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+====Part 1 is the Framework==== |
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+====The Role of the Judge is to Promote Critical Education==== |
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+====Status quo policies use violence to smother critical thought.==== |
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+Giroux 1: Giroux, Henry. Waterbury Chair Professor, Pennsylvania State University "The Curse of Totalitarianism and the Challenge of Critical Pedagogy." Philosophersforchange.org, October 13, 2015. BE |
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+ |
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+The forces of |
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+AND |
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+a vibrant democracy. |
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+ |
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+====The Role of the Ballot is to Endorse the More Productive Liberation Strategy for the Oppressed.==== |
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+ |
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+====1 States can’t focus on abstract, overarching theories but should do what’s right because it’s the right thing to do==== |
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+Raz: Raz, Joseph Faculty, Columbia Law School “Multiculturalism: A Liberal Perspective.” Multiculturalism. Winter 1994. RP |
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+Political philosophy does |
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+AND |
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+heading for disaster. |
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+====2 Aggregating interests is the only way to account for the equality of all beings.==== |
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+David Cummiskey Associate prof of philo @ UChicago, “Kantian Consequentialism”, University of Chicago Press, Ethics, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Apr., 1990), pp. 586-615, BE |
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+We must not |
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+AND |
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+to benefit others. |
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+ |
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+====3 Moral uncertainty means we should prefer an inclusive epistemology==== |
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+ |
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+Ross writes: Ross, Jacob. Associate Professor, University of Southern California School of Philosophy “Rejecting Ethical Deflationism.” Ethics, 2006. CH |
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+ |
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+In deciding whether |
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+AND |
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+in other domains. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Part 2: Build a Wall==== |
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+ |
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+====Racialized police violence is already rampant at the U.S.-Mexico border.==== |
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+Carvalho 1: Carvalho, Ambar. J.D., Emory University School of Law (2008); B.S., Stanford University (2005) “The Sliding Scale Approach to Protecting Nonresident Immigrants Against the Use of Excessive Force in Violation of the Fourth Amendment.” Emory International Law Review, 2008. BE |
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+ |
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+"In the majority |
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+AND |
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+law enforcement officials. |
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+ |
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+====THIS MAY BE THE SINGLE WORST ISSUE OF POLICE ABUSE WE FACE.==== |
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+ACLU: American Civil Liberties Union. “The Rights of Immigrants.” ACLU Position Paper, no date. CH |
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+ |
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+The INS' broad |
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+AND |
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+or simply abandoned. |
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+ |
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+====This extends to other immigrants.==== |
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+Sabo et al: Sabo, Samantha University of Arizona, Susan Shawb, Maia Ingrama, Nicolette Teufel-Shonec, Scott Carvajala, Jill Guernsey de Zapiena, Cecilia Rosalesd, Flor Redondoe, Gina Garciae, Raquel Rubio-Goldsmithf. b University of Arizona, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Anthropology, United States c University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion Science, United States d University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Division of Community, Environment, and Policy, United States e Campesinos Sin Fronteras, United States f University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies and Research Center, United States “Everyday Violence, Structural Racism, and Mistreatment at the US–Mexico Border.” Social Science and Medicine, Volume 109, May 2014. BE |
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+ |
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+ |
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+Everyday violence came |
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+AND |
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+and across generations (Krieger, 2012 and Thoits, 2010).¶ 4.3. |
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+ |
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+====Trump’s war on immigrants hasn’t yet begun.==== |
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+Romero writes: Romero, Anthony D. ACLU Executive Director “Donald Trump: A One-Man Constitutional Crisis.” Medium.com, July 13, 2016. CH |
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+ |
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+“We’re rounding them |
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+AND |
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+under the law. |
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+ |
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+====Yet in new cases of anti-immigrant violence where no “clearly established” precedent exists, QI lets courts turn away from such harms.==== |
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+ |
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+Margulies 1: Margulies, Peter. Professor of Law, Roger Williams University “Noncitizens’ Remedies Lost?: Accountability for Overreaching in Immigration Enforcement.” FIU Law Review, 2011. BE |
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+ |
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+The specificity two-step |
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+AND |
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+incentivizes reckless behavior. |
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+ |
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+====Empirics prove==== |
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+AELE: AELE. “Immigrants and Immigration Issues.” AELE Law Library of Case Summaries, no date. RP |
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+ |
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+The plaintiffs, who |
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+AND |
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+municipal defendants, however. Santos v. Frederick County Board, #12-1980, 2013 U.S. App. Lexis 16335 (4th Cir.). |
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+ |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Plan: The United States federal government ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers through a sliding-scale model in cases where the plaintiff is a non-citizen.==== |
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+ |
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+Margulies 2: Margulies, Peter. Professor of Law, Roger Williams University “Noncitizens’ Remedies Lost?: Accountability for Overreaching in Immigration Enforcement.” FIU Law Review, 2011. BE |
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+ |
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+The sliding scale |
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+AND |
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+should trigger deference. |
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+ |
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+====Part 3: Tear it Down==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The plan makes their lawsuits against police possible, disincentivizing misconduct.==== |
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+ |
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+Margulies 3: Margulies, Peter. Professor of Law, Roger Williams University “Noncitizens’ Remedies Lost?: Accountability for Overreaching in Immigration Enforcement.” FIU Law Review, 2011. BE |
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+ |
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+ |
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+The sliding scale |
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+AND |
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+sought to reduce. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The aff lays the groundwork for broader police reform==== |
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+ |
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+Carvalho 2: Carvalho, Ambar. J.D., Emory University School of Law (2008); B.S., Stanford University (2005) “The Sliding Scale Approach to Protecting Nonresident Immigrants Against the Use of Excessive Force in Violation of the Fourth Amendment.” Emory International Law Review, 2008. BE |
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+ |
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+Due to the |
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+AND |
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+of their visit. |
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+====QI prevents the public from seeing police culture as the problem==== |
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+Hassel writes: Hassel, Diana Associate Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law “Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity.” Missouri Law Review, Volume 64, Issue 1, Article 9, Winter 1999. BE |
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+ |
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+The problem with |
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+AND |
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+the central concern. |
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+ |
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+====This is key to drawing public attention to police misconduct against immigrants==== |
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+Martinez writes: Martinez, Lisa M. Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Denver “The Immigrant Rights Movement: Then and Now.” Mobilizing Ideas, December 3, 2015. CH |
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+ |
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+How has the |
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+AND |
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+and pro-immigrant reform. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+Part 4 is Framing |
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+ |
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+====It’s time to end the silence: immigrant deaths are a hidden humanitarian crisis that must be discussed.==== |
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+ |
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+Jimenez: Jimenez, Maria. Works with the Central American Resource Center (CRECEN)/America Para Todos “Humanitarian Crisis: Migrant Deaths at the U.S.-Mexico Border.” ACLU, October 1, 2009. CH |
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+ |
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+In anonymity and |
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+AND |
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+international humanitarian crisis. |