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... ... @@ -1,103 +1,0 @@ 1 -1AC 2 -I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. 3 -To clarify, the First Amendment doesn’t permit meaningless obscenity, child pornography, expressions that in and of itself causes injury, and remarks intended to cause violence 4 - 5 -Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM) 6 -The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no 7 -AND 8 -constitutes a "true threat," and not against mere "political hyperbole." 9 -The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case 10 -The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95 11 - 12 -Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7 13 -The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids 14 -AND 15 -thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy. 16 -Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10 17 - 18 -Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values." 19 -I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong, 20 -AND 21 -, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values. 22 -Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework 23 - 24 -BOSTROM 11 25 -(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy 26 -These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~~~s~~~ an alternative, complementary way of 27 -AND 28 -value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 29 -Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself. 30 - 31 -Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics. 32 -Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that 33 -AND 34 -the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82 35 -Innovation 4:34 36 -Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment 37 - 38 -Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, "Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus", pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM) 39 -Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels. In 2015 40 -AND 41 -dwell on the easy arguments and defend only the most socially acceptable targets. 42 -This hamstrings innovation —- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-req to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures 43 - 44 -ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. "Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education", pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM) 45 -The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of 46 -AND 47 -be left to the informal processes of suasion, example, and argument. 48 -Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness —- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues 49 - 50 -Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, "Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought", "2.8 Conclusion", https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM) 51 -The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts how, through the 52 -AND 53 -diversity dynamics that typically may negatively impact on organizational behaviour, are optimized. 54 -Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony 55 - 56 -Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations ~~~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~~~~~ 57 -The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new 58 -AND 59 -, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home. 60 -Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in - it’s try or die 61 - 62 -Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011) 63 -Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to 64 -AND 65 -leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity. 66 -Terror 2:47 67 -Colleges can be unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but censorship is ruining that —- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil "Other" 68 - 69 -Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,"How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’", "Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber" – "Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?", http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM) 70 -In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like- 71 -AND 72 -to the bold questioning and uncomfortable discussions that intellectual and societal innovation demands. 73 -Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them — speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism 74 - 75 -Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, "Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism", https://books.google.com/books?id='kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM) 76 -First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate 77 -AND 78 -law enforcement or secret services because this would discredit and ultimately sabotage them. 79 -This is especially pertinent in the case of colleges – students are much more likely to be recruited or adopt extremist views 80 - 81 -Borum 5 (Randy Borum – Professor and Director of Intelligence Studies in the School of Information and Academic Coordination for Cybersecurity at the University of Southern Florida; Chuck Tilby – member of the Police Department, "Anarchist Direct Action: A Challenge for Law Enforcement", "Recruitment, pg. 214, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1552andcontext=mhlp'facpub, EmmieeM) 82 -It should not be surprising to learn that jails and prisons are major recruiting sites 83 -AND 84 -to be young, energetic, and idealistic with time available to act. 85 -Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves —- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs 86 - 87 -Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, "Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc) 88 -Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released 89 -AND 90 -exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons. 91 -Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems 92 - 93 -Ackerman and Pinson 14 ~~~Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, "An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014~~~ 94 -The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons 95 -AND 96 -well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19 97 -Solvency 98 -Censoring hate speech entrenches racism —- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication 99 - 100 -Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, "Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship", "The Prohibitionist Challenge", pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM) 101 -American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent, 102 -AND 103 -still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,103 @@ 1 +1AC 2 +I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. 3 +To clarify, the First Amendment doesn’t permit meaningless obscenity, child pornography, expressions that in and of itself causes injury, and remarks intended to cause violence 4 + 5 +Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM) 6 +The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no 7 +AND 8 +constitutes a "true threat," and not against mere "political hyperbole." 9 +The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case 10 +The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95 11 + 12 +Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7 13 +The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids 14 +AND 15 +thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy. 16 +Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10 17 + 18 +Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values." 19 +I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong, 20 +AND 21 +, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values. 22 +Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework 23 + 24 +BOSTROM 11 25 +(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy 26 +These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~~~s~~~ an alternative, complementary way of 27 +AND 28 +value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 29 +Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself. 30 + 31 +Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics. 32 +Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that 33 +AND 34 +the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82 35 +Innovation 4:34 36 +Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment 37 + 38 +Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, "Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus", pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM) 39 +Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels. In 2015 40 +AND 41 +dwell on the easy arguments and defend only the most socially acceptable targets. 42 +This hamstrings innovation —- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-req to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures 43 + 44 +ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. "Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education", pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM) 45 +The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of 46 +AND 47 +be left to the informal processes of suasion, example, and argument. 48 +Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness —- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues 49 + 50 +Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, "Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought", "2.8 Conclusion", https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM) 51 +The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts how, through the 52 +AND 53 +diversity dynamics that typically may negatively impact on organizational behaviour, are optimized. 54 +Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony 55 + 56 +Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations ~~~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~~~~~ 57 +The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new 58 +AND 59 +, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home. 60 +Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in - it’s try or die 61 + 62 +Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011) 63 +Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to 64 +AND 65 +leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity. 66 +Terror 2:47 67 +Colleges can be unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but censorship is ruining that —- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil "Other" 68 + 69 +Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,"How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’", "Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber" – "Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?", http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM) 70 +In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like- 71 +AND 72 +to the bold questioning and uncomfortable discussions that intellectual and societal innovation demands. 73 +Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them — speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism 74 + 75 +Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, "Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism", https://books.google.com/books?id='kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM) 76 +First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate 77 +AND 78 +law enforcement or secret services because this would discredit and ultimately sabotage them. 79 +This is especially pertinent in the case of colleges – students are much more likely to be recruited or adopt extremist views 80 + 81 +Borum 5 (Randy Borum – Professor and Director of Intelligence Studies in the School of Information and Academic Coordination for Cybersecurity at the University of Southern Florida; Chuck Tilby – member of the Police Department, "Anarchist Direct Action: A Challenge for Law Enforcement", "Recruitment, pg. 214, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1552andcontext=mhlp'facpub, EmmieeM) 82 +It should not be surprising to learn that jails and prisons are major recruiting sites 83 +AND 84 +to be young, energetic, and idealistic with time available to act. 85 +Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves —- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs 86 + 87 +Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, "Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc) 88 +Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released 89 +AND 90 +exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons. 91 +Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems 92 + 93 +Ackerman and Pinson 14 ~~~Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, "An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014~~~ 94 +The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons 95 +AND 96 +well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19 97 +Solvency 98 +Censoring hate speech entrenches racism —- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication 99 + 100 +Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, "Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship", "The Prohibitionist Challenge", pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM) 101 +American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent, 102 +AND 103 +still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse. - EntryDate
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