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... ... @@ -1,136 +1,0 @@ 1 -===Fwk=== 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 -====The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.==== 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -====First, the constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95 ==== 10 -Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7 11 -The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids 12 - 13 -AND 14 - 15 -thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy. 16 - 17 - 18 - 19 -====Second, only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Physical realism is the only meaningful ontological theory of being. Williams,==== 20 -**Donald Williams. "Naturalism and the Nature of Things." The Philosophical Review, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1944), pp. 417-443. Duke UP. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2181355** 21 -Casting up our accounts to this point, we observe that physical realism is in 22 - 23 -AND 24 - 25 -in patterns of action in the ordered dimensions of a spatio-temporal hypersphere 26 - 27 - 28 - 29 -====Third is the act omission distinction, governments are morally responsible for their omissions because they always face choices between different sets of policy options, all of which advantage some while disadvantaging others.==== 30 -Cass R. Sunstein and Vermeule Adrian ~~"Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, and Life-Life Tradeoffs. Copyright (c) 2005 The Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University. Stanford Law Review December,2005 58 Stan. L. Rev. 703~~ 31 -The critics of capital punishment have been led astray by uncritically applying the act/ 32 - 33 -AND 34 - 35 -creating entitlements ~~*722~~ and prohibitions, is not inaction at all. 36 - 37 - 38 - 39 -===Plan=== 40 - 41 - 42 - 43 -====Plan Text: All countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power in outer space. ==== 44 - 45 - 46 - 47 -**====We must ban nuclear power used in outer space====** 48 -**Grossman, 15** 49 -Karl Grossman (professor of journalism at the State University of New York College at Old Westbury. For more than 45 years he has pioneered the combination of investigative reporting and environmental journalism in a variety of media), 6-29-2015, "The Perils of Nuclear-Powered Space Flights," counterpunch.org, http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/06/29/the-perils-of-nuclear-powered-space-flights/ 50 -When the Cassini space probe was sent off to Saturn in 1997—with three 51 - 52 -AND 53 - 54 -something the public nor the planet can afford to take a chance on." 55 - 56 - 57 - 58 -====Inherency and Uniqueness- nuclear reactors on spacecraft will be used to generate thrust—it’s the current future of space exploration. Zolfagharifard ‘16==== 59 -**Ellie Zolfagharifard For Dailymail, 3-18-2016, "Nasa wants to use nuclear rockets to get to Mars," Mail Online, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3499441/Nasa-wants-use-nuclear-rockets-Mars-Space-agency-claims-technique-effective-way-reaching-red-planet.html** 60 -Nuclear thermal propulsion is 'the most effective' way of sending humans to Mars. That's 61 - 62 -AND 63 - 64 -'Advanced nuclear propulsion systems could have extremely high performance and unique capabilities.' 65 - 66 - 67 - 68 -===Accidents Advantage=== 69 - 70 - 71 - 72 -====The chance of a nuclear accident due to space propulsion is high—affects billions. Bryson ‘96==== 73 -**Chris Bryson, December 1996 "Cassini — NASA'S Millennial Nuclear Nightmare," Christian Science Monitor, http://www.animatedsoftware.com/cassini/crbryson.htm** 74 -Post-graduate geology student Leo Alvarado also witnessed the accident and telephoned the local 75 - 76 -AND 77 - 78 -that we are never going to have one of these things come down?" 79 - 80 - 81 - 82 -====An nuclear space accident causes a massive EMP detonation.==== 83 -**Staughton ’16 (John Staughton, February 2016, What Would Happen If A Nuke Exploded In Space? https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/happen-nuke-exploded-space.html )** 84 -Perhaps even more worrying than the huge amount of radiation being dropped into Earth’s atmosphere 85 - 86 -AND 87 - 88 -the widespread technological devastation from an EMP big enough to shut down Texas! 89 - 90 - 91 - 92 -====Extinction ==== 93 -Pry 10 (Peter Vincent, director of the U.S. Nuclear Strategy Forum, "What America Needs to Know About EMPs" http://wethearmed.com/index.php?topic=8450.0) 94 -EMP is not just a threat to computers and electronic gadgets, but to all 95 - 96 -AND 97 - 98 -to the United States and advocated immediate implementation of the EMP Commission's recommendations. 99 - 100 - 101 - 102 -===Space Militarization Advantage=== 103 - 104 - 105 - 106 -====Nuclear power in space leads to space weapons—inevitable consequence and hidden motive for nuclear space programs. Grossman ‘03 ==== 107 -**Karl Grossman, professor of journalism at the State University of New York/College at Old Westbury, February 5 2003, "Nukes-in-Space in Columbia's Wake", http://www.space4peace.org/articles/columbiaswake.htm** 108 -Gagnon, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space, 109 - 110 -AND 111 - 112 -of what kind of seed do we carry with us out into space." 113 - 114 - 115 - 116 -====Space weaponization causes extinction—outweighs nuclear war. Mitchell ‘01 ==== 117 -**Mitchell, 01 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh (Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, "Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads", No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html)** 118 -A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence 119 - 120 -AND 121 - 122 -space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen. 123 - 124 - 125 - 126 -===Space Col Bad – Ozone Loss=== 127 - 128 - 129 - 130 -====Increased space launches risks massive ozone destruction. UCS ‘02==== 131 -**Union of Concerned Scientists 02, (The Science of Ozone Depletion "© Union of Concerned Scientists Page Last Revised: 10.24.2002", http://www.ucsusa.org/global'environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551)** 132 -The solid rocket strap-on motors used in the most powerful space launch systems 133 - 134 -AND 135 - 136 -the ozone layer, these problems could cause widespread destruction of life. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,41 +1,0 @@ 1 -=1NC Shell= 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 -====The only viable energy sources we currently have other than nuclear are fossil fuels – renewable shift is possible, but natural gas will have to be used as a bridge==== 6 -**Smil 15** (Vaclav Smil – Distinguished Professor Emeritus who has published over 37 books and works in interdisciplinary research in areas such as energy, environment, and public policy. He has been a consultant for several international organizations and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Canada, which is a science academy. "Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21^^st^^ Century", http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119012864.html, pg. x, EmmieeM) 7 -To many forward-looking energy experts, this may seem to be a strangely 8 - 9 -AND 10 - 11 -thorough understanding of requirements, benefits, and challenges of natural gas ascendance. 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 -====Renewables require back-up due to intermittency – natural gas industry will expand in conjunction with renewables==== 16 -**Trembath et al 13 **(Alex, policy analyst in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough Institute, where he researches and writes about renewable energy technologies, American federal energy policy and the history of public investments in technological innovation, and Max Luke, policy associate in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough, where his research focused on a range of energy issues and topics including nuclear power, natural gas, renewables, energy efficiency rebound and backfire, national energy subsidies, and electricity systems, with Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, "Coal Killer: How Natural Gas Fuels the Clean Energy Revolution", http://thebreakthrough.org/images/main'image/Breakthrough'Institute'Coal'Killer.pdf) 17 -Gas-fired power provides cheap, low-carbon, and flexible backup support 18 - 19 -AND 20 - 21 -power sources and can ramp as fast as 100 MW per minute.97 22 - 23 - 24 - 25 -====Natural gas is key to Russian expansionism – they hold a monopoly on the global LNG market==== 26 -Hermant, 14 (ABC's Moscow correspondent from 2010-13. He returned in March 2014 to cover the Ukraine crisis from Moscow and Kiev. (Norman, "Russia's natural gas is Vladimir Putin's political and economical weapon," ABC Australia, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-16/natural-gas-is-putins-political-and-economical-weapon/5394030) //IS 27 -For Vladimir Putin, natural gas is not just a resource. It is an 28 - 29 -AND 30 - 31 -it seem like energy from Russia is simply part of the European fabric. 32 - 33 - 34 - 35 -====Russian expansionism triggers multiple scenarios for extinction==== 36 -**Blank 9**,( strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989; former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base; B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, March. "RUSSIA AND ARMS CONTROL: ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION?" 37 -Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks 38 - 39 -AND 40 - 41 -make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,140 +1,0 @@ 1 -==Framework== 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 -====The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias==== 6 -**Chandler 7** (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM) 7 -Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped 8 - 9 -AND 10 - 11 -, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 -====Focus on large apocalyptic scenarios justifies atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual forming methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine==== 16 -**Matheson 15** (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM) 17 -The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable 18 - 19 -AND 20 - 21 -the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché. 22 - 23 - 24 - 25 -====Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question-educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices==== 26 -**Crawford 16** (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM) 27 -While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and 28 - 29 -AND 30 - 31 -has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war. 32 - 33 - 34 - 35 -====Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state==== 36 -**Crawford 16** (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM) 37 -War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective. 38 - 39 -AND 40 - 41 -may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes. 42 - 43 - 44 - 45 -==Offense == 46 - 47 - 48 - 49 -====Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights==== 50 -**Giroux 6** (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM) 51 -Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction. 52 - 53 -AND 54 - 55 -the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7). 56 - 57 - 58 - 59 -====The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical and brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible -struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.==== 60 -**Chatterjee 14** (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM) 61 -State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with 62 - 63 -AND 64 - 65 -the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 66 - 67 - 68 - 69 -====Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the squo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization. ==== 70 -**McClintock 9** (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM) 71 -The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is 72 - 73 -AND 74 - 75 -contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11 76 - 77 - 78 - 79 -====Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. ==== 80 -**Downs 4** (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM) 81 -During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom 82 - 83 -AND 84 - 85 -commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles. 86 - 87 - 88 - 89 -==Solvency == 90 - 91 - 92 - 93 -====The affirmative is an act of carpentry –you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who can’t survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology==== 94 -**Bryant 12** — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11^^th^^, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014) 95 -I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because 96 - 97 -AND 98 - 99 -. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that. 100 - 101 - 102 - 103 -====The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF. ==== 104 -**Ivie 5** (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM) 105 -Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War 106 - 107 -AND 108 - 109 -it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war? 110 - 111 - 112 - 113 -==UV== 114 - 115 - 116 - 117 -====Aff gets RVIs because ==== 118 - 119 - 120 - 121 -====1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse. ==== 122 - 123 - 124 - 125 -====2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC ==== 126 - 127 - 128 - 129 -====3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm. ==== 130 - 131 - 132 - 133 -====Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies. ==== 134 -**Zanotti 13** — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300) 135 -Conclusion 136 -In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance 137 - 138 -AND 139 - 140 -not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,40 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Most college campuses are prohibiting campus carry in the squo==== 2 -**Anderson 16** (Nick Anderson – Washington Post, "If You Want to Carry a Gun on Campus, These States Say Yes", https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/01/27/if-you-want-to-carry-a-gun-on-campus-these-states-say-yes/?utm'term=.a7fb4735acfd, EmmieeM) 3 -Debate continues to boil in Texas over a new law allowing concealed weapons across college 4 - 5 -AND 6 - 7 -, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina and Tennessee. 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 -====Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message ==== 12 -**Blanchfield 14’** 13 -~~"What do Guns Say?" - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics //AC~~ 14 -Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land 15 - 16 -AND 17 - 18 -one such event told reporters. "But that’s not going to happen." 19 - 20 - 21 - 22 -====Campus carry is associated with increasing rates of assault, aggressiveness, a chilling effect, and permit background checks don’t check==== 23 -**PHW 14** (Public Health Watch 14, https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/, EmmieeM) 24 -In the wake of tragic shootings at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University, a 25 - 26 -AND 27 - 28 -to the detriment of the students, universities and ultimately, the nation. 29 - 30 - 31 - 32 -====Guns on campus are a symbolic political tool to assert dominance over minorities and maintain status quo hierarchies ==== 33 -**Kautzer 15** 34 -~~Kautzer Chad. Good Guys with Guns: From Popular Sovereignty to Self-Defensive Subjectivity. Law Critique (2015) 26:173–187 DOI 10.1007/s10978-015-9156-x. April 8, 2015. Chad Kautzer is a Philosophy Proffessor at Lehigh University Last year he was a Visiting Research Scholar in the Philosophy Department at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and has twice held fellowships at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat in Germany. His specialization areas are Critical Theory; Philosophy of Law and Right; Social and Political Philosophy; Race and Gender Theory; Marxism; and Hegel. 35 -//AC~~ 36 -My students bring guns to class. This is troubling, 37 - 38 -AND 39 - 40 -that constitute the ruler or sovereign subjects through subjugating violence beyond the law. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,57 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral fameworks. Marsh 95,==== 2 -Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2) 3 -Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism 4 - 5 -AND 6 - 7 -move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment. 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 -====Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any facult truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat. Chatterjee and Maira 14==== 12 -**Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.** 13 -Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work 14 - 15 -AND 16 - 17 -of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11 18 - 19 - 20 - 21 -====Free speech is an illusion propagated by corporatists – their model of rights assumes an equal playing field analogous to free market economists view of capital. The promotion of free speech perpetuates the idea that speech is a commodity, which strengthens neoliberalism’s hold on the academy. Brown 15==== 22 -**Brown, Wendy. Undoing the demos: Neoliberalism's stealth revolution. MIT Press, 2015.** 23 -At times, kennedy raises the pitch in Citizens United to depict limits on corporate 24 - 25 -AND 26 - 27 -warring forces parallel to those of government and capital in a neoliberal economy. 28 - 29 - 30 - 31 -====This turns the case – the commodification of speech reflects the capitalist illusion of freedom. It makes speech meaningless and kills value to life. Smith ‘14==== 32 -R.C. **Smith** April 24, 20**14** "POWER, CAPITAL and THE RISE OF THE MASS SURVEILLANCE STATE: ON THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRACY, ETHICS, DISENCHANTMENT and CRITICAL THEORY" Heathwood Institute and Press http://www.heathwoodpress.com/power-capital-the-rise-of-the-mass-surveillance-state-on-the-absence-of-democracy-ethics-disenchantment-critical-theory/ JJN from file 33 -One pressing issue, moreover, is that majority of the popular movements that have 34 - 35 -AND 36 - 37 -which produces and reproduces the epistemic context of its own validity.~~13~~ 38 - 39 - 40 - 41 -====The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change. ==== 42 -Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick). 43 -Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an 44 - 45 -AND 46 - 47 -find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires. 48 - 49 - 50 - 51 -====Our critique independently outweighs the case - neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause to go unquestioned. Farbod 15==== 52 - ( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2) 53 -Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises 54 - 55 -AND 56 - 57 -enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -For some reason, the wiki deleted my cites so they are now open sourced. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,58 @@ 1 +===Counterplan Text=== 2 + (Countries specified in the AC) ought to replace all current nuclear power plants with HTGRs and VHTRs. 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 +===Competition=== 7 +The CP is functionally competitive – the CP ends production of all nuclear power except for HTGRs which makes it plan minus. 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 +===Solvency Advocate=== 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 +====HTGRs solve the energy crisis and are safe and meltdown proof. ==== 16 +**PR Newswire, July 15th** 17 +X-Energy (X-energy is dedicated to developing transformational nuclear energy solutions that change the world. The company is designing the Xe-100 series), 7-15-2016, "X-energy CEO Addresses Industry on HTGR Reactor Advancement," PR Newswire, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/x-energy-ceo-addresses-industry-on-htgr-reactor-advancement-300299355.html 18 +X-energy CEO Dr. Kam Ghaffarian addressed the nuclear industry at the Nuclear 19 + 20 +AND 21 + 22 +oil refining) that require steam temperatures beyond the capabilities of conventional nuclear. 23 + 24 + 25 + 26 +===Net Benefit=== 27 + 28 + 29 + 30 +====HTGRs can contribute to stopping global warming while providing as much energy as a gas-fired generator. ==== 31 +**Maize 13** 32 +**07/01/2013, Kennedy Maize (executive editor of Managing Power and a Power contributing editor), "The Beguiling Promise of the HTGR," POWER Magazine, http://www.powermag.com/the-beguiling-promise-of-the-htgr/** 33 +The claims of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) advocates are 34 + 35 +AND 36 + 37 +its own containment, able to withstand pressures of 1,000 atmospheres. 38 + 39 + 40 + 41 +====HTGRs are safe and inert during accidents.==== 42 +**Maize 13** 43 +**07/01/2013, Kennedy Maize (executive editor of Managing Power and a Power contributing editor), "The Beguiling Promise of the HTGR," POWER Magazine, http://www.powermag.com/the-beguiling-promise-of-the-htgr/** 44 +The safety features begin with the fact that the reactor has a strong negative void 45 + 46 +AND 47 + 48 +characterized, and irradiated to demonstrate acceptable non-irradiated and irradiated properties." 49 + 50 + 51 + 52 +====High temperature reactors are proliferation resistant—the temperature makes potential fissile impossible to use. Moses ‘10==== 53 +**Very High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR) Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection (PRandPP) August 2010 Prepared by David L. Moses** 54 +The key proliferation resistance feature of the VHTR fuel system is the fuel itself. 55 + 56 +AND 57 + 58 +would contain approximately two significant quantities (16 kilograms) of plutonium. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,140 @@ 1 +==Framework== 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +====The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias==== 6 +**Chandler 7** (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM) 7 +Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped 8 + 9 +AND 10 + 11 +, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 +====Focus on large apocalyptic scenarios justifies atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual forming methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine==== 16 +**Matheson 15** (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM) 17 +The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable 18 + 19 +AND 20 + 21 +the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché. 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 +====Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question-educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices==== 26 +**Crawford 16** (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM) 27 +While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and 28 + 29 +AND 30 + 31 +has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war. 32 + 33 + 34 + 35 +====Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state==== 36 +**Crawford 16** (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM) 37 +War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective. 38 + 39 +AND 40 + 41 +may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes. 42 + 43 + 44 + 45 +==Offense == 46 + 47 + 48 + 49 +====Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights==== 50 +**Giroux 6** (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM) 51 +Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction. 52 + 53 +AND 54 + 55 +the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7). 56 + 57 + 58 + 59 +====The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical and brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible -struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.==== 60 +**Chatterjee 14** (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM) 61 +State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with 62 + 63 +AND 64 + 65 +the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 66 + 67 + 68 + 69 +====Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the squo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization. ==== 70 +**McClintock 9** (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM) 71 +The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is 72 + 73 +AND 74 + 75 +contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11 76 + 77 + 78 + 79 +====Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. ==== 80 +**Downs 4** (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM) 81 +During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom 82 + 83 +AND 84 + 85 +commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles. 86 + 87 + 88 + 89 +==Solvency == 90 + 91 + 92 + 93 +====The affirmative is an act of carpentry –you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who can’t survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology==== 94 +**Bryant 12** — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11^^th^^, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014) 95 +I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because 96 + 97 +AND 98 + 99 +. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that. 100 + 101 + 102 + 103 +====The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF. ==== 104 +**Ivie 5** (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM) 105 +Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War 106 + 107 +AND 108 + 109 +it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war? 110 + 111 + 112 + 113 +==UV== 114 + 115 + 116 + 117 +====Aff gets RVIs because ==== 118 + 119 + 120 + 121 +====1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse. ==== 122 + 123 + 124 + 125 +====2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC ==== 126 + 127 + 128 + 129 +====3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm. ==== 130 + 131 + 132 + 133 +====Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies. ==== 134 +**Zanotti 13** — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300) 135 +Conclusion 136 +In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance 137 + 138 +AND 139 + 140 +not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,40 @@ 1 +====Most college campuses are prohibiting campus carry in the squo==== 2 +**Anderson 16** (Nick Anderson – Washington Post, "If You Want to Carry a Gun on Campus, These States Say Yes", https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/01/27/if-you-want-to-carry-a-gun-on-campus-these-states-say-yes/?utm'term=.a7fb4735acfd, EmmieeM) 3 +Debate continues to boil in Texas over a new law allowing concealed weapons across college 4 + 5 +AND 6 + 7 +, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina and Tennessee. 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 +====Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message ==== 12 +**Blanchfield 14’** 13 +~~"What do Guns Say?" - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics //AC~~ 14 +Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land 15 + 16 +AND 17 + 18 +one such event told reporters. "But that’s not going to happen." 19 + 20 + 21 + 22 +====Campus carry is associated with increasing rates of assault, aggressiveness, a chilling effect, and permit background checks don’t check==== 23 +**PHW 14** (Public Health Watch 14, https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/, EmmieeM) 24 +In the wake of tragic shootings at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University, a 25 + 26 +AND 27 + 28 +to the detriment of the students, universities and ultimately, the nation. 29 + 30 + 31 + 32 +====Guns on campus are a symbolic political tool to assert dominance over minorities and maintain status quo hierarchies ==== 33 +**Kautzer 15** 34 +~~Kautzer Chad. Good Guys with Guns: From Popular Sovereignty to Self-Defensive Subjectivity. Law Critique (2015) 26:173–187 DOI 10.1007/s10978-015-9156-x. April 8, 2015. Chad Kautzer is a Philosophy Proffessor at Lehigh University Last year he was a Visiting Research Scholar in the Philosophy Department at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and has twice held fellowships at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat in Germany. His specialization areas are Critical Theory; Philosophy of Law and Right; Social and Political Philosophy; Race and Gender Theory; Marxism; and Hegel. 35 +//AC~~ 36 +My students bring guns to class. This is troubling, 37 + 38 +AND 39 + 40 +that constitute the ruler or sovereign subjects through subjugating violence beyond the law. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,57 @@ 1 +====Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral fameworks. Marsh 95,==== 2 +Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2) 3 +Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism 4 + 5 +AND 6 + 7 +move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment. 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 +====Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any facult truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat. Chatterjee and Maira 14==== 12 +**Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.** 13 +Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work 14 + 15 +AND 16 + 17 +of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11 18 + 19 + 20 + 21 +====Free speech is an illusion propagated by corporatists – their model of rights assumes an equal playing field analogous to free market economists view of capital. The promotion of free speech perpetuates the idea that speech is a commodity, which strengthens neoliberalism’s hold on the academy. Brown 15==== 22 +**Brown, Wendy. Undoing the demos: Neoliberalism's stealth revolution. MIT Press, 2015.** 23 +At times, kennedy raises the pitch in Citizens United to depict limits on corporate 24 + 25 +AND 26 + 27 +warring forces parallel to those of government and capital in a neoliberal economy. 28 + 29 + 30 + 31 +====This turns the case – the commodification of speech reflects the capitalist illusion of freedom. It makes speech meaningless and kills value to life. Smith ‘14==== 32 +R.C. **Smith** April 24, 20**14** "POWER, CAPITAL and THE RISE OF THE MASS SURVEILLANCE STATE: ON THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRACY, ETHICS, DISENCHANTMENT and CRITICAL THEORY" Heathwood Institute and Press http://www.heathwoodpress.com/power-capital-the-rise-of-the-mass-surveillance-state-on-the-absence-of-democracy-ethics-disenchantment-critical-theory/ JJN from file 33 +One pressing issue, moreover, is that majority of the popular movements that have 34 + 35 +AND 36 + 37 +which produces and reproduces the epistemic context of its own validity.~~13~~ 38 + 39 + 40 + 41 +====The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change. ==== 42 +Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick). 43 +Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an 44 + 45 +AND 46 + 47 +find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires. 48 + 49 + 50 + 51 +====Our critique independently outweighs the case - neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause to go unquestioned. Farbod 15==== 52 + ( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2) 53 +Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises 54 + 55 +AND 56 + 57 +enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,41 @@ 1 +=1NC Shell= 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +====The only viable energy sources we currently have other than nuclear are fossil fuels – renewable shift is possible, but natural gas will have to be used as a bridge==== 6 +**Smil 15** (Vaclav Smil – Distinguished Professor Emeritus who has published over 37 books and works in interdisciplinary research in areas such as energy, environment, and public policy. He has been a consultant for several international organizations and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Canada, which is a science academy. "Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21^^st^^ Century", http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119012864.html, pg. x, EmmieeM) 7 +To many forward-looking energy experts, this may seem to be a strangely 8 + 9 +AND 10 + 11 +thorough understanding of requirements, benefits, and challenges of natural gas ascendance. 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 +====Renewables require back-up due to intermittency – natural gas industry will expand in conjunction with renewables==== 16 +**Trembath et al 13 **(Alex, policy analyst in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough Institute, where he researches and writes about renewable energy technologies, American federal energy policy and the history of public investments in technological innovation, and Max Luke, policy associate in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough, where his research focused on a range of energy issues and topics including nuclear power, natural gas, renewables, energy efficiency rebound and backfire, national energy subsidies, and electricity systems, with Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, "Coal Killer: How Natural Gas Fuels the Clean Energy Revolution", http://thebreakthrough.org/images/main'image/Breakthrough'Institute'Coal'Killer.pdf) 17 +Gas-fired power provides cheap, low-carbon, and flexible backup support 18 + 19 +AND 20 + 21 +power sources and can ramp as fast as 100 MW per minute.97 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 +====Natural gas is key to Russian expansionism – they hold a monopoly on the global LNG market==== 26 +Hermant, 14 (ABC's Moscow correspondent from 2010-13. He returned in March 2014 to cover the Ukraine crisis from Moscow and Kiev. (Norman, "Russia's natural gas is Vladimir Putin's political and economical weapon," ABC Australia, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-16/natural-gas-is-putins-political-and-economical-weapon/5394030) //IS 27 +For Vladimir Putin, natural gas is not just a resource. It is an 28 + 29 +AND 30 + 31 +it seem like energy from Russia is simply part of the European fabric. 32 + 33 + 34 + 35 +====Russian expansionism triggers multiple scenarios for extinction==== 36 +**Blank 9**,( strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989; former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base; B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, March. "RUSSIA AND ARMS CONTROL: ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION?" 37 +Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks 38 + 39 +AND 40 + 41 +make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,136 @@ 1 +===Fwk=== 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +====The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.==== 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 +====First, the constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95 ==== 10 +Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7 11 +The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids 12 + 13 +AND 14 + 15 +thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy. 16 + 17 + 18 + 19 +====Second, only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Physical realism is the only meaningful ontological theory of being. Williams,==== 20 +**Donald Williams. "Naturalism and the Nature of Things." The Philosophical Review, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1944), pp. 417-443. Duke UP. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2181355** 21 +Casting up our accounts to this point, we observe that physical realism is in 22 + 23 +AND 24 + 25 +in patterns of action in the ordered dimensions of a spatio-temporal hypersphere 26 + 27 + 28 + 29 +====Third is the act omission distinction, governments are morally responsible for their omissions because they always face choices between different sets of policy options, all of which advantage some while disadvantaging others.==== 30 +Cass R. Sunstein and Vermeule Adrian ~~"Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, and Life-Life Tradeoffs. Copyright (c) 2005 The Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University. Stanford Law Review December,2005 58 Stan. L. Rev. 703~~ 31 +The critics of capital punishment have been led astray by uncritically applying the act/ 32 + 33 +AND 34 + 35 +creating entitlements ~~*722~~ and prohibitions, is not inaction at all. 36 + 37 + 38 + 39 +===Plan=== 40 + 41 + 42 + 43 +====Plan Text: All countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power in outer space. ==== 44 + 45 + 46 + 47 +**====We must ban nuclear power used in outer space====** 48 +**Grossman, 15** 49 +Karl Grossman (professor of journalism at the State University of New York College at Old Westbury. For more than 45 years he has pioneered the combination of investigative reporting and environmental journalism in a variety of media), 6-29-2015, "The Perils of Nuclear-Powered Space Flights," counterpunch.org, http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/06/29/the-perils-of-nuclear-powered-space-flights/ 50 +When the Cassini space probe was sent off to Saturn in 1997—with three 51 + 52 +AND 53 + 54 +something the public nor the planet can afford to take a chance on." 55 + 56 + 57 + 58 +====Inherency and Uniqueness- nuclear reactors on spacecraft will be used to generate thrust—it’s the current future of space exploration. Zolfagharifard ‘16==== 59 +**Ellie Zolfagharifard For Dailymail, 3-18-2016, "Nasa wants to use nuclear rockets to get to Mars," Mail Online, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3499441/Nasa-wants-use-nuclear-rockets-Mars-Space-agency-claims-technique-effective-way-reaching-red-planet.html** 60 +Nuclear thermal propulsion is 'the most effective' way of sending humans to Mars. That's 61 + 62 +AND 63 + 64 +'Advanced nuclear propulsion systems could have extremely high performance and unique capabilities.' 65 + 66 + 67 + 68 +===Accidents Advantage=== 69 + 70 + 71 + 72 +====The chance of a nuclear accident due to space propulsion is high—affects billions. Bryson ‘96==== 73 +**Chris Bryson, December 1996 "Cassini — NASA'S Millennial Nuclear Nightmare," Christian Science Monitor, http://www.animatedsoftware.com/cassini/crbryson.htm** 74 +Post-graduate geology student Leo Alvarado also witnessed the accident and telephoned the local 75 + 76 +AND 77 + 78 +that we are never going to have one of these things come down?" 79 + 80 + 81 + 82 +====An nuclear space accident causes a massive EMP detonation.==== 83 +**Staughton ’16 (John Staughton, February 2016, What Would Happen If A Nuke Exploded In Space? https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/happen-nuke-exploded-space.html )** 84 +Perhaps even more worrying than the huge amount of radiation being dropped into Earth’s atmosphere 85 + 86 +AND 87 + 88 +the widespread technological devastation from an EMP big enough to shut down Texas! 89 + 90 + 91 + 92 +====Extinction ==== 93 +Pry 10 (Peter Vincent, director of the U.S. Nuclear Strategy Forum, "What America Needs to Know About EMPs" http://wethearmed.com/index.php?topic=8450.0) 94 +EMP is not just a threat to computers and electronic gadgets, but to all 95 + 96 +AND 97 + 98 +to the United States and advocated immediate implementation of the EMP Commission's recommendations. 99 + 100 + 101 + 102 +===Space Militarization Advantage=== 103 + 104 + 105 + 106 +====Nuclear power in space leads to space weapons—inevitable consequence and hidden motive for nuclear space programs. Grossman ‘03 ==== 107 +**Karl Grossman, professor of journalism at the State University of New York/College at Old Westbury, February 5 2003, "Nukes-in-Space in Columbia's Wake", http://www.space4peace.org/articles/columbiaswake.htm** 108 +Gagnon, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space, 109 + 110 +AND 111 + 112 +of what kind of seed do we carry with us out into space." 113 + 114 + 115 + 116 +====Space weaponization causes extinction—outweighs nuclear war. Mitchell ‘01 ==== 117 +**Mitchell, 01 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh (Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, "Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads", No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html)** 118 +A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence 119 + 120 +AND 121 + 122 +space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen. 123 + 124 + 125 + 126 +===Space Col Bad – Ozone Loss=== 127 + 128 + 129 + 130 +====Increased space launches risks massive ozone destruction. UCS ‘02==== 131 +**Union of Concerned Scientists 02, (The Science of Ozone Depletion "© Union of Concerned Scientists Page Last Revised: 10.24.2002", http://www.ucsusa.org/global'environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551)** 132 +The solid rocket strap-on motors used in the most powerful space launch systems 133 + 134 +AND 135 + 136 +the ozone layer, these problems could cause widespread destruction of life. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,103 @@ 1 +=1AC= 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +===ROB=== 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 +====The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state through policy action. ==== 10 +**Chandler 7** (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM) 11 +Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped 12 + 13 +AND 14 + 15 +, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 16 + 17 + 18 + 19 +====Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. ==== 20 +**Downs 4** (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM) 21 +During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom 22 + 23 +AND 24 + 25 +commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles. 26 + 27 + 28 + 29 +==Recognition== 30 + 31 + 32 + 33 +====Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights==== 34 +**Giroux 6** (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM) 35 +Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction. 36 + 37 +AND 38 + 39 +the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7). 40 + 41 + 42 + 43 +====The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.==== 44 +**Chatterjee 14** (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM) 45 +State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with 46 + 47 +AND 48 + 49 +the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 50 + 51 + 52 + 53 +====Any form of free speech restrictions leads to massive overreach and censorship of minority movements – empirically proven==== 54 +**Gey 98** (Steven G. Gey – John W. and Ashley E. Frost Professor of Law, Florida State University College of Law, "Postmodern Censorship Revisited: A Reply to Richard Delgado", "Professor Delgado and the Problem of Government Overreaching" – partway through, EmmieeM) 55 +Professor Delgado responds to the problem of controlling the application of speech-regulation statues 56 + 57 +AND 58 + 59 +in a "deliberate, planned extermination or attempted extermination of a people." 60 + 61 + 62 + 63 +====Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization. ==== 64 +**McClintock 9** (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM) 65 +The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is 66 + 67 +AND 68 + 69 +contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11 70 + 71 + 72 + 73 +====Free speech codes shut down campus criticism and replace it with government-approved propaganda – there’s a massive spillover effect because journalism grads lose the ability to pursue controversial pieces and censorship becomes normalized==== 74 +**Sanders 6** (Chris Sanders – University of Arizona Law Review, "Censorship 101: Anti-Hazelwood Laws and the Preservation of Free Speech at Colleges and Universities", "Say no More: Hazelwood’s Dangers For College Students’ Free Expression" – through the end of "Too Much Freedom: How the Extension of Hazelwood to Universities Could Endanger the Future of the First Amendment", pgs. 171 – 173, https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume2058/Issue201/sanders.pdf , EmmieeM) 75 +Post-Hazelwood censorship disputes have not been limited to high schools; a number 76 + 77 +AND 78 + 79 +" speech is nothing more than a distant memory from an earlier time. 80 + 81 + 82 + 83 +====Discourse is a pre-requisite to change – relationships must first be made visible before reformation can occur==== 84 +**Wingenbach 11** (Ed, Notre Dame Government and international studies PhD, "Institutionalizing Agonistic Democracy," pg 190-198, https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8JrC64UgwCandprintsec=frontcover//LADI) 85 +Third, because Knops ignores the situated source of antagonism and the persistence of hegemony 86 + 87 +AND 88 + 89 +opened up to greater contestation, generosity, and active re-constitution. 90 + 91 + 92 + 93 +===Underview=== 94 + 95 + 96 + 97 +====The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology==== 98 +**Bryant 12** — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11^^th^^, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014) 99 +I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because 100 + 101 +AND 102 + 103 +Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,31 @@ 1 +====Counterplan text: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought to ban handguns on campus and not restrict any other constitutionally protected speech. ==== 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +====Competition: Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message. Blanchfield 14’==== 6 +~~"What do Guns Say?" - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics //AC~~ 7 +Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land 8 + 9 +AND 10 + 11 +one such event told reporters. "But that’s not going to happen." 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 +====Guns are a form of symbolic free speech protected by the first amendment. McGoldrick 08==== 16 +~~"Symbolic Speech: A message from Mind to Mind" Oklahoma Law Review Volume 61 Spring 2008 Number 1 - James M McGoldrick Jr. is a professor of law at Pepperdine law Prior to beginning his career as a law professor, Professor McGoldrick worked for the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice and as a trial attorney for the Tulare County Legal Services. During his over forty-year career at Pepperdine School of Law, he served eight years as associate dean for academics. //AC ~~ 17 +And then there is mere conduct that, though expressive, receives no protection as 18 + 19 +AND 20 + 21 +be criminalized without regard to the constitutional protection of the freedom of expression. 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 +====Banning guns on campus works - violence usually happens in areas where guns are allowed and a college campus is a petri dish for violence - Webster et al 16==== 26 +~~Daniel W. Webster – "Firearms on College Campuses: Research Evidence and Policy Implications" – Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School Of Public Health – Quals and other authors: http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-gun-policy-and-research/'pdfs/GunsOnCampus.pdf //AC~~ 27 +The best available research contradicts many claims and assumptions that underlie policies to allow civilians 28 + 29 +AND 30 + 31 +wounds, and more threats with a firearm that are traumatizing to victims. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,79 @@ 1 +====The USFG is reliant on government-funded university research for national defense developments, but 9/11 and the Anthrax attacks proves those are vulnerable to terrorist cooption, absent censorship which violates the First Amendment. ==== 2 +**Jacobs 5** (Leslie Gielow Jacobs – Professor of Law at the University of the Pacific McGeorge School of Law, "A Troubling Equation in Contracts for Government Funded Scientific Research: "Sensitive But Unclassified" = Secret But Unconstitutional", http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06'JACOBS'REPLACEMENT'PAGES.pdf, pgs. 113 – 115, EmmieeM) 3 +Breakthrough science can lead both to great good and to great evil. The September 4 + 5 +AND 6 + 7 +is it clear when particular information "pertains" to a research contract. 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 +====This speech is constitutionally protected, especially in a college setting – the AFF would allow for information exchange about "sensitive but unclassified" research==== 12 +**Jacobs 5** (Leslie Gielow Jacobs – Professor of Law at the University of the Pacific McGeorge School of Law, "A Troubling Equation in Contracts for Government Funded Scientific Research: "Sensitive But Unclassified" = Secret But Unconstitutional", http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06'JACOBS'REPLACEMENT'PAGES.pdf, pgs. 155 – 156, EmmieeM) 13 +The university plays a special role in preserving and promoting speech free of government influence 14 + 15 +AND 16 + 17 +The special role of the university thus must weigh in the constitutional balance. 18 + 19 + 20 + 21 +====Restrictions on this speech are crucial to prevent bioterror from modified viruses==== 22 +**Knezo 6** (Genevieve J. Knezo – Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division + this is a CRS Report for Congress, pgs. 36 – 53, "Controls on Unclassified Biological Research Information", "’Sensitive But Unclassified’ Information and Other Controls: Policy and Options for Scientific and Technical Information", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/RL33303.pdf, EmmieeM) 23 +Traditionally, open communication of biological information fosters the conduct of research and development. 24 + 25 +AND 26 + 27 +involve foreign nationals in any research project without obtaining a government license.227 28 + 29 + 30 + 31 +====Biowarfare leads to extinction and is the biggest existential threat facing humanity – technological increase checks empirics and generic defense==== 32 +**Smart 4** (John Smart – President of the Institute for the Study of Accelerating Change. 2004 33 +~~Genetically modified pathogen (GMP) Policy, August 03~~) 34 +It is possible that with the mobilization of massive logistical resources around the planet, 35 + 36 +AND 37 + 38 +of danger has been estimated to be anywhere from 30 to 50." 39 + 40 + 41 + 42 +====Absent secrecy, certain cooperative research efforts would be impossible==== 43 +**Downs 4** (DA Downs – The Independent Institute, Oakland and The University of Wiscosin, Madison, "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pg. xvi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf , EmmieeM) 44 +Although this book stresses the threats to academic and intellectual freedom posed by speech codes 45 + 46 +AND 47 + 48 +such gag orders poses a challenge to the idea of an open university. 49 + 50 + 51 + 52 +====Continued government funding and support is critical for continued university research programs, which is the lynchpin of innovation and competitiveness==== 53 +**NSB no date** (National Science Board, "Research and Development: Essential Foundation For U.S. Competitiveness in a Global Economy", "Global Competition in Science and Technology: A Strong National Response Required", https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsb0803/start.htm, EmmieeM) 54 +Innovation is a key to economic competitiveness and the technological breakthroughs that improve our lives 55 + 56 +AND 57 + 58 +is imperative that patterns and trends of RandD investments be monitored. 59 + 60 + 61 + 62 +====Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony==== 63 +Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations 64 +~~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~ 65 +The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new 66 + 67 +AND 68 + 69 +, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home. 70 + 71 + 72 + 73 +====Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts==== 74 +**Khalilzad 11** — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011) 75 +Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to 76 + 77 +AND 78 + 79 +leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@ 1 +Quarters - Team
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@ 1 +Harker Shen Neg - Title
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@ 1 +Jan Feb SBU DA - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@ 1 +Westerns
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,42 @@ 1 +====The 1ac’s act of resistance still clings to the belief of a just and free university. These are the very values that lure us into the process of extermination of our social and physical beings. Occupied UC Berkeley, ==== 2 +In the university we prostrate ourselves 3 +It’s the particular nature of being owned. 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 +====That means their discursive challenge within academic forums like debate is only absorbed and masked by power, turning higher education into a graveyard filled with the bodies of countless victims. Occupied UC Berkeley. ==== 8 +Totally managed death. A machine for 9 +administrators/ bureaucrats/ investors/ politicians-to-be. 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 +====A free university within capital is a reading room inside a prison—our occupation of the university aligns us with the dispossessed multitude engaging in the refusal of work everywhere. Communiqué from an Absent Future.==== 14 +WE SEEK TO PUSH THE UNIVERSITY STRUGGLE 15 +like a hidden water table, feed each struggle. 16 + 17 + 18 + 19 +====The academy will never be able to escape its intrinsic hierarchies nor its role in producing and reproducing a docile labor force. Anti-Capital Projects. ==== 20 +We want students to see this increase 21 +communicated to the society at large. 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 +====This is part and parcel of a system that demarcates global zones of death subject to killings on a mass scale. Etienne Balibar. ==== 26 + 27 + 28 + 29 +I am aware of all these difficulties 30 + their effects, are systematically obstructed 31 + 32 + 33 +====The alternative is to occupy everything, demand nothing.==== 34 + 35 + 36 + 37 +====The insurrection is here and we refuse to believe that debate will make the university a better place. Of course our role as debaters necessarily implicates us, but that is precisely the point—we must occupy spaces like debate to expose the futility of reform. Communiqués from Occupied California. ==== 38 + 39 + 40 + 41 +The radical or anti-reformist position 42 +objective conditions toward a breaking point. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@ 1 +Harvard Westlake
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@ 1 +Berkeley
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