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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,126 @@ 1 +The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95 2 +Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7 3 +The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids 4 +AND 5 +thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy. 6 +Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10 7 +Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.” 8 +I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong, 9 +AND 10 +, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values. 11 +Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework 12 +BOSTROM 11 13 +(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy 14 +These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of 15 +AND 16 +value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 17 +Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself. 18 +Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics. 19 +Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that 20 +AND 21 +the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82 22 +Meltdowns 23 +Nuclear meltdown is going to happen within the next decade 24 +Gesellschaft 12 (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft: research society in Germany; "Severe nuclear reactor accidents likely every 10 to 20 years, European study suggests."; ScienceDaily; 22 May 2012; www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120522134942.htm; DT) 25 +Catastrophic nuclear accidents such as the core meltdowns in Chernobyl and Fukushima are more likely 26 +AND 27 +reactor meltdowns comes to four ~-~- one in Chernobyl and three in Fukushima. 28 +Unprecedented nuclear disasters are coming – scientific studies prove that spent fuel fires are both likely and would have a much greater impact than Fukushima 29 +Stone 16 (This card cites research done at Princeton using mathematical calculations and computer programs in order to gauge probability and magniture. Richard Stone has a degree in biophysics from UPenn and has written for National Geographic and Smithsonian, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/spent-fuel-fire-us-soil-could-dwarf-impact-fukushima, “Spent Fuel Fire on U.S. Soil Could Dwarf Impact of Fukushima”, EmmieeM) 30 +A fire from spent fuel stored at a U.S. nuclear power plant 31 +AND 32 +look” at the issue and report to NRC commissioners later this year. 33 +Nuclear meltdown would cause widespread deaths, long-term diseases, and permanent ecological damage 34 +Wasserman, 02 (Harvey, American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy, author of The Last Energy War and co-author of Killing Our Own: The Disaster of America's Experience with Atomic Radiation, Spring, Earth Island Journal, http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/nuclear_power_and_terrorism/, “Nuclear Power and Terrorism” | ADM) 35 +Had one of those hijacked jets hit one of the operating reactors at Indian Point 36 +AND 37 +Spiritually, psychologically, financially and ecologically, our nation would never recover. 38 +Mining (4:05) 39 +Global nuclear energy sector is expanding 40 +Handley 13 (Meg: staff writer for US News; "Emerging Nations To Power Nuclear Energy Expansion Over Next Decade"; 3-25-2013; US News andamp; World Report; http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/25/emerging-nations-to-power-nuclear-energy-expansion-over-next-decade; DT) 41 +Despite a slew of developed nations putting the brakes on nuclear programs in the wake 42 +AND 43 +be a mix of technology and nuclear is an important part of that." 44 +Nuclear energy requires uranium mining – thorium is not a feasible alternative 45 +National Nuclear Library 12 (Report made for the Department of Energy and Climate Change, National Nuclear Library – UK, “Comparison of Thorium and Uranium on a Global Scale”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/65504/6300-comparison-fuel-cycles.pdf. pg 16, EmmieeM) 46 +Thorium fuel cycle RandD has a long history dating back to the very 47 +AND 48 +that there is little appetite or belief in the safety or performance claims. 49 + 50 +Uranium mining leads to an increase in above-ground radiation, which causes biodiversity loss 51 +Sullivan 13 (Sian Sullivan works for the Department of Geography, Environment, and Developmental Studies at the University of London, “After the Green Rush? Biodiversity Offsets, Uranium Power and the ‘Calculus of Causalities’ in Greening Growth, pg. 94, EmmieeM) 52 +The circuit traced here, that seems likely to connect nuclear power production in Hinkley 53 +AND 54 +been amply demonstrated. How is it possible to offset such radioactive futures? 55 + 56 +Independently, radioactive dumping in the ocean destroys marine biodiversity 57 +Alexeev 16 (Denis Alexeev and Valentina Galtsova are from the Department of Applied Ecology at the Russian State Hydrometeriological University, “Effect of Radioactive Pollution on the Biodiversity of Marine Benthic Ecosystems on the Russian Arctic Shelf”, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965212000138, EmmieeM) 58 +Radioactive pollution of marine ecosystems is one of the most dangerous anthropogenic impacts on the 59 +AND 60 +the macrobenthos may show greater accumulation of radionuclides in their cells and tissues. 61 +Biodiversity loss is an impact filter – exacerbates existing crises and leads to extinction. 62 +Torres 16 (Phil is a graduate of Cornell University with degrees in Entomology and Biology; "Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change"; 5-20-2016; FLI - Future of Life Institute; http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/; DT) 63 +Catastrophic consequences for civilization The consequences of this rapid pruning of the evolutionary tree of 64 +AND 65 +as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival. 66 +Terror (2:36) 67 +Terrorist organizations have started targeting nuclear power plants for resources and attacks 68 +Rubin 16 (Alissa J. Rubin is an American journalist who covers the Middle East for the New York Times. She has won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. “Belgium Proves Nuclear Plants are Vulnerable”, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/world/europe/belgium-fears-nuclear-plants-are-vulnerable.html?_r=0, EmmieeM) 69 +BRUSSELS — As a dragnet aimed at Islamic State operatives spiraled across Brussels and into 70 +AND 71 +the planning stages of some kind of operation at a Belgian nuclear facility. 72 +Nuclear power plants are extremely vulnerable to terrorist attacks and break-ins 73 +Holt and Andrews 14 74 +Mark Holt and Anthony Andrews Specialists in Energy Policy. Nuclear Power Plant Security and Vulnerabilities. Congressional Research Service. January 13, 2014. FZ. 75 +To strengthen nuclear plant security inspections, EPACT05 required NRC to conduct “force- 76 +AND 77 +addressed some of those concerns and included a number of other security enhancements. 78 +The results to a terror attack on a nuclear power plant is devastating 79 +Caldicott 6 80 +Helen Caldicott bestselling author, Nobel Peace Prize nominee. Nuclear power is not the answer. The New Press. September 20, 2006. http://tria.fcampalans.cat/images/Nuclear20Power20is20not20the20answer20-20H.20Caldicott.pdf. FZ. 81 +In this day and age, nuclear power plants are also obvious targets for terrorists 82 +AND 83 +nuclear weapons, a situation that will further destabilize an already unstable world. 84 + 85 +Independently, the impact to terrorists acquiring nuclear weapons is extinction 86 +Volders 16 (Brecht Volders is a researcher in the Department of Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, and a PhD candidate. 87 + Tow Sauer is Associate Professor in International Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, “Nuclear Terrorism – Countering the Threat”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=dVmpCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=nuclear+terrorismandots=6M4Kdlfm8Handsig=prlipwaAYy2hMbOl9cbznqSuHdg#v=onepageandq=nuclear20terrorismandf=false, pg. 3-4, EmmieeM) 88 +While no major act of nuclear terrorism actually took place, these regularly occurring events 89 +AND 90 +endeavor – are clandestine organizations. Stealth and secrecy complicate valid threat assessments. 91 +Solvency (1:31) 92 +Banning nuclear power is key to get us away from unsustainable energy production and catastrophe – nuclear power plants self-destruct and construction emits too much CO2 93 +Covino 13 (K: independent journalist, BA in English, nuclear power researcher; "The Most Unsustainable Energy Source on Earth"; 6-11-2013; HubPages; http://hubpages.com/politics/Unsustainable-Nuclear; DT) 94 +In our technologically developed society, concerns about electricity generation have become one of the 95 +AND 96 +help me save the world: call and write your government officials today. 97 +No shift to coal – it’s phasing out and will be non-existent in the next two decades 98 +Worldwatch 13 (The Worldwatch Institute works to accelerate the transition to a sustainable world that meets human needs; “Clean Energy Poised to Phase Out Coal and Avert Catastrophic Climate Change”; 2013; http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5948; DT) 99 +Washington, D.C.- New technologies will permit rapid decarbonization of the world 100 +AND 101 +percent or more, with the investment paid for via lower energy bills. 102 + 103 +Clean coal tech is coming – even if there’s a shift to coal, no waste or emission problems 104 +Makino 16 (Keiji Makino works for the Japan Coal Energy Center, “Clean Coal Technology and Sustainable Development”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=EavCDAAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PR6anddq=22clean+coal22+technologyandots=pLWspd0CYeandsig=0ikrw3zen1VOpa7955oU288xh9U#v=onepageandq=22clean20coal2220technologyandf=false, EmmieeM) 105 +In recent world, demand for energy is increasing rapidly. In particular, power 106 +AND 107 +, advanced coal utilization technology that is involved JCOAL Road Map is explained. 108 + 109 +Nuclear power plants exacerbate warming and rejection is key to bolster the renewable industry 110 +Mez 16 (Lutz Mez works for the Berlin Center for Caspian Region Studies at the University of Berlin, http://thebulletin.org/experts-nuclear-power-and-climate-change8996, EmmieeM) 111 +In the coming decades, indirect carbon dioxide emissions from nuclear power plants will increase 112 +AND 113 +and socially compatible energy technologies and especially the use of smart energy services. 114 +Focus on material impacts key – rejection without a viable alternative makes solution oriented thinking impossible 115 +Samiei 10 , Faculty of World Studies - University of Tehran, 10 116 +(Neo-Orientalism? The relationship between the West and Islam in our globalised world, Third World Quarterly) 117 + 118 +The increasing human interdependence brought about by globalisation has made the cultivation of common human 119 +AND 120 +understand and respect other places, other problems and other ways of life. 121 +Reject root cause logic - evaluating proximate causes is necessary to avoid over determination which is a flawed model of predictions 122 +Sagan 2000 Scott D. Sagan – Political Science, Stanford –2000, ACCIDENTAL WAR IN THEORY AND PRACTICE – available via: www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/cv/sagan.doc 123 + 124 +To make reasonable judgements in such matters it is essential, in my view, 125 +AND 126 +that a nuclear war was neither inevitable nor overdetermined during the Cold War. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,89 @@ 1 +The standard is identifying the best strategy for resisting ableist oppression, as contextualized by aff offense. 2 + 3 +Analysis of ableist representations is a critical focal point in addressing structural oppression caused by the hegemonic power structures of globalization. Academia is a uniquely key forum to bring about these issues. Mitchell '10 4 + 5 +Snyder and Mitchell 10 (Introduction: Ablenationalism and the Geo-Politics of Disability Sharon L. Snyder David T. Mitchell Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 4, Number 2, 2010, pp. 113-125) 6 +As a result, Disability Studies in McRuer's point of view should continue to affiliate 7 +AND 8 +and, as such, key guiding principles of democracy are left unrealized. 9 + 10 +The normative, autonomous subject is an illusion that the abled body constructs so as to not face the reality of disability. The aff framework is a prereq. 11 + 12 +Hughes 07 (Bill Hughes, Glasgow Caledonian University, "Being disabled: towards a critical social ontology for disability studies", Disability and Society Vol. 22, No. 7, December 2007, pp. 673–684) 13 +Whilst borrowing from black culture smacks of cool and complicates but adorns the self- 14 +AND 15 +or in the most mundane everyday words or deeds that exclude or invalidate. 16 + 17 +And, especially within a sphere of government, liberties are positive, not merely negative. HOLLENBACH 18 + 19 +DAVID HOLLENBACH – The Common Good Revisited. Theological Studies. 50:1 (1989 March). "Gewirth argues that…or dictatorial activity." 20 +Gewirth argues that these conditions fall into two broad categories: freedom and well- 21 +AND 22 +themselves rather than simply being the passive objects of paternalistic or dictatorial authority. 23 + 24 +Absolute rules fail to account for the relative stringency of moral duties. Morality must be comparative. Moore 25 + 26 +There is an aura of paradox in asserting that all deontological duties are categorical ― to be done no matter the consequences ― and yet asserting that some of such duties are more stringent than others. A common thought is that "there cannot be degrees of wrongness with intrinsically wrong acts…," (Frey 1995, 78 n. 3). Yet relative stringency ― "degrees of wrongness" ― seems forced upon the deontologist by two considerations. First, duties of differential stringency can be weighed against one another if there is conflict between them, so that a conflict-resolving, overall duty becomes possible if duties can be more or less stringent. Second, when we punish for the wrongs consisting in our violation of deontological duties, we (rightly) do not punish all violations equally. The greater the wrong, the greater the punishment deserved; and relative stringency of duty violated (or importance of rights) seems the best way of making sense of greater versus lesser wrongs. 27 + 28 +Part 2 is the Topic 29 +Plan Text: The US Supreme Court ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by removing its application to lawsuits under disability discrimination statutes. 30 + 31 +Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP) 32 +The Supreme Court recently affirmed that the unambiguous lan guage of a statute is dispositive 33 +AND 34 +the text of the Acts manifests Congress's intent to bar any immunity defense. 35 + 36 +Only the supreme court can be the actor because it is precedential, in overturning q/I for police officers, they must interpret the ADA in its explicit text, which implies the decision's application to q/I for all public officials. 37 + 38 +Advantage 1 is Legislative History 39 +Even if you think the state is bad, you cannot ignore the specificity of this historical analysis. It has not been one policy, there has been no cooption, and its breadth has only increased. Every relevant indicator implies that governments intended to help disabled people with these policies. Don't think of the aff as defending a policy but rather a movement, which qualified immunity stands in the way of. 40 + 41 +Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP) 42 +The legislative history of the Rehabilitation Act reveals that Con gress intended to supply disabled 43 +AND 44 +Congress intended that each be broadly interpreted to provide effective remedies against discrimination... 45 + 46 +Qualified immunity stands directly in conflict with the legislative history of disability discrimination statutes. There are two scenarios where it removes damages all together. 47 + 48 +Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP) 49 +First, because damages may not be obtained from the federal gov ernment under the 50 +AND 51 +is wholly inapplicable to actions for damages brought under the disability discrimination statutes. 52 + 53 +Upholding policies like the ADA combats the invisibility of disabled people in society. 54 + 55 +Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP) 56 +The legislative history of the ADA likewise mandates a broad construction of the Act. 57 +AND 58 +ADA "must be in terpreted broadly to carry out its purpose." n154 59 + 60 +Recognition of the disabled body creates ruptures in status quo thinking that challenge societal prejudice. Campbell 09 61 + 62 +Campbell, Griffith University, 9 (Fiona Kumari, 2009, "Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness," page 12-13, Date Accessed: 7/7) 63 +Returning to the matter of definitional clarity around abled(ness), Robert McRuer ( 64 +AND 65 +'unavoidable duality' by putting forward another metaphor, that of the mirror. 66 + 67 +Advantage 2 is Police Brutality 68 +ADA suits are going to be popular to resist police violence, two scenarios: 69 + 70 +Excessive force. 71 + 72 +Harrington '01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor of Law, The University of Texas. B.A., Pontifical College Josephinum, 1968; M.A.(Philosophy), University of Detroit, 1970; J.D., University of Detroit, 1973. Director, Americans with Disabilities Act National Backup Center, 1995-1998. The author has been lead counsel or co-counsel in more than 350 ADA cases. "A RE-BIRTH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LITIGATION: USING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT TO OVERCOME SECTION 1983 HURDLES AND HOLD GOVERNMENT AND POLICE ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years" 2001 | SP) 73 +In light of Yeskey, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed a summary judgment 74 +AND 75 +on the police to handle problematic situations with people who have disabilities.172 76 + 77 +Suicide Calls and Emergencies – will require a paradigmatic shift. 78 + 79 +Harrington '01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor of Law, The University of Texas. B.A., Pontifical College Josephinum, 1968; M.A.(Philosophy), University of Detroit, 1970; J.D., University of Detroit, 1973. Director, Americans with Disabilities Act National Backup Center, 1995-1998. The author has been lead counsel or co-counsel in more than 350 ADA cases. "A RE-BIRTH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LITIGATION: USING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT TO OVERCOME SECTION 1983 HURDLES AND HOLD GOVERNMENT AND POLICE ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years" 2001 | SP) 80 +Another common call to the police is for help with an individual who has suicidal 81 +AND 82 +175 There will likely continue to be considerable litigation in this area.176 83 + 84 +The aff holds police accountable for this violence and deters future violations of disability discrimination status. Q/I makes being a plaintiff impossible. 85 + 86 +Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP) 87 +The United States Congress has endeavored to guarantee the equal participation of the disabled in 88 +AND 89 +construed to provide disabled individuals with broad remedies should they suffer discrimination. n14 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,61 @@ 1 +I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. 2 +To clarify, here’s a comprehensive list of things the First Amendment does not permit –obscenity, expression that causes injury, and remarks that cause violence 3 +Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, “Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment”, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM) 4 +The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law. . . mere “political hyperbole.” 5 + Framework 6 +The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case 7 +Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10 8 +Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.” 9 +I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong... all human possibility.82 10 + 11 +Adv 1: Innovation 12 +Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment 13 +Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, “Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus”, pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM) 14 +Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels... most socially acceptable targets. 15 + 16 +This hamstrings innovation ~-~-- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-requisite to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures 17 +ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. “Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education”, pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM) 18 +The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of research and teaching. To fulfill this function a free...persuasion, example, and argument. 19 + 20 +Free speech on public colleges is a key internal link to scientific discovery ~-~-- campus speech restrictions allows for worse forms of coercion that skews data and a culture of open debate is key to advancement 21 +Economist 16 (“Under Attack”, “The Inconvenient Truth”, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21699909-curbs-free-speech-are-growing-tighter-it-time-speak-out-under-attack, EmmieeM) 22 +Intolerance among Western liberals also has wholly unintended consequences...grow a tougher hide. 23 + 24 +Constant innovation in the chemical industry is key to check emerging diseases 25 +NRC 2002, National Research Council Committee on Challenges for Chemical Sciences in the 21st century “National Security and Homeland Defense” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114822/)//a-berg 26 + 27 +Many drugs are produced by either chemical synthesis or biosynthetic processes. ...also remains a challenge to industry. 28 + 29 +Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes heg bad impacts so it’s try or die for the AFF 30 +Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 (“The Economy and National Security,” National Review, February 8th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011) 31 +Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe ...era of multi-polarity. 32 + 33 +Adv 2: Terror 34 +Colleges can serve as unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but college censorship is ruining that ~-~-- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil “Other” 35 +Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,“How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’”, “Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber” – “Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?”, http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM) 36 +In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America is Tearing Us Apart, journalist Bill Bishop compellingly argues that the United States is growing more politically polarized ...societal innovation demands. 37 + 38 +Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them ~-~- speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism 39 +Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, “Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism”, https://books.google.com/books?id=_kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM) 40 +First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities...with time available to act. 41 + 42 +Lone wolf attackers are a unique threat – harder to track due to no required communication and much more deadly due to lack of constraints 43 +Simon 13 (Jeffrey Simon – runs a terror and security consulting company; former RAND analyst; UCLA lecturer; published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, Foreign Policy, The Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence, The Columbia Journal of World Business, and The New York Times, “Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=MQxRCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PA3andots=w6d3tqK3hqandsig=zd9pzTPhaC2w5xBQPm1Uc3FSDHc#v=onepageandqandf=false, 44 +pgs. 4, EmmieeM) 45 +With the lone wolf terrorist threat growing and attracting increased attention throughout the world, it is important to try to understand...yet still very effective. 46 + 47 +Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves ~-~-- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs 48 +Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, “Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc) 49 +Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released an assessment of US far-right extremism...suppressed for political or ideological reasons. 50 + 51 +Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems 52 +Ackerman and Pinson 14 Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, “An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014 53 +The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons and isolated actors come and whether ...lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19 54 +Solvency 55 +Censoring hate speech entrenches racism ~-~-- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication 56 +Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, “Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship”, “The Prohibitionist Challenge”, pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM) 57 +American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness...non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse. 58 + 59 +Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness ~-~-- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues 60 +Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, “Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought”, “2.8 Conclusion”, https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM) 61 +The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts... behaviour, are optimized. - EntryDate
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