victims.
67 -Kahn: Kahn, DT. “Bystander Intervention and Norm Shifting: A Social Psychological Research Overview,” 2011. EB
68 -
69 -In order to
70 -AND
71 -illustrated in Figure 1.
72 -
73 -In contrast, the aff gives victims the agency to confront their oppressors themselves.
74 -Wright: Wright, Sam. Contributor, Above the Law “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity.” Above the Law, November 2015. RP
75 -
76 -As usual, I’ve
77 -AND
78 -needs to change.
79 -
80 -And civil suits uniquely recognize that all people deserve their day in court, respecting agency.
81 -Nixa: Nixa, Dan. Civil Rights Attorney “On the Importance of Civil Rights Lawsuits.” Chicagocivilrightslaw.com, May 6, 2016. CH
82 -
83 -While civil rights
84 -AND
85 - we are now.
86 -
87 -Advantage 2: Destroying Double-Standards
88 -QI gives police an excuse for participating in even the most horrific injustices: like Nazi officers’ Nuremberg defense that they were “just following orders,” police can oppress the innocent and say they were “just doing their job.” Indeed, QI creates a double-standard, letting police get away with acts that would deemed reprehensible if another actor did them.
89 -Heller: Heller, Jacob. J.D. Candidate, Stanford Law School “Abominable Acts.” Vermont Law Review, Vol. 34:311, 2010. LC
90 -
91 -In these cases,
92 -AND
93 -of civilized law.
94 -
95 -Indeed, QI sets a precedent that putting on a police hat absolves people of their most basic moral duties.
96 -Grigg: Grigg, William N. Contributor, Pro Libertate “‘Qualified Immunity’ – A License to Commit Criminal Violence?” Pro Libertate, October 2013. RP
97 -
98 -There is no
99 -AND
100 -in other states.
101 -
102 -Yet moral obligations transcend specific roles, as they come from fundamental humanity; the same basic norms apply to all actors, regardless of who they are.
103 -DeGeorge notes: De George, Richard T. University Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, University of Kansas Business Ethics. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999. CH
104 -
105 -Because people are
106 -AND
107 -to be moral.
108 -
109 -In contrast, the aff exposes police misconduct, calling attention to the agent behind the action.
110 -Bernick 2: Bernick, Evan. Contributor, Foundation for Economic Education “To Hold Police Accountable, Don’t Give Them Immunity.” Foundation for Economic Education, April 2015. RP
111 -
112 -Qualified immunity shields
113 -AND
114 - needs to happen?
115 -
116 -And this is true regardless of the lawsuit’s outcome. What matters is the ability to bring a suit, not the results. Affirming makes that possible.
117 -Armacost: Armacost, Barbara E. Associate Professor, University of Virginia School of Law “Qualified Immunity: Ignorance Excused.” Vanderbilt Law Review, 1998. RP
118 -
119 -Turning to section
120 -AND
121 -kinds of rights:
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1 -NOVDEC - Role Morality AC
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1 -Part 1 is the Framework
2 -The Role of the Judge is to Promote Critical Thinking
3 -
4 -Fighting oppression requires judges to help make debate a place to challenge social norms.
5 -Giroux 1: Giroux, Henry. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University "The Curse of Totalitarianism and the Challenge of Critical Pedagogy." Philosophersforchange.org, October 13, 2015. BE
6 -
7 -The forces of
8 -AND
9 -a vibrant democracy.
10 -
11 -The Role of the Ballot is to Endorse the More Productive Liberation Strategy for the Oppressed.
12 -
13 -Bottom-up approaches are key
14 -Giroux 2: Giroux, Henry. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University "The Curse of Totalitarianism and the Challenge of Critical Pedagogy." Philosophersforchange.org, October 13, 2015. RP
15 -
16 -At a time
17 -AND
18 -working at all.
19 -
20 -Part 2: Kept on the Inside
21 -Speech codes make students SIT DOWN AND SHUT UP.
22 -Ahmari: Ahmari, Sohrab. Assistant Books Editor, The Wall Street Journal “How Free Speech Died on Campus.” The Wall Street Journal, November 16, 2012. BE
23 -
24 -At Northeastern University,
25 -AND
26 -means protecting dissenters."
27 -
28 -Speech restrictions have a spillover effect
29 -Strossen 1: Strossen, Nadine. John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law, New York Law School “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?” Duke Law Journal, 484-573, 1990. BE
30 -
31 -The experience with
32 -AND
33 -and worth revering.191
34 -
35 -Empirics confirm college codes are only enforced against minorities.
36 -ACLU 1: The American Civil Liberties Union. “Hate Speech on Campus,” American Civil Liberties Union, 2016. RP
37 -A: Historically, defamation laws
38 -AND
39 -we'll be next."
40 -
41 -They mobilize the alt right
42 -Carle: Carle, Robert. Professor of Theology, the King’s College, New York “How the American Academy Helped Create the Alt-Right.” The Federalist, December 2016. RP
43 -
44 -American academics are
45 -AND
46 -of ideological conformity.”
47 -
48 -Advocacy: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected free speech.
49 -Kurtz: Kurtz, Stanley. Contributor, National Review “A Plan to Restore Free Speech on Campus.” The Corner, December 2015. RP
50 -
51 -First: Colleges and
52 -AND
53 -pre-existing speech codes.
54 -
55 -Part 3: Let the Words Fall Out
56 -Deregulating campus speech sets valuable legal precedents.
57 -
58 -ACLU 2: The American Civil Liberties Union. “Hate Speech on Campus,” American Civil Liberties Union, 2016. BE
59 -
60 -A: Free speech rights
61 -AND
62 -of the peace."
63 -
64 -And only OPEN DIALOGUE gets students to demand liberation THEMSELVES
65 -DeBrabander: DeBrabander, Firmin. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Maryland Institute College of Art “Do Guns Make Us Free?: Democracy and the Armed Society.” Yale University Press, May 19, 2015. BE
66 -
67 -The famed education
68 -AND
69 -be lectured to.
70 -
71 -Meanwhile, speech codes DEMOBILIZE ACTION
72 -Strossen 2: Strossen, Nadine. John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law, New York Law School “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?” Duke Law Journal, 484-573, 1990. BE
73 -
74 -There is a
75 -AND
76 -follow from it.39 5
77 -
78 -In fact, free speech is key to students learning to REJECT oppressive views.
79 -Leonard: Leonard, James. Professor of Law, Ohio Northern University “Killing with Kindness: Speech Codes in the American University.” Ohio Northern University Law Review. Volume 19, 1993. RP
80 -
81 -Perhaps the archetypal
82 -AND
83 -has aged well.
84 -
85 -Indeed, free campus speech is UNIQUELY key to liberation and activism
86 -Puzder: Puzder, Andy. Chief Executive Officer, CKE Restaurants “The Importance of Free Speech on Campus.” Real Clear Politics, December 2015. RP
87 -
88 -As a former
89 -AND
90 -to do so.
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1 -Part 1 is the Framework
2 -People are inherently equal at birth, so systemic exclusion of particular groups arbitrarily denies due.
3 -Winter and Leighton: Winter, Deborah DuNann Professor of Psychology, Whitman College, and Dana C. Leighton, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Southern Arkansas University. “Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century.” New York: Prentice Hall, 2001. BE
4 -
5 -Finally, to recognize
6 -AND
7 -building lasting peace.
8 -
9 -Since justice requires rectifying actual mistreatment, we should address material conditions of violence first.
10 -Pappas: Pappas, Gregory Fernando. Texas AandM University “The Pragmatists’ Approach to Injustice.” The Pluralist, Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2016. BE
11 -
12 -In Experience and
13 -AND
14 - to each patient.
15 -
16 -The standard is Promoting Social Equality. Promoting Social Equality means increasing all peoples’ ability to have a say in the conditions that govern them.
17 -
18 -Part 2: Kept on the Inside
19 -Speech codes make students SIT DOWN AND SHUT UP.
20 -Ahmari: Ahmari, Sohrab. Assistant Books Editor, The Wall Street Journal “How Free Speech Died on Campus.” The Wall Street Journal, November 16, 2012. BE
21 -
22 -At Northeastern University,
23 -AND
24 -means protecting dissenters."
25 -
26 -Speech restrictions have a spillover effect
27 -Strossen 1: Strossen, Nadine. John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law, New York Law School “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?” Duke Law Journal, 484-573, 1990. BE
28 -
29 -The experience with
30 -AND
31 -and worth revering.191
32 -
33 -Empirics confirm college codes are only enforced against minorities.
34 -ACLU 1: The American Civil Liberties Union. “Hate Speech on Campus,” American Civil Liberties Union, 2016. RP
35 -A: Historically, defamation laws
36 -AND
37 -we'll be next."
38 -
39 -They mobilize the alt right
40 -Carle: Carle, Robert. Professor of Theology, the King’s College, New York “How the American Academy Helped Create the Alt-Right.” The Federalist, December 2016. RP
41 -
42 -American academics are
43 -AND
44 -of ideological conformity.”
45 -
46 -Advocacy: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected free speech.
47 -Kurtz: Kurtz, Stanley. Contributor, National Review “A Plan to Restore Free Speech on Campus.” The Corner, December 2015. RP
48 -
49 -First: Colleges and
50 -AND
51 -pre-existing speech codes.
52 -
53 -Part 3: Let the Words Fall Out
54 -Deregulating campus speech sets valuable legal precedents.
55 -
56 -ACLU 2: The American Civil Liberties Union. “Hate Speech on Campus,” American Civil Liberties Union, 2016. BE
57 -
58 -A: Free speech rights
59 -AND
60 -of the peace."
61 -
62 -And only OPEN DIALOGUE gets students to demand liberation THEMSELVES
63 -DeBrabander: DeBrabander, Firmin. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Maryland Institute College of Art “Do Guns Make Us Free?: Democracy and the Armed Society.” Yale University Press, May 19, 2015. BE
64 -
65 -The famed education
66 -AND
67 -be lectured to.
68 -
69 -Meanwhile, speech codes DEMOBILIZE ACTION
70 -Strossen 2: Strossen, Nadine. John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law, New York Law School “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?” Duke Law Journal, 484-573, 1990. BE
71 -
72 -There is a
73 -AND
74 -follow from it.39 5
75 -
76 -In fact, free speech is key to students learning to REJECT oppressive views.
77 -Leonard: Leonard, James. Professor of Law, Ohio Northern University “Killing with Kindness: Speech Codes in the American University.” Ohio Northern University Law Review. Volume 19, 1993. RP
78 -
79 -Perhaps the archetypal
80 -AND
81 -has aged well.
82 -
83 -Indeed, free campus speech is UNIQUELY key to liberation and activism
84 -Puzder: Puzder, Andy. Chief Executive Officer, CKE Restaurants “The Importance of Free Speech on Campus.” Real Clear Politics, December 2015. RP
85 -
86 -As a former
87 -AND
88 -to do so.
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1 -Part 1 is the Framework
2 -The Role of the Judge is to Promote Critical Thinking
3 -
4 -Fighting oppression requires judges to help make debate a place to challenge social norms.
5 -Giroux 1: Giroux, Henry. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University "The Curse of Totalitarianism and the Challenge of Critical Pedagogy." Philosophersforchange.org, October 13, 2015. BE
6 -
7 -The forces of
8 -AND
9 -a vibrant democracy.
10 -
11 -The Role of the Ballot is to Endorse the More Productive Liberation Strategy for the Oppressed.
12 -
13 -Bottom-up approaches are key
14 -Giroux 2: Giroux, Henry. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University "The Curse of Totalitarianism and the Challenge of Critical Pedagogy." Philosophersforchange.org, October 13, 2015. RP
15 -
16 -At a time
17 -AND
18 -working at all.
19 -
20 -Part 2: Kept on the Inside
21 -CAMPUS SPEECH IS UNDER ATTACK FROM EVERY DIRECTION – demagoges use codes to STIFLE DISSENT and make students SIT DOWN AND SHUT UP.
22 -Friedersdorf 16: Friedersdorf, Conor Friedersdorf is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. He lives in Venice, California, and is the founding editor of The Best of Journalism, a newsletter devoted to exceptional nonfiction. “The Glaring Evidence That Free Speech Is Threatened on Campus .” The Atlantic. March 2016. RP
23 -
24 -Here’s one: Many
25 -AND
26 -threats to speech.
27 -
28 -In fact, ANY speech restrictions have a spillover effect, silencing dissent.
29 -Strossen 90: Strossen, Nadine. John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law, New York Law School “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?” Duke Law Journal, 484-573, 1990. BE
30 -
31 -The experience with
32 -AND
33 -and worth revering.191
34 -
35 -Worse, the speech codes door swings both ways, targeting the very people they claim to help – empirics confirm college codes are primarily enforced against minorities.
36 -ACLU 16: The American Civil Liberties Union. “Hate Speech on Campus,” American Civil Liberties Union, 2016. RP
37 -
38 -A: Historically, defamation laws
39 -AND
40 -we'll be next."
41 -
42 -And the “for me, but not for thee” approach to free speech BACKFIRES by mobilizing white nationalists – they’re rampant in the status quo. When they feel marginalized by speech codes, they radicalize instead.
43 -Carle 16: Carle, Robert. Professor of Theology, the King’s College, New York “How the American Academy Helped Create the Alt-Right.” The Federalist, December 2016. RP
44 -*Bracketed for offensiveness
45 -
46 -American academics are
47 -AND
48 -of ideological conformity.”
49 -
50 -This dooms ANY alternatives to the squo to failure – speech codes guarentee militarized crackdown against all who dissent.
51 -Godrej 14: Godrej, Farah. Professor of Political Science, UC Riverdale “Neoliberalism, Militarization, and the Price of Dissent.” The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. RP
52 -
53 -In this chapter,
54 -AND
55 - be in question.
56 -
57 -Advocacy: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
58 -Kurtz 15: Kurtz, Stanley. Contributor, National Review “A Plan to Restore Free Speech on Campus.” The Corner, December 2015. RP
59 -
60 -First: Colleges and
61 -AND
62 -pre-existing speech codes.
63 -
64 -Part 3: Let the Words Fall Out
65 -Deregulating campus speech sets legal precedents that enable movements and protests, even if it protects bigots – Civil Rights prove.
66 -
67 -ACLU 16: The American Civil Liberties Union. “Hate Speech on Campus,” American Civil Liberties Union, 2016. BE
68 -
69 -A: Free speech rights
70 -AND
71 -of the peace."
72 -
73 -COMMUNITY SOLUTIONS FIX COMMUNITY PROBLEMS. The question isn’t whether hate speech is good, but WHO should regulate it: administrators or students themselves. Non-legal remedies like shunning work better.
74 -Etzioni 93: Etzioni, Amitai. Director of the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, George Washington University The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1993. CH
75 -
76 -Thus it might
77 -AND
78 -offended by them.
79 -
80 -CHANGE MUST OCCUR BOTTOM UP ~-~- counterspeech from targets and allies is key to grassroots movements and strategies
81 -Majeed 09: Majeed, Azhar. J.D., University of Michigan “Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, and Prevalence Of Campus Speech Codes.” Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, 7 Geo. J.L. and Pub. Pol’y 481, 2009. CH
82 -
83 -Moreover, the counterspeech
84 -AND
85 -to hateful messages.
86 -
87 -Free speech helps students KNOW THEIR ENEMY –speech codes just drive oppression underground. Students can’t mobilize against campus racism if they never see it.
88 -Calleros 95: Calleros, Charles R. Professor of Law, Arizona State University “Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes.” Arizona State Law Journal, Winter 1995. RP
89 -
90 -One cannot eliminate
91 -AND
92 -at every turn.
93 -
94 -And only OPEN DIALOGUE gets students to demand liberation THEMSELVES, creating a radical democracy in colleges.
95 -DeBrabander 15: DeBrabander, Firmin. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Maryland Institute College of Art “Do Guns Make Us Free?: Democracy and the Armed Society.” Yale University Press, May 19, 2015. BE
96 -
97 -The famed education
98 -AND
99 -be lectured to.
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1 -The Role of the Judge is to Promote Critical Thinking, which means they must enhance our potential to expose dominant, oppressive social biases.
2 -
3 -
4 -Status quo actors use violence to smother critical thought. Fighting oppression requires judges to help make debate a place to challenge social norms.
5 -Giroux 1: Giroux, Henry. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University "The Curse of Totalitarianism and the Challenge of Critical Pedagogy." Philosophersforchange.org, October 13, 2015. BE
6 -
7 -The forces of
8 -AND
9 -a vibrant democracy.
10 -
11 -The Role of the Ballot is to Endorse the More Productive Liberation Strategy for the Oppressed.
12 -Part 2: It’s the Institution
13 -Private corporations are taking over public colleges.
14 -Applegate: Applegate, Jamie Journalist; B.A., U.C. Berkeley “Survey Shows Increased Reliance on Private Donations to Fund Public Universities.” The Daily Californian, 2012. CS
15 -
16 -A survey released
17 -AND
18 -from the state.”
19 -
20 -And this ENTRENCHES neoliberalism, shutting out those who don’t meet corporate needs.
21 -Chatterjee et al: Chatterjee, Piya Dorothy Cruickshank Backstrand Chair of Gender and Women’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Department, Scripps College and Sunaina Maira Professor of Asian American Studies, UC Davis. The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. CH
22 -
23 -The precarious positions
24 -AND
25 -and covert ways.
26 -
27 -Next, as schools censor knowledge, they form ties to the prison-industrial complex.
28 -Oparah 1: Oparah, Julia C. Professor, Mills College “Challenging Complicity.” Published in Piya Chatterjee and Sunaina Maira (eds.), The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. RP
29 -
30 -This chapter suggests
31 -AND
32 -narrow gender norms.
33 -
34 -Worse, this SQUASHES DISSENT: when people speak up, SCHOOLS FIGHT BACK, making change impossible.
35 -Godrej 1: Godrej, Farah. Professor of Political Science, UC Riverdale “Neoliberalism, Militarization, and the Price of Dissent.” Published in Piya Chatterjee and Sunaina Maira (eds.), The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. RP
36 -
37 -In this chapter,
38 -AND
39 -prosecution against dissenters.
40 -
41 -Advocacy: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech
42 -
43 -Kurtz: Kurtz, Stanley. Contributor, National Review “A Plan to Restore Free Speech on Campus.” The Corner, December 2015. RP
44 -
45 -First: Colleges and
46 -AND
47 -pre-existing speech codes.
48 -
49 -Part 3: Free Your Mind Instead
50 -Free speech EXPOSES invisible power abuses and checks back oppressors. DOING NOTHING IS DOING SOMETHING; ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT is key to avoid complicity with injustice.
51 -Oparah 2: Oparah, Julia C. Professor, Mills College “Challenging Complicity.” Published in Piya Chatterjee and Sunaina Maira (eds.), The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. RP
52 -
53 -If anti-imperialist scholars
54 -AND
55 -the “criminal class.”
56 -
57 -In fact, critique from WITHIN the academy draws attention to neoliberal injustice – empirics prove.
58 -Oparah 3: Oparah, Julia C. Professor, Mills College “Challenging Complicity.” Published in Piya Chatterjee and Sunaina Maira (eds.), The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. RP
59 -
60 -What Henry Giroux
61 -AND
62 --prison- industrial complex.
63 -
64 -Further, freedom to speak out is the FIRST MOVE towards radical new knowledge production.
65 -Oparah 4: Oparah, Julia C. Professor, Mills College “Challenging Complicity.” Published in Piya Chatterjee and Sunaina Maira (eds.), The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. RP
66 -
67 -In my earlier work
68 -AND
69 -and college budgets.
70 -
71 -
72 -And let’s not take the bait: “speech codes” and other school-based policies use neoliberal logic to incentivize silence. THAT WON’T WORK – WE NEED UNFETTERED DISSENT TO RUPTURE HEGEMONIC FORCES.
73 -Godrej 2: Godrej, Farah. Professor of Political Science, UC Riverdale “Neoliberalism, Militarization, and the Price of Dissent.” Published in Piya Chatterjee and Sunaina Maira (eds.), The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. RP
74 -
75 -The language of
76 -AND
77 -its high “price.”
78 -
79 -Indeed, the privileged shouldn’t speak for others: it’s a choice between groups telling their OWN stories or letting élites keep constructing the narrative.
80 -Durazo: Durazo, Ana Clarissa Rojas. Faculty Member, California State University, Long Beach State “Decolonizing Chicano Studies in the Shadows of the University’s ‘Heteropatriracial’ Order.” Published in Piya Chatterjee and Sunaina Maira (eds.), The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. RP
81 -
82 -As Chicanas and
83 -AND
84 -all our communities.
85 -
86 -And EVEN IF free speech doesn’t completely stop neolib, it plants the seeds for new possibilities. Working within the academy is key to transforming it.
87 -Oparah 5: Oparah, Julia C. Professor, Mills College “Challenging Complicity.” Published in Piya Chatterjee and Sunaina Maira (eds.), The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. RP
88 -
89 -Andrea Smith, in
90 -AND
91 -academic-MPIC abolition.
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1 -THE ORWELLIAN NIGHTMARE HAS COME TRUE – Trump’s here to stay, and the militarized right is taking over – resistance is key now more than ever. The Role of the Judge is to Promote Critical Education, which means they must enhance our potential to fight dominant, oppressive social biases.
2 -
3 -Giroux 1: Giroux, Henry A. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University “War Culture, Militarism, and Racist violence Under Trump.” Truthout, December 2016. RP
4 -
5 -With Donald Trump’s
6 -AND
7 - is too late.
8 -
9 -The Role of the Ballot is to Endorse the Better Method for Critically Empowering Students. Critical empowerment exists when we have the skills to question and attack the status quo – this is key to any movement against oppression.
10 -Giroux 2: Giroux, Henry A. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University “Radical Politics in the Age of American Authoritarianism: Connecting the Dots.” Truthout, April 2016. RP
11 -
12 -At the root
13 -AND
14 - democratic liberation movement.
15 -
16 -Part 2: Kept on the Inside
17 -CAMPUS SPEECH IS UNDER ATTACK FROM EVERY DIRECTION – demagogues use codes to stifle and make students sit down and shut up. They keep students ignorant so they don’t even question these practices.
18 -Friedersdorf: Friedersdorf, Conor Friedersdorf is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. He lives in Venice, California, and is the founding editor of The Best of Journalism, a newsletter devoted to exceptional nonfiction. “The Glaring Evidence That Free Speech Is Threatened on Campus .” The Atlantic. March 2016. RP
19 -
20 -Here’s one: Many
21 -AND
22 -threats to speech.
23 -
24 -And hate speech is getting worse in the status quo, despite the existence of speech codes.
25 -Long ’17: Long, Katherine. Journalist, Seattle Times “UW on Edge Over Perception of Rise in Hate Speech.” The Seattle Times, January 27, 2017. RP
26 -
27 -More than a
28 -AND
29 - and feeling futile.”
30 -
31 -
32 -In fact, campus racism is often covert, so speech codes can’t solve it.
33 -Boatright et al: Boatright, Su L. Professor of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Nathaniel Crockett Graduate Student Textiles, Fashion Merchandising, and Design, University of Rhode Island, and Yvette Harps-Logan Associate Professor of Psychology and Textiles, Fashion Merchandising, and Design, University of Rhode Island. “White Privilege Is Alive and Well on Many College Campuses.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 15, 2013. CH
34 -
35 -Yet many white
36 -AND
37 - in this obligation.
38 -
39 -Both globally and domestically, speech codes worsen hate and target minorities – empirics prove.
40 -Strossen 1: Strossen, Nadine. John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law, New York Law School “Incitement to Hatred: Should There Be a Limit?” Southern Illinois University Law Journal, Vol. 25, 2001. RP
41 -
42 -Based on actual
43 -AND
44 - to disempowered groups.
45 -
46 -Indeed, the type of speech being censored doesn’t matter. The question isn’t whether all speech is good, but whether colleges have the right to define which speech stays and which goes.
47 -Glasser: Glasser, Ira. Former Executive Director, American Civil Liberties Union Quoted in Jonathan Haidt’s “Hate Speech is Free Speech.” Spiked-online.com, June 12, 2016. RP
48 -
49 -How is ‘hate
50 -AND
51 - back on us.
52 -
53 -And all speech codes are arbitrary and reify state power, even if a particular type of speech is bad – exceptions are modeled and undermine free speech.
54 -White: White, Ken. Criminal Defense Lawyer, Brown, White, and Newhouse “Lawsplainer: Why Flag Burning Matters, And How it Relates To Crush Videos.” Popehat, November 2016. RP
55 -
56 -In free speech
57 -AND
58 -right it is.
59 -
60 -Advocacy: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. This makes them agents of inaction – they aren’t allowed to restrict speech.
61 -
62 -
63 -Part 3: Let the Words Fall Out
64 -Deregulating campus speech sets legal precedents that enable movements and protests, even if it protects bigots – Civil Rights prove.
65 -ACLU: The American Civil Liberties Union. “Hate Speech on Campus,” American Civil Liberties Union, 2016. BE
66 -
67 -A: Free speech
68 -AND
69 - of the peace."
70 -
71 -Further, the question isn’t whether all speech is good, but who should regulate it: administrators, or students themselves – empirics show community counter-speech solves.
72 -
73 -Majeed: Majeed, Azhar. J.D., University of Michigan “Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, and Prevalence Of Campus Speech Codes.” Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, 7 Geo. J.L. and Pub. Pol’y 481, 2009. CH
74 -
75 -Moreover, the counterspeech
76 -AND
77 -to hateful messages.
78 -
79 -Affirming promotes radical protests that don’t rely on traditional speech.
80 -Johnston: Johnston, Angus. Writer, Rolling Stone “There's No College P.C. Crisis: In Defense of Student Protesters.” Rolling Stone, December 2015. RP
81 -
82 -The demographics of
83 -AND
84 - and stern rebuke."
85 -
86 -And protests are a means of grassroots reform that can spillover to broader social change.
87 -Barnhardt: Barnhardt, Cassie. Assistant Professor, College of Education, University of Iowa “Embracing Student Activism.” Higher Education Today, March 2, 2016. MZ
88 -
89 -This past November,
90 -AND
91 -claims or grievances.
92 -
93 -Beyond that, free speech means students reclaim public spaces from racist institutions and create a cultural change.
94 -Block: Block, Jim. Professor of Political Theory and Political Culture, DePaul University “The Legacy and Promise of the Free Speech Movement.” Popular Resistance, October 2014. RP
95 -
96 -This past weekend
97 -AND
98 - conformist American lifestyle.
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1 -I value State Legitimacy.
2 -
3 -Legitimacy requires both the right agent and the right action. Even a “good” action isn’t legitimate if the wrong agent takes it: a criminal may be guilty, but I can’t imprison them, since I lack the authority to do so.
4 -
5 -Simmons: Simmons, A. John. Commonwealth Professor of Philosophy and Professor of Law, UVA. “Justification and Legitimacy.” Ethics, Vol. 109, No. 4. July 1999. MZ
6 -
7 -In opposition to
8 -AND
9 - duties on you.
10 -
11 -Legitimate states gain authority from the people, and thus have no external right of control over them.
12 -
13 -Rousseau 1: Rousseau, Jean Jacques. The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right. Translated by G.D.H Cole, Constitution Project, 1762. CH
14 -
15 -I SUPPOSE men
16 -AND
17 -most frightful abuse.
18 -
19 -Next, through acts like legislation or taxation, states inevitably use people as a means. Thus, the people must be the basis of legislative sovereignty to ensure that they’re part of the ends for which they’re being used.
20 -Rousseau 2: Rousseau, Jean Jacques. The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right. Translated by G.D.H Cole, Constitution Project, 1762. CH
21 -
22 -The general will
23 -AND
24 - would be dissolved.
25 -
26 -Thus, the standard is Upholding Democratic Checks on State Power. Upholding Democratic Checks on State Power means respecting citizens’ procedural limits on decision-making.
27 -
28 -
29 -Prefer this standard:
30 -Discussion of the First Amendment mandates a non-consequentialist lens.
31 -Goldberg: Goldberg, Erica. Assistant Professor, Ohio Northern Law School “Free Speech Consequentialism.” Columbia Law Review, Volume 116, 2016. RP
32 -
33 -
34 -The First Amendment
35 -AND
36 -what is unreasonable.
37 -Legitimacy controls the link to consequentialism, increasing net happiness and providing a concrete way to check the state.
38 -
39 -Gilley: Gilley, B. “The Consequences of Legitimacy.” September 2008. RP
40 -
41 -Legitimacy is a
42 -AND
43 - claim their obedience.
44 -
45 -Epistemology – inclusion of multiple perspectives through democratic procedures justify states authority and produces better decisions
46 -Estlund: Estlund, David M. Democratic Authority: A Philosophical Framework. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009. MT
47 -
48 -On this account,
49 -AND
50 - be generally acceptable.
51 -
52 -Advocacy: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
53 -First, Speech codes arbitrarily deny Constitutional rights based on physical location, creating unchecked and illegitimate action.
54 -
55 -
56 -CPS is the most basic check on the state, letting people object to policies without fear of punishment. Yet college speech codes artificially distinguish between students and other citizens.
57 -Berns: Berns, Walter. Professor Emeritus, Georgetown University “Freedom of the Press on the College Campus.” New England Law Review, Vol. 9: 153, 1973. EL
58 -
59 -It has never
60 -AND
61 - the schoolhouse gate.”
62 -
63 -And the First Amendment isn’t context-dependent; it protects people regardless of where they speak.
64 -Haynes: Haynes, Charles C. Director of the Religious Freedom Education Project at the Newseum, Senior Scholar at the First Amendment Center “First Amendment Rights Don't Stop at School Door.” The Daily Progress, 2010. EL
65 -
66 -In both incidents,
67 - AND
68 -what you teach.
69 -
70 -Indeed, academic spaces are the most important place to secure constitutionally protected speech, since those are at risk when administrators control them. Speech codes have no brightline: any standard for offensiveness is infinitely expandable
71 -Majeed: Majeed, Azhar. Robert H. Jackson Legal Fellow, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education “Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, and Prevalence of Campus Speech Codes.” The Journal of Law and Public Policy, Volume 7, 2009. MZ
72 -
73 -Second, speech codes
74 -AND
75 - by “intellectual stagnation.”147
76 -
77 -
78 -Second, regardless of the action’s benefits, public schools are the wrong actors to limit CPS.
79 -Public schools, as state actors, are bound to state laws, even if private schools aren’t.
80 -FIRE 1: FIRE. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education “Private Universities.” FIRE, 2016. BS
81 -
82 -When discussing free
83 -AND
84 -choosing to attend.
85 -
86 -And the Supreme Court, the only actor with authority to strike down laws, has repeatedly declared public college speech codes unconstitutional.
87 -Welch: Welch, Benjamin M. University of Nebraska-Lincoln “An Examination of University Speech Codes’ Constitutionality and Their Impact on High-Level Discourse.” Graduate College at the University of Nebraska, August 2014. MZ
88 -
89 -Court cases influencing
90 -AND
91 - or high schools.”101
92 -
93 -Further, the Constitution ALREADY accounts for specific speech restrictions. The issue isn’t whether all speech is good, but whether schools have authority to restrict it beyond what the Constitution does.
94 -FIRE 2: FIRE. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education “FIRE’s Guide to Free Speech on Campus — Full Text.” Guides, 2017. EL
95 -
96 -The bottom line
97 -AND
98 - than is necessary.
99 -
100 -Indeed, speech codes are far too ambiguous to administer consistently, giving administrators unchecked authority.
101 -Tidmarsh: Tidmarsh, Kevin. Senior Reporter at The Student Life “Pitzer Students Address Free Speech on Campus.” The Student Report, March 8, 2013. MZ
102 -
103 -Free speech policies
104 -AND
105 - offensive” Rice said.
106 -
107 -And the IMPACTS OF THE SPEECH DON’T MATTER. Regardless of how bad speech might be, ONLY the courts have the authority to limit it.
108 -Mott: Mott, Jonathan. Ph.D.; Chief Learning Officer, Learning Objects “First Amendment: Speech.” ThisNation.com, no date. CH
109 -
110 -While the First
111 -AND
112 - Free Exercise cases.)
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1 -Part 1: Framework.
2 -THE ORWELLIAN NIGHTMARE HAS COME TRUE ~-~- Trump’s here to stay, and the militarized right is taking over. Since resistance is key now more than ever, The Role of the Judge is to Promote Critical Education, which means they must enhance our potential to fight dominant, oppressive social biases.
3 -Giroux 1: Giroux, Henry A. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University “War Culture, Militarism, and Racist violence Under Trump.” Truthout, December 2016. RP
4 -
5 -With Donald Trump’s
6 -AND
7 - radical change possible.
8 -
9 -The Role of the Ballot is to Endorse the Better Method for Critically Empowering Students. Critical empowerment exists when we have the skills to question and attack the status quo. This is key to ALL alternatives.
10 -
11 -Giroux 2: Giroux, Henry A. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University “Radical Politics in the Age of American Authoritarianism: Connecting the Dots.” Truthout, April 2016. RP
12 -
13 -At the root
14 -AND
15 -democratic liberation movement.
16 -
17 -Next, critical empowerment requires exposing hidden oppression as a bottom-up political strategy.
18 -Flynn: Flynn, Molly. University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Contributor, Study Breaks “Covert Racism: How to Spot It and Stop It.” StudyBreaks.com, January 2017. RP
19 -
20 -If your white
21 -AND
22 -racism is dead.
23 -
24 -Part 2: Covering Up
25 -NEWSFLASH: most racists don’t admit it – they keep their actions hidden.
26 -Boatright et al: Boatright, Su L. Professor of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Nathaniel Crockett Graduate Student Textiles, Fashion Merchandising, and Design, University of Rhode Island, and Yvette Harps-Logan Associate Professor of Psychology and Textiles, Fashion Merchandising, and Design, University of Rhode Island. “White Privilege Is Alive and Well on Many College Campuses.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 15, 2013. CH
27 -
28 -Yet many white
29 -AND
30 - in this obligation.
31 -
32 -
33 -And speech codes put a Band-Aid on a broken knee; they CAN’T solve because ask those who CAUSE the problem to fix it.
34 -Wise: Wise, Tim Anti-Racism Activist “Hate Speech Codes Will Not End Racism and Hate Crimes.” Opposing Viewpoints, 2007. RP
35 -
36 -Secondly, hate speech
37 -AND
38 - to bash others.
39 -
40 -Indeed, both globally and domestically, speech codes worsen hate and target minorities – empirics prove.
41 -Strossen: Strossen, Nadine. John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law, New York Law School “Incitement to Hatred: Should There Be a Limit?” Southern Illinois University Law Journal, Vol. 25, 2001. RP
42 -
43 -Based on actual
44 -AND
45 - to disempowered groups.
46 -
47 -And the type of speech being censored doesn’t matter; the question is whether colleges have the right to censor it.
48 -Glasser: Glasser, Ira. Former Executive Director, American Civil Liberties Union Quoted in Jonathan Haidt’s “Hate Speech is Free Speech.” Spiked-online.com, June 12, 2016. RP
49 -
50 -How is ‘hate
51 -AND
52 -back on us.
53 -
54 -In fact, it’s not enough to show that one type of speech is bad – there must be a principle justifying ANY restriction, or it’s totally arbitrary.
55 -White: White, Ken. Criminal Defense Lawyer, Brown, White, and Newhouse “Lawsplainer: Why Flag Burning Matters, And How it Relates To Crush Videos.” Popehat, November 2016. RP
56 -
57 -In free speech
58 -AND
59 -right it is.
60 -
61 -Advocacy: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. This makes them agents of inaction – they aren’t allowed to restrict speech.
62 -Part 3: Unmasking the University
63 -The only way to confront covert racism is to let those who experience it expose it.
64 -Calleros: Calleros, Charles R. Professor of Law, Arizona State University “Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes.” Arizona State Law Journal, Winter 1995. RP
65 -
66 -One cannot eliminate
67 -AND
68 - at every turn.
69 -
70 -Indeed, activists can use free speech to make administrators and fellow students aware of their school’s own racism and bias.
71 -Johnston: Johnston, Angus. Writer, Rolling Stone “There's No College P.C. Crisis: In Defense of Student Protesters.” Rolling Stone, December 2015. RP
72 -
73 -Friedersdorf is shaming
74 -AND
75 - and stern rebuke."
76 -
77 -In fact, free speech means students reclaim public spaces from racist institutions, creating cultural change.
78 -Block: Block, Jim. Professor of Political Theory and Political Culture, DePaul University “The Legacy and Promise of the Free Speech Movement.” Popular Resistance, October 2014. RP
79 -
80 -This past weekend
81 -AND
82 - conformist American lifestyle.
83 -
84 -But even if this doenst happen, it’s infinitely worse to rely on white administrators who can’t identify real racism to regulate it.
85 -Sachs: Sachs, George. Psychologist and Contributor, Huffington Post “10 Ways White Liberals Perpetuate Racism.” Huffington Post, September 2015. RP
86 -
87 -Maybe years of
88 -AND
89 -fact, another microinvalidation.
90 -
91 -Meanwhile, the aff at least makes it possible for minorities to respond themselves to offensive speech, an option necessary for ANY more radical alternatives.
92 -Bon: Bon, Dorian Contributor, Socialist Worker “Who’s Behind the Free Speech Crisis on Campus?” Socialist Workers, April 2017. RP
93 -
94 -THE TRANSFORMATION of
95 -AND
96 - that but ourselves.
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1 -Part 1: Ignorance Isn’t Strength
2 -THE ORWELLIAN NIGHTMARE HAS COME TRUE – Trump’s here to stay, and the militarized right is taking over – resistance is key now more than ever. The Role of the Judge is to Promote Critical Education, which means they must enhance our potential to fight dominant, oppressive social biases.
3 -
4 -Giroux 1: Giroux, Henry A. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University “War Culture, Militarism, and Racist violence Under Trump.” Truthout, December 2016. RP
5 -
6 -With Donald Trump’s
7 -AND
8 -is too late.
9 -
10 -The Role of the Ballot is to Endorse the Better Method for Critically Empowering Students. Critical empowerment exists when we have the skills to question and attack the status quo
11 -Debate should deal with real-world consequences; ideal theories legitimize oppression by ignoring its concrete manifestations.
12 -Curry: Curry, Tommy J. Ph.D., Associate Professor of Philosophy, Texas A and M University “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century.” Victory Briefs, 2014. CH
13 -
14 -Despite the pronouncement
15 -AND
16 -before abstraction occurs.5
17 -
18 -Part 2: The Object of Power is Power
19 -MINORITY PROFESSORS ARE UNDER ATTACK – colleges are monitoring them now.
20 -Yancy: Yancy, George. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Duquesne University “I Am a Dangerous Professor.” The New York Times, November 2016. RP
21 -Those familiar with
22 -AND
23 -in the world.
24 -
25 -This endangers ALL radical knowledge production.
26 -Chatterjee et al: Chatterjee, Piya Dorothy Cruickshank Backstrand Chair of Gender and Women’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Department, Scripps College and Sunaina Maira Professor of Asian American Studies, UC Davis. The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. CH
27 -
28 -The precarious positions
29 -AND
30 - and covert ways.
31 -
32 -And this isn’t a fluke: colleges are shutting down activist professors nation-wide.
33 -Viera: Viera, Mariana. J.D. Candidate, American University’s Washington College of Law “Teacher Talk: Professors’ Fight to Speak Openly Often Isn’t Easy.” Student Press Law Center, August 2015. MZ
34 -
35 -Having accepted a
36 -AND
37 - improvement and progress.”
38 -
39 -Further, this solidifies Trump’s racism and makes change impossible.
40 -Perry: Perry, Andre. Contributor, The Washington Post “Saving Academic Freedom from Trump’s ‘Post-Truth’ Nation.” Washington Monthly, November 2016. RP
41 -The world is
42 -AND
43 - of white superiority.
44 -
45 -Trusting college administrators to decide who and what should be heard arbitrarily expands their power – this spills over and deters.
46 -
47 -Herron: Herron, Vince Class of 1994, University of Southern California Law Center. B.A. 1990, University of California, Los Angeles. “NOTES: INCREASING THE SPEECH: DIVERSITY, CAMPUS SPEECH CODES, AND THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH.” Southern California Law Review. January 1994. RP
48 -
49 -Professor Matsuda argues
50 -AND
51 - increase the speech.
52 -
53 -Plan: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech by faculty members. This makes them agents of inaction – they aren’t allowed to restrict professors’ speech.
54 -Sullivan and White: Sullivan , Thomas President, University of Vermont and Lawrence White Vice President and General Counsel at the University of Delaware. “For Faculty Free Speech, the Tide is Turning.” The Chronicle of Higher Education. September 2013. RP
55 -
56 -Faculty members sometimes
57 -
58 -AND
59 - of the professoriate.
60 -
61 -Part 3: Control the Future
62 -The aff is key to ensuring that people BEYOND white men control the academy.
63 -Delgado: Delgado, Richard. Professor of Law, University of Pennsylvania “The Imperial Scholar: Reflections on a Review of Civil Rights Literature.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review. March 1984. RP
64 -
65 -When I began
66 -AND
67 - are under consideration.
68 -
69 -Instead, the aff means minorities RECLAIM THE ACADEMY in ways it can’t co-opt.
70 -Lomax: Lomax, Tamura. Ph.D., Vanderbilt University “Black Women’s Lives Don’t Matter in Academia Either, or Why I Quit Academic Spaces that Don’t Value Black Women’s Life and Labor.” The Feminist Wire, May 18, 2015. MZ
71 -
72 -In other words,
73 -AND
74 - hurts higher education.
75 -
76 -And affirming minority professors has spillover effects due to modeling – the free speech movement has worked
77 -Aptheker: Aptheker, Bettina. Professor of African American and Women’s Studies, San Jose State University “Gender Politics and the FSM.” The Free Speech Movement: Reflections on Berkeley in the 1960s, 2002. MZ
78 -
79 -Throughout the months
80 -AND
81 -Regental (white/male) authority.
82 -
83 -In fact, minority faculty speech builds coalitions between groups and increases new knowledge production.
84 -Davidson: Davidson, Dr. Martin. Professor, Darden School of Business, University of Virginia “On the Importance of Minority Faculty.” LeveragingDifference, February 2011. RP
85 -
86 -I was recently
87 -AND
88 - quality business education.
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1 +The Role of the Judge is to Promote Critical Education, which means they must enhance our potential to uncover biases and oppression in dominant thinking
2 +
3 +
4 +Judges can uniquely make debate a way to challenge social norms.
5 +Giroux writes: Giroux, Henry. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University “Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization.” Teacher Education Quarterly, Winter 2004. CH
6 +
7 +The search for
8 +AND
9 +and gendered inequalities.
10 +
11 +The Role of the Ballot is to Endorse the Best Liberation Strategy for the Oppressed.
12 +
13 +
14 +1 States can’t focus on abstract, overarching theories but should do what’s right because it’s the right thing to do– political philosophy should analyze particular injustice when deciding what action to take.
15 +
16 +Raz: Raz, Joseph Faculty, Columbia Law School “Multiculturalism: A Liberal Perspective.” Multiculturalism. Winter 1994. RP
17 +
18 +Political philosophy does
19 +AND
20 +heading for disaster.
21 +
22 +2 Aggregating interests is the only way to account for the equality of all beings.
23 +David Cummiskey Associate prof of philo @ UChicago, “Kantian Consequentialism”, University of Chicago Press, Ethics, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Apr., 1990), pp. 586-615, BE
24 +We must not
25 +AND
26 +to benefit others.
27 +
28 +Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.
29 +
30 +WNN writes: World Nuclear News Source that writes about news affecting nuclear power and nuclear weapons “Proposal for financing German nuclear phase-out.” WNN, April 2016. RP
31 +
32 +Following the Fukushima
33 +AND
34 +markets Stefan Dohler.
35 +
36 +
37 +Advantage 1: The War Against Workers
38 +Nuclear power frequently place workers in harm’s way, exploiting their financial vulnerability by actively misleading them about the risks they face.
39 +Alldred shows: Alldred, Mary. Ph.D. candidate, Stony Brook Ecology Department “Environmental Injustice in Siting Nuclear Plants.” Environmental Injustice, Volume 2 (Number 2), 2009. RP
40 +
41 +In stages (2)–(5) of
42 +AND
43 +dose of 50 mSv. Bracketed for clarity
44 +
45 +The nuclear industry pays off state officials to cover up nuclear power’s risks, fabricating studies on the safety of plants.
46 +
47 +
48 +Shrader-Frechette: Shrader-Frechette, Kristin. O’Neill Family Professor, University of Notre Dame “Answering ‘Scientific Attacks’ on Ethical Imperatives: Wind and Solar Versus Nuclear Solutions to Climate Change.” Ethics and the Environment Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013. RP
49 +
50 +Part of the
51 +AND
52 +use renewable energy.
53 +
54 +These cover ups are DELIBERATE ATTEMPTS by the state – they want people to just return to jobs, providing labor.
55 +Cousins notes: Cousins, Elicia Researcher, Carleton College, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta. “Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice.” Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project, no date. RP
56 +
57 +Those who experience
58 +AND
59 +the Chernobyl zone:
60 +
61 +A ban is key ~-~- mere regulations get are ineffective and get circumvented, so nothing short of prohibition solves.
62 +Ross shows: Ross, Timothy J. Professor of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico “Avoiding Apocalypse: Congress Should Ban Nuclear Power.” UB Law, Fall 2011. RP
63 +
64 +Currently, the NRC
65 +AND
66 +the general public.
67 +
68 +Advantage 2: Resisting Racism
69 +Every stage of nuclear production is tied to colonialism – the government mines on areas they think of as wastelands.
70 +Endres 1: Endres, Danielle Department of Communication, University of Utah “From Wasteland to Waste Site: The Role of Disocurse In Nuclear Power’s Environmental Injustice.” Routledge, November 2009. RP
71 +
72 +In addition to
73 +AND
74 +and tailing piles.
75 +
76 +
77 +Nuclear power is anti-black; states place reactors near minority communities they deem disposable, continuing the legacy of slavery.
78 +
79 +Mangano writes: Mangano, Joseph J. Contributor, The Nation “Reactors and Racism.” The Nation. August 2005. RP
80 +
81 +The Entergy Nuclear
82 +AND
83 +most vulnerable members.
84 +
85 +These forms of exploitation prime society for mass death and killings, and eventually extinction.
86 +
87 +Scheper-Hughes writes: (Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
88 +
89 +This large and
90 +AND
91 +feelings of victimization).
92 +
93 +A ban solves and encourages renewables ~-~- shift away from nuclear is inevitable due to decreasing uranium supply – banning nuclear power is key to jumpstart the renewable industry.
94 +
95 +Schönau: Electricity Schönau. German Power Company “100 Good Reasons Against Nuclear Power.” 2009. RP
96 +
97 +Nuclear power is
98 +AND
99 +with relevant references.
100 +
101 +A ban solves – Germany proves that renewables can make up for coal and nuclear – nuclear BLOCKS renewables since base load power prevents the growth of a decentralized grid.
102 +Thomas et al: Steve Thomas, Antony Frogatt, Mycle Schneider Contributors, World Nuclear Report “Nuclear Power in a Post-Fukushima World 25 Years After the Chernobyl Accident.” World Nuclear Industry Status Report. 2011. RP
103 +
104 +“If someone declares
105 +AND
106 +to the “prosumer.”
107 +
108 +Bans LAY THE FOUNDATION for a cultural shift away from nuclear and towards renewables. The neg is the REASON that hasn’t happened.
109 +Klein: Klein, Naomi. Social Activist This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014. RP
110 +
111 +And yet it
112 +AND
113 +displaced fossil fuels.
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