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+====I affirm and value Just State Action==== |
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+ |
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+====Self-reflection is the starting point of philosophy==== |
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+Wood 1: Allen W. Wood. "Fichte's Philosophy of Right and Ethics," forthcoming in Günter Zöller (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Fichte. New York: Cambridge University Press. CH |
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+ |
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+Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre is |
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+AND |
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+latter "real" activity (GA I/2:402-404. SK 236-238). |
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+ |
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+====This justifies a system of freedom==== |
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+ |
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+Wood 2: Allen W. Wood. "Fichte's Philosophy of Right and Ethics," forthcoming in Günter Zöller (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Fichte. New York: Cambridge University Press. CH |
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+ |
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+The condition for |
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+AND |
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+the external world (GA I/3:409). |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Thus, the standard is Respecting Moral Agency.==== |
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+ |
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+====Standards Analysis==== |
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+ ====a. The framework is non aggregative==== |
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+ |
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+ ====b. The framework isn’t a question of individual violations.==== |
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+ |
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+====Prefer this standard, since:==== |
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+====1 People need to respect agency to achieve any other goods.===== |
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+ |
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+Kuhler 1: Kuhler, Michael. “Autonomy and The Self,” Wilhelms University, Munster, November 2010. SR |
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+Surely, there are |
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+AND |
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+precedes the self. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====2 Ethics can only be normatively binding if they recognize self-definition.==== |
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+Crowell: Crowell, Steven. “Existentialism.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2010. CH |
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+ |
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+The exigency of |
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+AND |
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+claim on me. |
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+ |
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+====3 Actor Specificity: agency’s necessary to justify state authority.==== |
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+ |
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+====4 My framework controls the link to all ends-based standards. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+I advocate that the United States federal government ought to limit qualified immunity, or “QI,” for police officers. |
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+Wright shows: Wright, Sam. Public Interest Lawyer “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity.” Above the Law, Nov. 2015. MZ |
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+ |
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+To bring about |
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+AND |
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+in the courts? |
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+ |
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+Advantage 1: Giving Voice to Victims |
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+U.S. police show racism |
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+Makarechi: Makarechi, Kia. Senior Editor of Mobile and Innovations, The Huffington Post “What the Data Really Says About Police and Racial Bias.” Vanity Fair, July 14, 2016. CH |
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+ |
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+A study |
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+AND |
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+searched without consent. |
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+Yet QI typically protects those who commit misconduct |
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+Bernick 1: Bernick, Evan Contributor, Foundation for Economic Education “To Hold Police Accountable, Don’t Give Them Immunity.” Foundation for Economic Education. April 2015. RP |
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+ |
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+But for decades, |
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+AND |
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+“shall be liable.” |
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+ |
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+ |
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+QI denies their status as moral agents. ” |
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+ |
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+Temple Law: Temple Law. “Accountability for Government Misconduct: Limiting Qualified Immunity and the Good Faith Defense.” Temple Law Review, Vol. 49, 1976. MZ |
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+ |
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+No matter what |
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+AND |
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+of civil liberties. |
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+ |
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+Turning away is a form of complicity . |
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+Kahn: Kahn, DT. “Bystander Intervention and Norm Shifting: A Social Psychological Research Overview,” 2011. EB |
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+ |
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+In order to |
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+AND |
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+illustrated in Figure 1. |
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+ |
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+The aff gives victims agency |
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+Wright: Wright, Sam. Contributor, Above the Law “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity.” Above the Law, November 2015. RP |
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+ |
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+As usual, I’ve |
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+AND |
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+needs to change. |
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+ |
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+Civil suits uniquely recognize all |
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+Nixa: Nixa, Dan. Civil Rights Attorney “On the Importance of Civil Rights Lawsuits.” Chicagocivilrightslaw.com, May 6, 2016. CH |
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+ |
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+While civil rights |
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+AND |
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+ we are now. |
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+ |
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+Advantage 2: Destroying Double-Standards |
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+QI gives police an excuse for participating in injustices |
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+Heller: Heller, Jacob. J.D. Candidate, Stanford Law School “Abominable Acts.” Vermont Law Review, Vol. 34:311, 2010. LC |
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+ |
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+In these cases, |
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+AND |
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+of civilized law. |
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+ |
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+Indeed, QI sets a precedent that absolves people moral duties. |
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+Grigg: Grigg, William N. Contributor, Pro Libertate “‘Qualified Immunity’ – A License to Commit Criminal Violence?” Pro Libertate, October 2013. RP |
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+ |
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+There is no |
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+AND |
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+in other states. |
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+ |
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+Yet moral obligations transcend specific roles |
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+DeGeorge notes: De George, Richard T. University Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, University of Kansas Business Ethics. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999. CH |
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+ |
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+Because people are |
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+AND |
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+to be moral. |
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+ |
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+The aff exposes police misconduct |
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+Bernick 2: Bernick, Evan. Contributor, Foundation for Economic Education “To Hold Police Accountable, Don’t Give Them Immunity.” Foundation for Economic Education, April 2015. RP |
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+ |
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+Qualified immunity shields |
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+AND |
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+ needs to happen? |
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+ |
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+What matters is the ability to bring a suit, not the results. |
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+Armacost: Armacost, Barbara E. Associate Professor, University of Virginia School of Law “Qualified Immunity: Ignorance Excused.” Vanderbilt Law Review, 1998. RP |
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+ |
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+Turning to section |
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+AND |
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+kinds of rights: |