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Summary

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1 -===Fwk===
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -====The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.====
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -====First, the constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95 ====
10 -Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
11 -The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
12 -
13 -AND
14 -
15 -thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
16 -
17 -
18 -
19 -====Second, only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Physical realism is the only meaningful ontological theory of being. Williams,====
20 -**Donald Williams. "Naturalism and the Nature of Things." The Philosophical Review, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1944), pp. 417-443. Duke UP. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2181355**
21 -Casting up our accounts to this point, we observe that physical realism is in
22 -
23 -AND
24 -
25 -in patterns of action in the ordered dimensions of a spatio-temporal hypersphere
26 -
27 -
28 -
29 -====Third is the act omission distinction, governments are morally responsible for their omissions because they always face choices between different sets of policy options, all of which advantage some while disadvantaging others.====
30 -Cass R. Sunstein and Vermeule Adrian ~~"Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, and Life-Life Tradeoffs. Copyright (c) 2005 The Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University. Stanford Law Review December,2005 58 Stan. L. Rev. 703~~
31 -The critics of capital punishment have been led astray by uncritically applying the act/
32 -
33 -AND
34 -
35 -creating entitlements ~~*722~~ and prohibitions, is not inaction at all.
36 -
37 -
38 -
39 -===Plan===
40 -
41 -
42 -
43 -====Plan Text: All countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power in outer space. ====
44 -
45 -
46 -
47 -**====We must ban nuclear power used in outer space====**
48 -**Grossman, 15**
49 -Karl Grossman (professor of journalism at the State University of New York College at Old Westbury. For more than 45 years he has pioneered the combination of investigative reporting and environmental journalism in a variety of media), 6-29-2015, "The Perils of Nuclear-Powered Space Flights," counterpunch.org, http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/06/29/the-perils-of-nuclear-powered-space-flights/
50 -When the Cassini space probe was sent off to Saturn in 1997—with three
51 -
52 -AND
53 -
54 -something the public nor the planet can afford to take a chance on."
55 -
56 -
57 -
58 -====Inherency and Uniqueness- nuclear reactors on spacecraft will be used to generate thrust—it’s the current future of space exploration. Zolfagharifard ‘16====
59 -**Ellie Zolfagharifard For Dailymail, 3-18-2016, "Nasa wants to use nuclear rockets to get to Mars," Mail Online, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3499441/Nasa-wants-use-nuclear-rockets-Mars-Space-agency-claims-technique-effective-way-reaching-red-planet.html**
60 -Nuclear thermal propulsion is 'the most effective' way of sending humans to Mars. That's
61 -
62 -AND
63 -
64 -'Advanced nuclear propulsion systems could have extremely high performance and unique capabilities.'
65 -
66 -
67 -
68 -===Accidents Advantage===
69 -
70 -
71 -
72 -====The chance of a nuclear accident due to space propulsion is high—affects billions. Bryson ‘96====
73 -**Chris Bryson, December 1996 "Cassini — NASA'S Millennial Nuclear Nightmare," Christian Science Monitor, http://www.animatedsoftware.com/cassini/crbryson.htm**
74 -Post-graduate geology student Leo Alvarado also witnessed the accident and telephoned the local
75 -
76 -AND
77 -
78 -that we are never going to have one of these things come down?"
79 -
80 -
81 -
82 -====An nuclear space accident causes a massive EMP detonation.====
83 -**Staughton ’16 (John Staughton, February 2016, What Would Happen If A Nuke Exploded In Space? https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/happen-nuke-exploded-space.html )**
84 -Perhaps even more worrying than the huge amount of radiation being dropped into Earth’s atmosphere
85 -
86 -AND
87 -
88 -the widespread technological devastation from an EMP big enough to shut down Texas!
89 -
90 -
91 -
92 -====Extinction ====
93 -Pry 10 (Peter Vincent, director of the U.S. Nuclear Strategy Forum, "What America Needs to Know About EMPs" http://wethearmed.com/index.php?topic=8450.0)
94 -EMP is not just a threat to computers and electronic gadgets, but to all
95 -
96 -AND
97 -
98 -to the United States and advocated immediate implementation of the EMP Commission's recommendations.
99 -
100 -
101 -
102 -===Space Militarization Advantage===
103 -
104 -
105 -
106 -====Nuclear power in space leads to space weapons—inevitable consequence and hidden motive for nuclear space programs. Grossman ‘03 ====
107 -**Karl Grossman, professor of journalism at the State University of New York/College at Old Westbury, February 5 2003, "Nukes-in-Space in Columbia's Wake", http://www.space4peace.org/articles/columbiaswake.htm**
108 -Gagnon, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space,
109 -
110 -AND
111 -
112 -of what kind of seed do we carry with us out into space."
113 -
114 -
115 -
116 -====Space weaponization causes extinction—outweighs nuclear war. Mitchell ‘01 ====
117 -**Mitchell, 01 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh (Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, "Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads", No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html)**
118 -A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence
119 -
120 -AND
121 -
122 -space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.
123 -
124 -
125 -
126 -===Space Col Bad – Ozone Loss===
127 -
128 -
129 -
130 -====Increased space launches risks massive ozone destruction. UCS ‘02====
131 -**Union of Concerned Scientists 02, (The Science of Ozone Depletion "© Union of Concerned Scientists Page Last Revised: 10.24.2002", http://www.ucsusa.org/global'environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551)**
132 -The solid rocket strap-on motors used in the most powerful space launch systems
133 -
134 -AND
135 -
136 -the ozone layer, these problems could cause widespread destruction of life.
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1 -=1NC Shell=
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -====The only viable energy sources we currently have other than nuclear are fossil fuels – renewable shift is possible, but natural gas will have to be used as a bridge====
6 -**Smil 15** (Vaclav Smil – Distinguished Professor Emeritus who has published over 37 books and works in interdisciplinary research in areas such as energy, environment, and public policy. He has been a consultant for several international organizations and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Canada, which is a science academy. "Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21^^st^^ Century", http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119012864.html, pg. x, EmmieeM)
7 -To many forward-looking energy experts, this may seem to be a strangely
8 -
9 -AND
10 -
11 -thorough understanding of requirements, benefits, and challenges of natural gas ascendance.
12 -
13 -
14 -
15 -====Renewables require back-up due to intermittency – natural gas industry will expand in conjunction with renewables====
16 -**Trembath et al 13 **(Alex, policy analyst in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough Institute, where he researches and writes about renewable energy technologies, American federal energy policy and the history of public investments in technological innovation, and Max Luke, policy associate in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough, where his research focused on a range of energy issues and topics including nuclear power, natural gas, renewables, energy efficiency rebound and backfire, national energy subsidies, and electricity systems, with Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, "Coal Killer: How Natural Gas Fuels the Clean Energy Revolution", http://thebreakthrough.org/images/main'image/Breakthrough'Institute'Coal'Killer.pdf)
17 -Gas-fired power provides cheap, low-carbon, and flexible backup support
18 -
19 -AND
20 -
21 -power sources and can ramp as fast as 100 MW per minute.97
22 -
23 -
24 -
25 -====Natural gas is key to Russian expansionism – they hold a monopoly on the global LNG market====
26 -Hermant, 14 (ABC's Moscow correspondent from 2010-13. He returned in March 2014 to cover the Ukraine crisis from Moscow and Kiev. (Norman, "Russia's natural gas is Vladimir Putin's political and economical weapon," ABC Australia, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-16/natural-gas-is-putins-political-and-economical-weapon/5394030) //IS
27 -For Vladimir Putin, natural gas is not just a resource. It is an
28 -
29 -AND
30 -
31 -it seem like energy from Russia is simply part of the European fabric.
32 -
33 -
34 -
35 -====Russian expansionism triggers multiple scenarios for extinction====
36 -**Blank 9**,( strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989; former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base; B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, March. "RUSSIA AND ARMS CONTROL: ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION?"
37 -Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks
38 -
39 -AND
40 -
41 -make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172
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1 -==Framework==
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -====The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias====
6 -**Chandler 7** (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
7 -Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
8 -
9 -AND
10 -
11 -, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time.
12 -
13 -
14 -
15 -====Focus on large apocalyptic scenarios justifies atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual forming methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine====
16 -**Matheson 15** (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
17 -The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
18 -
19 -AND
20 -
21 -the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.
22 -
23 -
24 -
25 -====Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question-educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices====
26 -**Crawford 16** (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
27 -While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and
28 -
29 -AND
30 -
31 -has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war.
32 -
33 -
34 -
35 -====Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state====
36 -**Crawford 16** (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM)
37 -War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective.
38 -
39 -AND
40 -
41 -may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes.
42 -
43 -
44 -
45 -==Offense ==
46 -
47 -
48 -
49 -====Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights====
50 -**Giroux 6** (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
51 -Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
52 -
53 -AND
54 -
55 -the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).
56 -
57 -
58 -
59 -====The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical and brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible -struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.====
60 -**Chatterjee 14** (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
61 -State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
62 -
63 -AND
64 -
65 -the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state.
66 -
67 -
68 -
69 -====Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the squo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization. ====
70 -**McClintock 9** (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
71 -The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
72 -
73 -AND
74 -
75 -contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11
76 -
77 -
78 -
79 -====Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. ====
80 -**Downs 4** (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
81 -During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
82 -
83 -AND
84 -
85 -commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.
86 -
87 -
88 -
89 -==Solvency ==
90 -
91 -
92 -
93 -====The affirmative is an act of carpentry –you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who can’t survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology====
94 -**Bryant 12** — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11^^th^^, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
95 -I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
96 -
97 -AND
98 -
99 -. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.
100 -
101 -
102 -
103 -====The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF. ====
104 -**Ivie 5** (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)
105 -Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War
106 -
107 -AND
108 -
109 -it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?
110 -
111 -
112 -
113 -==UV==
114 -
115 -
116 -
117 -====Aff gets RVIs because ====
118 -
119 -
120 -
121 -====1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse. ====
122 -
123 -
124 -
125 -====2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC ====
126 -
127 -
128 -
129 -====3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm. ====
130 -
131 -
132 -
133 -====Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies. ====
134 -**Zanotti 13** — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300)
135 -Conclusion
136 -In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance
137 -
138 -AND
139 -
140 -not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84
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1 -====Most college campuses are prohibiting campus carry in the squo====
2 -**Anderson 16** (Nick Anderson – Washington Post, "If You Want to Carry a Gun on Campus, These States Say Yes", https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/01/27/if-you-want-to-carry-a-gun-on-campus-these-states-say-yes/?utm'term=.a7fb4735acfd, EmmieeM)
3 -Debate continues to boil in Texas over a new law allowing concealed weapons across college
4 -
5 -AND
6 -
7 -, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina and Tennessee.
8 -
9 -
10 -
11 -====Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message ====
12 -**Blanchfield 14’**
13 -~~"What do Guns Say?" - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics //AC~~
14 -Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land
15 -
16 -AND
17 -
18 -one such event told reporters. "But that’s not going to happen."
19 -
20 -
21 -
22 -====Campus carry is associated with increasing rates of assault, aggressiveness, a chilling effect, and permit background checks don’t check====
23 -**PHW 14** (Public Health Watch 14, https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/, EmmieeM)
24 -In the wake of tragic shootings at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University, a
25 -
26 -AND
27 -
28 -to the detriment of the students, universities and ultimately, the nation.
29 -
30 -
31 -
32 -====Guns on campus are a symbolic political tool to assert dominance over minorities and maintain status quo hierarchies ====
33 -**Kautzer 15**
34 -~~Kautzer Chad. Good Guys with Guns: From Popular Sovereignty to Self-Defensive Subjectivity. Law Critique (2015) 26:173–187 DOI 10.1007/s10978-015-9156-x. April 8, 2015. Chad Kautzer is a Philosophy Proffessor at Lehigh University Last year he was a Visiting Research Scholar in the Philosophy Department at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and has twice held fellowships at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat in Germany. His specialization areas are Critical Theory; Philosophy of Law and Right; Social and Political Philosophy; Race and Gender Theory; Marxism; and Hegel.
35 -//AC~~
36 -My students bring guns to class. This is troubling,
37 -
38 -AND
39 -
40 -that constitute the ruler or sovereign subjects through subjugating violence beyond the law.
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1 -====Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral fameworks. Marsh 95,====
2 -Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
3 -Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
4 -
5 -AND
6 -
7 -move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.
8 -
9 -
10 -
11 -====Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any facult truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat. Chatterjee and Maira 14====
12 -**Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.**
13 -Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work
14 -
15 -AND
16 -
17 -of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11
18 -
19 -
20 -
21 -====Free speech is an illusion propagated by corporatists – their model of rights assumes an equal playing field analogous to free market economists view of capital. The promotion of free speech perpetuates the idea that speech is a commodity, which strengthens neoliberalism’s hold on the academy. Brown 15====
22 -**Brown, Wendy. Undoing the demos: Neoliberalism's stealth revolution. MIT Press, 2015.**
23 -At times, kennedy raises the pitch in Citizens United to depict limits on corporate
24 -
25 -AND
26 -
27 -warring forces parallel to those of government and capital in a neoliberal economy.
28 -
29 -
30 -
31 -====This turns the case – the commodification of speech reflects the capitalist illusion of freedom. It makes speech meaningless and kills value to life. Smith ‘14====
32 -R.C. **Smith** April 24, 20**14** "POWER, CAPITAL and THE RISE OF THE MASS SURVEILLANCE STATE: ON THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRACY, ETHICS, DISENCHANTMENT and CRITICAL THEORY" Heathwood Institute and Press http://www.heathwoodpress.com/power-capital-the-rise-of-the-mass-surveillance-state-on-the-absence-of-democracy-ethics-disenchantment-critical-theory/ JJN from file
33 -One pressing issue, moreover, is that majority of the popular movements that have
34 -
35 -AND
36 -
37 -which produces and reproduces the epistemic context of its own validity.~~13~~
38 -
39 -
40 -
41 -====The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change. ====
42 -Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick).
43 -Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
44 -
45 -AND
46 -
47 -find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.
48 -
49 -
50 -
51 -====Our critique independently outweighs the case - neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause to go unquestioned. Farbod 15====
52 - ( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2)
53 -Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises
54 -
55 -AND
56 -
57 -enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return.
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1 -Kelly Shen Jan Feb Cap K
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1 -Harvard Westlake
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1 +==Framework==
2 +
3 +
4 +
5 +====The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias====
6 +**Chandler 7** (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
7 +Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
8 +
9 +AND
10 +
11 +, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time.
12 +
13 +
14 +
15 +====Focus on large apocalyptic scenarios justifies atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual forming methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine====
16 +**Matheson 15** (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
17 +The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
18 +
19 +AND
20 +
21 +the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.
22 +
23 +
24 +
25 +====Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question-educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices====
26 +**Crawford 16** (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
27 +While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and
28 +
29 +AND
30 +
31 +has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war.
32 +
33 +
34 +
35 +====Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state====
36 +**Crawford 16** (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM)
37 +War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective.
38 +
39 +AND
40 +
41 +may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes.
42 +
43 +
44 +
45 +==Offense ==
46 +
47 +
48 +
49 +====Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights====
50 +**Giroux 6** (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
51 +Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
52 +
53 +AND
54 +
55 +the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).
56 +
57 +
58 +
59 +====The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical and brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible -struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.====
60 +**Chatterjee 14** (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
61 +State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
62 +
63 +AND
64 +
65 +the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state.
66 +
67 +
68 +
69 +====Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the squo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization. ====
70 +**McClintock 9** (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
71 +The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
72 +
73 +AND
74 +
75 +contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11
76 +
77 +
78 +
79 +====Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. ====
80 +**Downs 4** (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
81 +During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
82 +
83 +AND
84 +
85 +commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.
86 +
87 +
88 +
89 +==Solvency ==
90 +
91 +
92 +
93 +====The affirmative is an act of carpentry –you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who can’t survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology====
94 +**Bryant 12** — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11^^th^^, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
95 +I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
96 +
97 +AND
98 +
99 +. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.
100 +
101 +
102 +
103 +====The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF. ====
104 +**Ivie 5** (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)
105 +Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War
106 +
107 +AND
108 +
109 +it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?
110 +
111 +
112 +
113 +==UV==
114 +
115 +
116 +
117 +====Aff gets RVIs because ====
118 +
119 +
120 +
121 +====1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse. ====
122 +
123 +
124 +
125 +====2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC ====
126 +
127 +
128 +
129 +====3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm. ====
130 +
131 +
132 +
133 +====Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies. ====
134 +**Zanotti 13** — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300)
135 +Conclusion
136 +In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance
137 +
138 +AND
139 +
140 +not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84
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1 +2017-01-15 00:28:24.0
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1 +xx
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1 +1
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1 +Harker Shen Neg
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1 +Jan Feb War on Terror Aff
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1 +Harvard Westlake
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1 +====Most college campuses are prohibiting campus carry in the squo====
2 +**Anderson 16** (Nick Anderson – Washington Post, "If You Want to Carry a Gun on Campus, These States Say Yes", https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/01/27/if-you-want-to-carry-a-gun-on-campus-these-states-say-yes/?utm'term=.a7fb4735acfd, EmmieeM)
3 +Debate continues to boil in Texas over a new law allowing concealed weapons across college
4 +
5 +AND
6 +
7 +, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina and Tennessee.
8 +
9 +
10 +
11 +====Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message ====
12 +**Blanchfield 14’**
13 +~~"What do Guns Say?" - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics //AC~~
14 +Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land
15 +
16 +AND
17 +
18 +one such event told reporters. "But that’s not going to happen."
19 +
20 +
21 +
22 +====Campus carry is associated with increasing rates of assault, aggressiveness, a chilling effect, and permit background checks don’t check====
23 +**PHW 14** (Public Health Watch 14, https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/, EmmieeM)
24 +In the wake of tragic shootings at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University, a
25 +
26 +AND
27 +
28 +to the detriment of the students, universities and ultimately, the nation.
29 +
30 +
31 +
32 +====Guns on campus are a symbolic political tool to assert dominance over minorities and maintain status quo hierarchies ====
33 +**Kautzer 15**
34 +~~Kautzer Chad. Good Guys with Guns: From Popular Sovereignty to Self-Defensive Subjectivity. Law Critique (2015) 26:173–187 DOI 10.1007/s10978-015-9156-x. April 8, 2015. Chad Kautzer is a Philosophy Proffessor at Lehigh University Last year he was a Visiting Research Scholar in the Philosophy Department at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and has twice held fellowships at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat in Germany. His specialization areas are Critical Theory; Philosophy of Law and Right; Social and Political Philosophy; Race and Gender Theory; Marxism; and Hegel.
35 +//AC~~
36 +My students bring guns to class. This is troubling,
37 +
38 +AND
39 +
40 +that constitute the ruler or sovereign subjects through subjugating violence beyond the law.
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1 +2017-01-15 00:28:49.0
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1 +xx
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1 +xx
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1 +29
Round
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1 +1
Team
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1 +Harker Shen Neg
Title
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1 +Jan Feb Hate Speech DA
Tournament
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1 +Harvard Westlake
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Cites
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1 +====Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral fameworks. Marsh 95,====
2 +Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
3 +Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
4 +
5 +AND
6 +
7 +move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.
8 +
9 +
10 +
11 +====Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any facult truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat. Chatterjee and Maira 14====
12 +**Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.**
13 +Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work
14 +
15 +AND
16 +
17 +of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11
18 +
19 +
20 +
21 +====Free speech is an illusion propagated by corporatists – their model of rights assumes an equal playing field analogous to free market economists view of capital. The promotion of free speech perpetuates the idea that speech is a commodity, which strengthens neoliberalism’s hold on the academy. Brown 15====
22 +**Brown, Wendy. Undoing the demos: Neoliberalism's stealth revolution. MIT Press, 2015.**
23 +At times, kennedy raises the pitch in Citizens United to depict limits on corporate
24 +
25 +AND
26 +
27 +warring forces parallel to those of government and capital in a neoliberal economy.
28 +
29 +
30 +
31 +====This turns the case – the commodification of speech reflects the capitalist illusion of freedom. It makes speech meaningless and kills value to life. Smith ‘14====
32 +R.C. **Smith** April 24, 20**14** "POWER, CAPITAL and THE RISE OF THE MASS SURVEILLANCE STATE: ON THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRACY, ETHICS, DISENCHANTMENT and CRITICAL THEORY" Heathwood Institute and Press http://www.heathwoodpress.com/power-capital-the-rise-of-the-mass-surveillance-state-on-the-absence-of-democracy-ethics-disenchantment-critical-theory/ JJN from file
33 +One pressing issue, moreover, is that majority of the popular movements that have
34 +
35 +AND
36 +
37 +which produces and reproduces the epistemic context of its own validity.~~13~~
38 +
39 +
40 +
41 +====The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change. ====
42 +Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick).
43 +Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
44 +
45 +AND
46 +
47 +find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.
48 +
49 +
50 +
51 +====Our critique independently outweighs the case - neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause to go unquestioned. Farbod 15====
52 + ( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2)
53 +Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises
54 +
55 +AND
56 +
57 +enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return.
EntryDate
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1 +2017-01-15 00:29:08.0
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1 +xx
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1 +xx
ParentRound
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1 +30
Round
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1 +3
Team
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1 +Harker Shen Neg
Title
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1 +Jan Feb Cap K
Tournament
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1 +Harvard Westlake
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Cites
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1 +=1NC Shell=
2 +
3 +
4 +
5 +====The only viable energy sources we currently have other than nuclear are fossil fuels – renewable shift is possible, but natural gas will have to be used as a bridge====
6 +**Smil 15** (Vaclav Smil – Distinguished Professor Emeritus who has published over 37 books and works in interdisciplinary research in areas such as energy, environment, and public policy. He has been a consultant for several international organizations and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Canada, which is a science academy. "Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21^^st^^ Century", http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119012864.html, pg. x, EmmieeM)
7 +To many forward-looking energy experts, this may seem to be a strangely
8 +
9 +AND
10 +
11 +thorough understanding of requirements, benefits, and challenges of natural gas ascendance.
12 +
13 +
14 +
15 +====Renewables require back-up due to intermittency – natural gas industry will expand in conjunction with renewables====
16 +**Trembath et al 13 **(Alex, policy analyst in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough Institute, where he researches and writes about renewable energy technologies, American federal energy policy and the history of public investments in technological innovation, and Max Luke, policy associate in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough, where his research focused on a range of energy issues and topics including nuclear power, natural gas, renewables, energy efficiency rebound and backfire, national energy subsidies, and electricity systems, with Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, "Coal Killer: How Natural Gas Fuels the Clean Energy Revolution", http://thebreakthrough.org/images/main'image/Breakthrough'Institute'Coal'Killer.pdf)
17 +Gas-fired power provides cheap, low-carbon, and flexible backup support
18 +
19 +AND
20 +
21 +power sources and can ramp as fast as 100 MW per minute.97
22 +
23 +
24 +
25 +====Natural gas is key to Russian expansionism – they hold a monopoly on the global LNG market====
26 +Hermant, 14 (ABC's Moscow correspondent from 2010-13. He returned in March 2014 to cover the Ukraine crisis from Moscow and Kiev. (Norman, "Russia's natural gas is Vladimir Putin's political and economical weapon," ABC Australia, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-16/natural-gas-is-putins-political-and-economical-weapon/5394030) //IS
27 +For Vladimir Putin, natural gas is not just a resource. It is an
28 +
29 +AND
30 +
31 +it seem like energy from Russia is simply part of the European fabric.
32 +
33 +
34 +
35 +====Russian expansionism triggers multiple scenarios for extinction====
36 +**Blank 9**,( strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989; former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base; B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, March. "RUSSIA AND ARMS CONTROL: ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION?"
37 +Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks
38 +
39 +AND
40 +
41 +make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172
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Round
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1 +Harker Shen Neg
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1 +Sep Oct Natural Gas DA
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1 +Valley
Caselist.CitesClass[24]
Cites
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1 +===Fwk===
2 +
3 +
4 +
5 +====The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.====
6 +
7 +
8 +
9 +====First, the constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95 ====
10 +Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
11 +The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
12 +
13 +AND
14 +
15 +thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
16 +
17 +
18 +
19 +====Second, only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Physical realism is the only meaningful ontological theory of being. Williams,====
20 +**Donald Williams. "Naturalism and the Nature of Things." The Philosophical Review, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1944), pp. 417-443. Duke UP. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2181355**
21 +Casting up our accounts to this point, we observe that physical realism is in
22 +
23 +AND
24 +
25 +in patterns of action in the ordered dimensions of a spatio-temporal hypersphere
26 +
27 +
28 +
29 +====Third is the act omission distinction, governments are morally responsible for their omissions because they always face choices between different sets of policy options, all of which advantage some while disadvantaging others.====
30 +Cass R. Sunstein and Vermeule Adrian ~~"Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, and Life-Life Tradeoffs. Copyright (c) 2005 The Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University. Stanford Law Review December,2005 58 Stan. L. Rev. 703~~
31 +The critics of capital punishment have been led astray by uncritically applying the act/
32 +
33 +AND
34 +
35 +creating entitlements ~~*722~~ and prohibitions, is not inaction at all.
36 +
37 +
38 +
39 +===Plan===
40 +
41 +
42 +
43 +====Plan Text: All countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power in outer space. ====
44 +
45 +
46 +
47 +**====We must ban nuclear power used in outer space====**
48 +**Grossman, 15**
49 +Karl Grossman (professor of journalism at the State University of New York College at Old Westbury. For more than 45 years he has pioneered the combination of investigative reporting and environmental journalism in a variety of media), 6-29-2015, "The Perils of Nuclear-Powered Space Flights," counterpunch.org, http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/06/29/the-perils-of-nuclear-powered-space-flights/
50 +When the Cassini space probe was sent off to Saturn in 1997—with three
51 +
52 +AND
53 +
54 +something the public nor the planet can afford to take a chance on."
55 +
56 +
57 +
58 +====Inherency and Uniqueness- nuclear reactors on spacecraft will be used to generate thrust—it’s the current future of space exploration. Zolfagharifard ‘16====
59 +**Ellie Zolfagharifard For Dailymail, 3-18-2016, "Nasa wants to use nuclear rockets to get to Mars," Mail Online, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3499441/Nasa-wants-use-nuclear-rockets-Mars-Space-agency-claims-technique-effective-way-reaching-red-planet.html**
60 +Nuclear thermal propulsion is 'the most effective' way of sending humans to Mars. That's
61 +
62 +AND
63 +
64 +'Advanced nuclear propulsion systems could have extremely high performance and unique capabilities.'
65 +
66 +
67 +
68 +===Accidents Advantage===
69 +
70 +
71 +
72 +====The chance of a nuclear accident due to space propulsion is high—affects billions. Bryson ‘96====
73 +**Chris Bryson, December 1996 "Cassini — NASA'S Millennial Nuclear Nightmare," Christian Science Monitor, http://www.animatedsoftware.com/cassini/crbryson.htm**
74 +Post-graduate geology student Leo Alvarado also witnessed the accident and telephoned the local
75 +
76 +AND
77 +
78 +that we are never going to have one of these things come down?"
79 +
80 +
81 +
82 +====An nuclear space accident causes a massive EMP detonation.====
83 +**Staughton ’16 (John Staughton, February 2016, What Would Happen If A Nuke Exploded In Space? https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/happen-nuke-exploded-space.html )**
84 +Perhaps even more worrying than the huge amount of radiation being dropped into Earth’s atmosphere
85 +
86 +AND
87 +
88 +the widespread technological devastation from an EMP big enough to shut down Texas!
89 +
90 +
91 +
92 +====Extinction ====
93 +Pry 10 (Peter Vincent, director of the U.S. Nuclear Strategy Forum, "What America Needs to Know About EMPs" http://wethearmed.com/index.php?topic=8450.0)
94 +EMP is not just a threat to computers and electronic gadgets, but to all
95 +
96 +AND
97 +
98 +to the United States and advocated immediate implementation of the EMP Commission's recommendations.
99 +
100 +
101 +
102 +===Space Militarization Advantage===
103 +
104 +
105 +
106 +====Nuclear power in space leads to space weapons—inevitable consequence and hidden motive for nuclear space programs. Grossman ‘03 ====
107 +**Karl Grossman, professor of journalism at the State University of New York/College at Old Westbury, February 5 2003, "Nukes-in-Space in Columbia's Wake", http://www.space4peace.org/articles/columbiaswake.htm**
108 +Gagnon, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space,
109 +
110 +AND
111 +
112 +of what kind of seed do we carry with us out into space."
113 +
114 +
115 +
116 +====Space weaponization causes extinction—outweighs nuclear war. Mitchell ‘01 ====
117 +**Mitchell, 01 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh (Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, "Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads", No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html)**
118 +A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence
119 +
120 +AND
121 +
122 +space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.
123 +
124 +
125 +
126 +===Space Col Bad – Ozone Loss===
127 +
128 +
129 +
130 +====Increased space launches risks massive ozone destruction. UCS ‘02====
131 +**Union of Concerned Scientists 02, (The Science of Ozone Depletion "© Union of Concerned Scientists Page Last Revised: 10.24.2002", http://www.ucsusa.org/global'environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551)**
132 +The solid rocket strap-on motors used in the most powerful space launch systems
133 +
134 +AND
135 +
136 +the ozone layer, these problems could cause widespread destruction of life.
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1 +1
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1 +Sep Oct Space Aff
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1 +Valley
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1 +1
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1 +Harvard Westlake
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1 +21
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1 +2017-01-15 00:28:44.0
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1 +1
Tournament
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1 +Harvard Westlake
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1 +22
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1 +2017-01-15 00:29:06.0
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Tournament
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1 +Harvard Westlake
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1 +23
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1 +2017-01-15 00:30:02.0
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