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+====Part 1 is the Framework==== |
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+====I affirm and value Just State Action, defined as government policy that guarantees rights by ensuring people have equal moral status.==== |
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+ |
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+====People are inherently equal at birth, so systemic exclusion of particular groups arbitrarily denies due.==== |
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+ |
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+Winter and Leighton: Winter, Deborah DuNann Professor of Psychology, Whitman College, and Dana C. Leighton, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Southern Arkansas University. “Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century.” New York: Prentice Hall, 2001. BE |
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+ |
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+Finally, to recognize |
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+AND |
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+building lasting peace. |
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+ |
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+====Since justice requires rectifying actual mistreatment, we should address material conditions of violence first.==== |
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+ |
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+Pappas: Pappas, Gregory Fernando. Texas AandM University “The Pragmatists’ Approach to Injustice.” The Pluralist, Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2016. BE |
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+ |
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+In Experience and |
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+AND |
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+to each patient. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The standard is Promoting Social Equality. Promoting Social Equality means increasing all peoples’ ability to have a say in the conditions that govern them.==== |
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+ |
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+====Prefer additionally ~-~- equality is key to any ends based theory – goods have diminishing marginal utility.==== |
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+Hooker: Hooker, Brad. Philosophy Professor, University of Reading “Ideal Code, Real World,” 2003. CH |
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+ |
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+Now imagine a |
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+AND |
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+phenomenon is important. |
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+Part 2: Beaten Down and Locked Up |
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+Racialized violence against minorities and non-citizens has become a norm amongst police. |
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+Sabo et al: Sabo, Samantha University of Arizona, Susan Shawb, Maia Ingrama, Nicolette Teufel-Shonec, Scott Carvajala, Jill Guernsey de Zapiena, Cecilia Rosalesd, Flor Redondoe, Gina Garciae, Raquel Rubio-Goldsmithf. b University of Arizona, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Anthropology, United States c University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion Science, United States d University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Division of Community, Environment, and Policy, United States e Campesinos Sin Fronteras, United States f University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies and Research Center, United States “Everyday Violence, Structural Racism, and Mistreatment at the US–Mexico Border.” Social Science and Medicine, Volume 109, May 2014. BE |
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+ |
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+Everyday violence came |
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+AND |
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+and across generations (Krieger, 2012 and Thoits, 2010).¶ 4.3. |
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+ |
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+And QI doctrine protects police officers who use excessive force. |
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+Wright 1: Wright, Sam. Contributor, Above the Law “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity.” Above the Law, November 2015. RP |
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+ |
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+Recently, police have |
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+AND |
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+just a start. |
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+ |
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+Indeed, in new cases of racial violence where no “clearly established” precedent exists, QI lets police off the hook. |
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+Margulies 1: Margulies, Peter. Professor of Law, Roger Williams University “Noncitizens’ Remedies Lost?: Accountability for Overreaching in Immigration Enforcement.” FIU Law Review, 2011. BE |
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+ |
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+The specificity two-step |
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+AND |
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+incentivizes reckless behavior. |
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+ |
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+Worse, QI allows judge-made exceptions for police misconduct, disincentivizng victims from even going to court. |
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+ |
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+Pattis: Pattis, Norman. Connecticut-based trial lawyer “Qualified Immunity and The Police State.” Pattis Blog, October 2016. RP |
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+ |
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+I get many |
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+AND |
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+even realize it. |
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+ |
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+Plan: The United States ought to limit qualified immunity, or “QI,” for police officers through a sliding-scale model in excessive force cases. |
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+ |
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+Margulies 2: Margulies, Peter. Professor of Law, Roger Williams University “Noncitizens’ Remedies Lost?: Accountability for Overreaching in Immigration Enforcement.” FIU Law Review, 2011. BE |
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+ |
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+Fortunately, case law |
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+AND |
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+should trigger deference. |
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+ |
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+Part 3: Breaking Out |
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+ |
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+ |
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+Since civil lawsuits may be the only way to expose police misconduct, the aff is a starting point for liberation. |
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+Bernick writes: Bernick, Evan. Contributor, Foundation for Economic Education “To Hold Police Accountable, Don’t Give Them Immunity.” Foundation for Economic Education, April 2015. RP |
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+ |
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+Qualified immunity shields |
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+AND |
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+needs to happen? |
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+ |
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+And unlike institutional liability, the aff has a direct impact on individual officers. |
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+Marque-Anthony: Marque-Anthony. Contributor, ThyBlackMan “The Strategic Plan To End Police Brutality.” ThyBlackMan, July 2016. RP |
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+ |
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+Officers rarely feel |
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+AND |
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+seminars and workshops. |
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+ |
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+The sliding scale model lets police do their job, while condemning excessive force that QI ignores and offering a unique form of liberation. |
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+Carvalho: Carvalho, Ambar. J.D., Emory University School of Law (2008); B.S., Stanford University (2005) “The Sliding Scale Approach to Protecting Nonresident Immigrants Against the Use of Excessive Force in Violation of the Fourth Amendment.” Emory International Law Review, 2008. BE |
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+ |
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+Due to the |
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+ AND |
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+of their visit. |
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+ |
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+Further, individual citizens must be able to sue police themselves to have any personal liberation. |
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+ |
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+Wright 2: Wright, Sam. Contributor, Above the Law “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity.” Above the Law, November 2015. RP |
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+ |
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+As usual, I’ve |
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+AND |
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+the courts? |
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+ |
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+Indeed, the ability to bring a case matters more than the case’s outcome, since it confronts the “do-nothing” pessimism that halts liberation – INDIVIDUAL ACTION IS KEY TO TOPPLE THE POLICE STATE. |
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+ |
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+Smith shows: Smith, Ethan Indigo. Contributor, Mintpress News “Oligarchy, Police State, and The War On Individualism.” Mintpress News, March 2015. RP |
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+ |
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+All the social |
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+AND |
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+Declaration of Independence. |