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... ... @@ -1,38 +1,0 @@ 1 -The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case. 2 -The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95 3 -Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7 4 -Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10 5 -Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.” 6 -Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework 7 -BOSTROM 11 8 -(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy 9 -The Nuclear Energy Sector is currently Expanding 10 -Handley 13 (Meg: staff writer for US News; "Emerging Nations To Power Nuclear Energy Expansion Over Next Decade"; 3-25-2013; US News andamp; World Report; http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/25/emerging-nations-to-power-nuclear-energy-expansion-over-next-decade; DT) 11 -Nuclear energy requires uranium mining – thorium is not a feasible alternative 12 -National Nuclear Library 12 (Report made for the Department of Energy and Climate Change, National Nuclear Library – UK, “Comparison of Thorium and Uranium on a Global Scale”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/65504/6300-comparison-fuel-cycles.pdf. pg 16, EmmieeM) 13 -Uranium mining leads to an increase in above-ground radiation, which causes biodiversity loss 14 -Sullivan 13 (Sian Sullivan works for the Department of Geography, Environment, and Developmental Studies at the University of London, “After the Green Rush? Biodiversity Offsets, Uranium Power and the ‘Calculus of Causalities’ in Greening Growth, pg. 94, EmmieeM) 15 -Independently, radioactive dumping in the ocean destroys marine biodiversity 16 -Alexeev 16 (Denis Alexeev and Valentina Galtsova are from the Department of Applied Ecology at the Russian State Hydrometeriological University, “Effect of Radioactive Pollution on the Biodiversity of Marine Benthic Ecosystems on the Russian Arctic Shelf”, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965212000138, EmmieeM) 17 -Biodiversity loss is an impact filter – exacerbates existing crises and leads to extinction. 18 -Torres 16 (Phil is a graduate of Cornell University with degrees in Entomology and Biology; "Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change"; 5-20-2016; FLI - Future of Life Institute; http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/; DT) 19 -Nuclear meltdown is going to happen within the next decade 20 -Gesellschaft 12 (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft: research society in Germany; "Severe nuclear reactor accidents likely every 10 to 20 years, European study suggests."; ScienceDaily; 22 May 2012; www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120522134942.htm; DT) 21 -Unprecedented nuclear disasters are coming – scientific studies prove that spent fuel fires are both likely and would have a much greater impact than Fukushima 22 -Stone 16 (This card cites research done at Princeton using mathematical calculations and computer programs in order to gauge probability and magniture. Richard Stone has a degree in biophysics from UPenn and has written for National Geographic and Smithsonian, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/spent-fuel-fire-us-soil-could-dwarf-impact-fukushima, “Spent Fuel Fire on U.S. Soil Could Dwarf Impact of Fukushima”, EmmieeM) 23 -Nuclear meltdown would cause widespread deaths, long-term diseases, and permanent ecological damage 24 -Wasserman, 02 (Harvey, American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy, author of The Last Energy War and co-author of Killing Our Own: The Disaster of America's Experience with Atomic Radiation, Spring, Earth Island Journal, http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/nuclear_power_and_terrorism/, “Nuclear Power and Terrorism” | ADM) 25 -A nuclear accident costs hundreds of billions of dollars for taxpayers 26 -Hargreaves 11 27 -(Steve Hargreaves, March 25 2011, Steve Hargreaves is co-director of the Energy Transition desk, which demonstrates the feasibility of shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy through data, storytelling and building partnerships. Prior to joining Climate Nexus in 2015, he spent 11 years as a writer for CNNMoney, first as an energy reporter and later on the site’s economy desk and special projects team. While there, he won an enterprise award from the Society of American Business Editors and Writers for a series on the military’s efforts to reduce oil consumption, served as a panelist at a debate hosted by now Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz, and did on-air appearances as CNN's energy expert. Coverage highlights included reporting from an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico during the BP spill, covering the 20th World Petroleum Congress from Doha, Qatar, and spending several weeks in Detroit documenting efforts to revitalize that city. Before joining CNNMoney he spent two years writing from Bangkok and Istanbul, and was published in the Village Voice and the Australian Financial Review. He started his career at Casco Bay Weekly, an alternative newspaper in Portland, Maine, and later worked as a beat reporter at the Times Record, a small daily newspaper in neighboring Brunswick. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Environmental Studies and Sociology from St. Lawrence University., http://money.cnn.com/2011/03/25/news/economy/nuclear_accident_costs/, CNN Money, 8/8/16) 28 -Terrorist organizations have started targeting nuclear power plants for resources and attacks 29 -Rubin 16 (Alissa J. Rubin is an American journalist who covers the Middle East for the New York Times. She has won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. “Belgium Proves Nuclear Plants are Vulnerable”, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/world/europe/belgium-fears-nuclear-plants-are-vulnerable.html?_r=0, EmmieeM) 30 -Nuclear power plants are extremely vulnerable to terrorist attacks and break-ins 31 -Holt and Andrews 14 32 -Mark Holt and Anthony Andrews Specialists in Energy Policy. Nuclear Power Plant Security and Vulnerabilities. Congressional Research Service. January 13, 2014. FZ. 33 -The results to a terror attack on a nuclear power plant is devastating 34 -Caldicott 6 35 -Helen Caldicott bestselling author, Nobel Peace Prize nominee. Nuclear power is not the answer. The New Press. September 20, 2006. http:tria.fcampalans.cat/images/Nuclear20Power20is20not20the20answer20-20H.20Caldicott.pdf. FZ. 36 -Independently, the impact to terrorists acquiring nuclear weapons is several deaths 37 -Volders 16 (Brecht Volders is a researcher in the Department of Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, and a PhD candidate. 38 - Tow Sauer is Associate Professor in International Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, “Nuclear Terrorism – Countering the Threat”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=dVmpCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=nuclear+terrorismandots=6M4Kdlfm8Handsig=prlipwaAYy2hMbOl9cbznqSuHdg#v=onepageandq=nuclear20terrorismandf=false, pg. 3-4, EmmieeM) - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,103 +1,0 @@ 1 -1AC 2 -I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. 3 -To clarify, the First Amendment doesn’t permit meaningless obscenity, child pornography, expressions that in and of itself causes injury, and remarks intended to cause violence 4 - 5 -Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM) 6 -The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no 7 -AND 8 -constitutes a "true threat," and not against mere "political hyperbole." 9 -The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case 10 -The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95 11 - 12 -Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7 13 -The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids 14 -AND 15 -thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy. 16 -Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10 17 - 18 -Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values." 19 -I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong, 20 -AND 21 -, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values. 22 -Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework 23 - 24 -BOSTROM 11 25 -(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy 26 -These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~~~s~~~ an alternative, complementary way of 27 -AND 28 -value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 29 -Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself. 30 - 31 -Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics. 32 -Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that 33 -AND 34 -the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82 35 -Innovation 4:34 36 -Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment 37 - 38 -Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, "Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus", pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM) 39 -Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels. In 2015 40 -AND 41 -dwell on the easy arguments and defend only the most socially acceptable targets. 42 -This hamstrings innovation —- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-req to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures 43 - 44 -ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. "Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education", pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM) 45 -The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of 46 -AND 47 -be left to the informal processes of suasion, example, and argument. 48 -Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness —- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues 49 - 50 -Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, "Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought", "2.8 Conclusion", https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM) 51 -The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts how, through the 52 -AND 53 -diversity dynamics that typically may negatively impact on organizational behaviour, are optimized. 54 -Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony 55 - 56 -Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations ~~~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~~~~~ 57 -The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new 58 -AND 59 -, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home. 60 -Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in - it’s try or die 61 - 62 -Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011) 63 -Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to 64 -AND 65 -leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity. 66 -Terror 2:47 67 -Colleges can be unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but censorship is ruining that —- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil "Other" 68 - 69 -Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,"How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’", "Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber" – "Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?", http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM) 70 -In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like- 71 -AND 72 -to the bold questioning and uncomfortable discussions that intellectual and societal innovation demands. 73 -Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them — speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism 74 - 75 -Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, "Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism", https://books.google.com/books?id='kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM) 76 -First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate 77 -AND 78 -law enforcement or secret services because this would discredit and ultimately sabotage them. 79 -This is especially pertinent in the case of colleges – students are much more likely to be recruited or adopt extremist views 80 - 81 -Borum 5 (Randy Borum – Professor and Director of Intelligence Studies in the School of Information and Academic Coordination for Cybersecurity at the University of Southern Florida; Chuck Tilby – member of the Police Department, "Anarchist Direct Action: A Challenge for Law Enforcement", "Recruitment, pg. 214, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1552andcontext=mhlp'facpub, EmmieeM) 82 -It should not be surprising to learn that jails and prisons are major recruiting sites 83 -AND 84 -to be young, energetic, and idealistic with time available to act. 85 -Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves —- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs 86 - 87 -Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, "Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc) 88 -Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released 89 -AND 90 -exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons. 91 -Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems 92 - 93 -Ackerman and Pinson 14 ~~~Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, "An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014~~~ 94 -The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons 95 -AND 96 -well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19 97 -Solvency 98 -Censoring hate speech entrenches racism —- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication 99 - 100 -Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, "Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship", "The Prohibitionist Challenge", pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM) 101 -American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent, 102 -AND 103 -still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,76 +1,0 @@ 1 -1AC 2 -Framework 3 -The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias 4 - 5 -Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM) 6 -Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped 7 -AND 8 -, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 9 -Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual coming up with methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine 10 - 11 -Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM) 12 -The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable 13 -AND 14 -the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché. 15 -Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question because educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices 16 - 17 -Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM) 18 -While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and 19 -AND 20 -has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war. 21 -Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct the background ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state 22 - 23 -Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM) 24 -War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective. 25 -AND 26 -may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes. 27 -Offense 4:10 28 -Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights 29 - 30 -Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM) 31 -Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction. 32 -AND 33 -the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7). 34 -The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism. 35 - 36 -Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM) 37 -State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with 38 -AND 39 -the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 40 -Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization. 41 - 42 -McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM) 43 -The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is 44 -AND 45 -contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11 46 -Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. 47 - 48 -Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM) 49 -During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom 50 -AND 51 -commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles. 52 -Solvency 1:00 53 -The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide resources. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology 54 - 55 -Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014) 56 -I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because 57 -AND 58 -. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that. 59 -The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF. 60 - 61 -Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM) 62 -Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War 63 -AND 64 -it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war? 65 -UV 66 -Aff gets RVIs because 67 -1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse. 68 -2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC 69 -3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm. 70 -Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies. 71 - 72 -Zanotti 13 — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300) 73 -Conclusion 74 -In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance 75 -AND 76 -position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,68 +1,0 @@ 1 -1AC 2 -FW 3 -Since ought implies moral obligation, I value morality, which presupposes inclusion since it assumes equal worth and B) since only inclusion can promote compliance. Morality has to guide action; if ethics aren't grounded in action, then they lose their prescriptive value, destroying morality. 4 -Structural violence is based in moral exclusion; it allows one group to become invisible. 5 - 6 -Winter and Leighton 99 ~Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter is a professor of psychology at Whitman College. Leighton is an assistant professor of psychology at Southern Arkansas University. "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Page 4-5~ 7 -She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and 8 -AND 9 -local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace. 10 -Thus, the standard is decreasing structural violence. 11 -Prefer since this is a constraint on all theories; if a theory excludes others, then their starting point is flawed. Their analysis of the world will be inaccurate, and if the first premise is flawed, then the conclusion can't be true. 12 - 13 -GUENTHER 12 ~Lisa Guenther, The Living Death of Solitary Confinement, The Opinion Pages, The Stone, NYT, Aug 26, 2012~ 14 -Deprived of everyday encounters with other people, and cut off from an open- 15 -AND 16 -and to lend their own unique perspective to creating meaning in the world. 17 -Plan 18 -QI application has shifted—we now use reasonableness and precedent standards so broad that filing suit is IMPOSSIBLE. Reinhardt '15 19 - 20 -Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. 21 -Hope was short-lived.140 For one thing, the Court began to 22 -AND 23 -wounded or deceased victim of excessive force at the hands of law enforcement. 24 -TEXT: The USFG ought to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity replacing the 'clearly established standard' and the 'reasonableness standard' with a 'clearly unconstitutional standard for police officers. 25 -That allows us to provide adequate civil rights protection while maintaining consistency with current law—means no link to disads. Jeffries '10 26 - 27 -University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 2010-21 What's Wrong With Qualified Immunity? John C. Jeffries, Jr. University of Virginia School of Law June 2010 28 -A second suggestion would be to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity. Rather 29 -AND 30 -would not be irrelevant in determining whether conduct is ―clearly unconstitutional.‖ 84 31 -Advantage 32 -The advantage is legal system legitimacy and racism. Court expansion of QI exacerbates racial discrimination in the criminal justice system—the law must be used to safeguard minority rights. Reinhardt '15 33 - 34 -Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. 35 -Unfortunately, the Court's recent treatment of federal habeas law and qualified immunity evinces a 36 -AND 37 -decisions in other areas of the law,176 only exacerbated the problem. 38 -Courts no longer even raise the question of if a constitutional violation occurred—creates a system of continued rights violations only the aff can solve. Reinhardt '15 39 - 40 -Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 41 -Although there is a great deal that is troubling about the qualified immunity doctrine as 42 -AND 43 -to articulate constitutional rights will surely have far-reaching, negative repercussions. 44 -Public perception of the judicial system is at an all time low—its treatment of racial minorities is the cause. Reinhardt '15 45 - 46 -Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. 47 -This is an especially unfortunate time to be limiting the opportunities of those who have 48 -AND 49 -. On this score, the Court has simply failed in its mission. 50 -Legal legitimacy is key to compliance with the law and maintaining moral order—turns back ethics based NCs. Robinson 11, 51 - 52 -Robinson 11 (Paul, ) "Mercy, Crime Control and Moral Credibility" Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. ~#10-32 53 -Perhaps the greatest utility of empirical desert comes through a more subtle but potentially more 54 -AND 55 -it will be effective in doing so only if it has sufficient credibility. 56 -And, Legal legitimacy is key to promote peace and prevents future conflict. Ban 04, 57 - 58 -Ban, 04, Secretary General of the UN ~Ki-Moon, "The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies", UN Security Council, August 23, S/2004/616, http://www.unrol.org/files/200420report.pdf~~** 59 -2. The objective of the present report is to highlight key issues and lessons 60 -AND 61 -manner. Viewed this way, prevention is the first imperative of justice. 62 -Underview 63 -Even if police officers were taken to court—it's municipalities that would have to pay damages. Means no link to police enforcement DAs and the aff is key to challenging the state. Reinhardt '15 64 - 65 -Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 66 -Unfortunately, the Court's actions no longer match its rhetoric. In fact, they 67 -AND 68 -has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,133 +1,0 @@ 1 -Part 1 is Framework 2 -Traditional ethics has functioned from a place of privilege and domination, thereby silencing the voices of marginalized groups. Morality can't be a set of rigid rules based on a universal white, masculine subject's "reason." Arnault 92 3 - 4 -Lynne S Arnault,PhD, Prof Miss State Gender/Body/Knowledge, Ed. By Alison Jagger, 1992 5 -For many philosophers in the American-British analytic tradition, radical feminist moral theory 6 -AND 7 -have reinforced dualistic ideologies of masculinity and femininity. (186-7) 8 -Theories that fail to acknowledge the prevalence of patriarchy are subject to flawed epistemology – any framework must be filtered through an understanding of the gendered politics of the resolution. Stanley 02 9 - 10 -Liz Stanley Prof. Womens Studies @ Manchester and Sue Wise Prof of social justice Lancaster, Breaking out Again , 2002 11 -Is there a distinct feminist method, in the sense of a technique of data 12 -AND 13 -Existing feminist epistemologies do this in varied ways. (188-9) 14 -The role of the ballot and judge as an educator is to reject arguments based on asymmetrical power relations—because pedagogical contexts are inherently political, we have a unique opportunity to promote real change. Trifonas 03 15 - 16 -PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia. 17 -If we superimpose my formulation of "power as relation" on the discussion concerning 18 -AND 19 -to make the world a better place for us and for our children. 20 -Only working within the state resolves gender violence – reforming assumptions in policy is uniquely valuable 21 - 22 -Tickner, feminist IR theorist and a distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services, American University, 01 23 -~J. Ann, Gendering World Politics, p. 11-13, MM~ 24 -Feminist theories are multidisciplinary; they draw from both the social and natural sciences as 25 -AND 26 -biases in the ways in which our theories have been focused and developed. 27 -Part 2 is Offense 28 -The impacts to intimate partner violence are horrific and experienced by 1.3 million women each year. NCADV '07 29 - 30 -NCADV 07 ("Domestic Violence Facts." National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Every Home a Safe Home. NCADV Public Policy Office, Washington D.C. July 2007.") 31 -Domestic violence is the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault, 32 -AND 33 -restraining orders against intimate partners who raped or stalked the victim were violated. 34 -Police departments fail to investigate domestic violence in the squo – DOJ investigations prove. ACLU 12/15 35 - 36 -American Civil Liberties Union. 12/15/15 For nearly 100 years, the ACLU has been our nation's guardian of liberty, working in courts, legislatures, and communities to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties that the Constitution and the laws of the United States guarantee everyone in this country. With more than a million members, activists, and supporters, the ACLU is a nationwide organization that fights tirelessly in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. to safeguard everyone's rights. It is a non partisan group. "POLICE DEPARTMENTS ASKED TO EXAMINE GENDER-BIAS AND VICTIM TREATMENT" ACLU Accessed 11/12/16 https://www.aclu.org/news/doj-issues-new-guidance-police-domestic-violence-and-sexual-assault-cases | AM I do not endorse the gendered language in this card, nor that domestic violence only affects women or those in heterosexual relationships. 37 -The guidance comes on the heels of DOJ investigations of gender-biased policing in 38 -AND 39 -a victim is put at greater risk as a result of police conduct. 40 -Police fail to enforce restraining orders – studies prove. Jain 11 41 - 42 -Niji Jain. 2011. Jain is an associate in the firm's litigation department. Prior to joining the firm, Ms. Jain served as a law clerk to the Honorable Orinda D. Evans in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. Ms. Jain has been active in litigation at all stages, including pre-litigation counseling, discovery, motions practice, mediation, and trial. She has a JD with honors from Emory, was a Robert W. Woodruff Fellow there and was Notes and Comments Editor at the Emory Law Journal. She has a BA from Stanford. "ENGENDERING FAIRNESS IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ARRESTS" EMORY LAW JOURNAL ~Vol. 60, 2011~ Accessed 11/4/16 http://law.emory.edu/elj/_documents/volumes/60/4/comments/jain.pdf | AM 43 -The facts of the Castle Rock case are egregious but sadly common. Nationally, 44 -AND 45 -violence and their children. The next section discusses these barriers to accountability. 46 -Police enforcement is key to solve domestic violence – failure condones and emboldens abusers. Jain 11 47 - 48 -Niji Jain. 2011. Jain is an associate in the firm's litigation department. Prior to joining the firm, Ms. Jain served as a law clerk to the Honorable Orinda D. Evans in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. Ms. Jain has been active in litigation at all stages, including pre-litigation counseling, discovery, motions practice, mediation, and trial. She has a JD with honors from Emory, was a Robert W. Woodruff Fellow there and was Notes and Comments Editor at the Emory Law Journal. She has a BA from Stanford. "ENGENDERING FAIRNESS IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ARRESTS" EMORY LAW JOURNAL ~Vol. 60, 2011~ Accessed 11/4/16 http://law.emory.edu/elj/_documents/volumes/60/4/comments/jain.pdf | AM I do not endorse the gendered language in this card, nor that domestic violence only affects women or those in heterosexual relationships. 49 -There are several compelling reasons for encouraging police enforcement of protective orders. First, 50 -AND 51 -will continue to disregard the safety of gender-based violence victims.77 52 -Intimate partner violence spills over to affect the security of all women in society. Seith 97 53 - 54 -Escaping Domestic Violence: Asylum as a Means of Protection for Battered Women (Fall, 1997) Patricia A. Seith - Columbia Law Review, Vol. 97, No. 6 55 -Violence is used against women as a form of social control and is effective because 56 -AND 57 -the manifestation of the power that men use to maintain control over women. 58 -Structural violence is the largest proximate cause of war- creates priming that psychologically structures escalation 59 - 60 -Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois '4 61 -(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) 62 -(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in 63 -AND 64 -including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization). 65 -Part 3 is the Plan 66 -Plan Text: The USFG should amend qualified immunity with a standard which exempts police officers from protection when they create danger to domestic violence victims through actions or an act of omission. Shtelmakher 10 explains: 67 - 68 -Milena Shtelmakher. 6/1/10 Shtelmakher focuses on complex civil litigation in the state and federal courts in New York, including cases of catastrophic property damage and fire loss, construction defect, and professional liability. Mila has significant experience handling all aspects of civil litigation, including case development, suit evaluation, motion support, and trial preparation. Prior to joining SGL, Mila was an Associate at a New York City firm where she represented individual health care providers and hospitals in all types of high-exposure healthcare and professional liability claims. Prior to law school, she worked in the Investor Protection Bureau of the New York State Attorney General's Office, where she assisted with prosecutions of fraud in the insurance, mutual fund, and mortgage industries. Mila earned her Juris Doctorate from Loyola Law School, Los Angeles where she was an editor of the Loyola Law Review. She also interned with the Honorable Charles E. Ramos of the New York Supreme Court, Commercial Division and the Honorable Dean D. Pregerson of the United States District Court, Central District of California. Additionally, she volunteered at a domestic violence clinic helping victims obtain restraining orders in court. "POLICE MISCONDUCT AND LIABILITY: APPLYING THE STATE-CREATED DANGER DOCTRINE TO HOLD POLICE OFFICERS ACCOUNTABLE FOR RESPONDING INADEQUATELY TO DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE SITUATIONS" Loyola Law Review Rev. 1533 Accessed 11/1/16 http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2701andcontext=llr | AM I do not endorse the gendered language in this card, nor that domestic violence only affects women or those in heterosexual relationships. 69 -In cases arising from domestic-violence complaints, federal courts apply the state- 70 -AND 71 -subjects them to liability whether they take action or fail to do so. 72 -Part 4 is Solvency 73 -Qualified immunity is a key obstacle in fighting domestic violence. Shtelmakher 10 74 - 75 -Milena Shtelmakher. 6/1/10 Shtelmakher focuses on complex civil litigation in the state and federal courts in New York, including cases of catastrophic property damage and fire loss, construction defect, and professional liability. Mila has significant experience handling all aspects of civil litigation, including case development, suit evaluation, motion support, and trial preparation. Prior to joining SGL, Mila was an Associate at a New York City firm where she represented individual health care providers and hospitals in all types of high-exposure healthcare and professional liability claims. Prior to law school, she worked in the Investor Protection Bureau of the New York State Attorney General's Office, where she assisted with prosecutions of fraud in the insurance, mutual fund, and mortgage industries. Mila earned her Juris Doctorate from Loyola Law School, Los Angeles where she was an editor of the Loyola Law Review. She also interned with the Honorable Charles E. Ramos of the New York Supreme Court, Commercial Division and the Honorable Dean D. Pregerson of the United States District Court, Central District of California. Additionally, she volunteered at a domestic violence clinic helping victims obtain restraining orders in court. "POLICE MISCONDUCT AND LIABILITY: APPLYING THE STATE-CREATED DANGER DOCTRINE TO HOLD POLICE OFFICERS ACCOUNTABLE FOR RESPONDING INADEQUATELY TO DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE SITUATIONS" Loyola Law Review Rev. 1533 Accessed 11/1/16 http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2701andcontext=llr | AM I do not endorse the gendered language in this card, nor that domestic violence only affects women or those in heterosexual relationships. 76 -Part of the battle against domestic violence is to make adequate, and thus appropriate 77 -AND 78 -of the danger of domestic violence by making them accountable for their conduct. 79 -The best way to solve domestic violence is to limit qualified immunity for police officers for domestic violence. Dean '98 80 - 81 -Michael Dean. April 8, 1998 Dean has been an attorney, counselor and businessman in Southeast Oakland County since 1981. Attorney Michael Dean graduated from Albion College, cum laude, with a degree in Economics and Professional Management. Michael Dean worked in the family business while attending the University of Detroit Law School. "THE FAILURE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT TO ENFORCE THE LAW" Michael Dean Accessed 11/4/16 "http://mdean.tripod.com/immunity.html" | AM 82 -For example, historically, there has been a general reluctance on the part of 83 -AND 84 -where the elements of negligence could be proven and the facts demanded it. 85 -QI is the biggest hurdle in domestic violence cases – inconsistent standards and lack of judicial oversight prove Harper '90 86 - 87 -Laura Harper September 9 1990 Powell is MFA's Associate General Counsel. Laura is responsible, along with other MFA counsel, for monitoring, analyzing and commenting on regulatory and legislative developments affecting the alternative investment industry. Prior to joining MFA, Laura was Of Counsel in the New York office of Kirkland and Ellis LLP, where she practiced in the firm's Corporate Group and focused on derivatives and corporate finance transactions. As part of her practice, Laura represented end-users in preparing and negotiating customized over-the-counter derivatives and other trading documentation for their asset management and risk management strategies. Laura also represented investment advisers, pension fund investors, issuers and other capital markets participants in a broad range of public and private securities offerings and investments and related regulatory compliance and disclosure matters. Laura received her Juris Doctor from Cornell Law School in 1991 and her Master of Business Administration degree from Cornell University's Johnson Graduate School of Management in 1990. She received her Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Utah. "Battered Women Suing Police for Failure to Intervene: Viable Legal Avenues After Deshaney v. Winnibago County Department of Social Services" 75 Cornell L. Rev. 1392 (1990) Accessed 11/14/16 http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3473andcontext=clr | AM 88 -Should a battered woman plaintiff proffer sufficient evidence of an equal protection or due process 89 -AND 90 -hurdle for battered women seeking redress for the deprivation of their constitutional rights. 91 -Part 5 is Framing 92 -Their invocation of extinction risk is just a tool of the imperial elite to justify continued domination – reject high magnitude low risk arguments that only serve to perpetuate everyday violence. 93 - 94 -Saunders 5 ~Rebecca Comparative Lit @ Illinois St., "Risky Business: Edward Said as Literary Critic" Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle Eas p. 529-532~ 95 -Risk-free ethics, like all protection from risk, are a class privilege 96 -AND 97 -which judging is everywhere beset. . . . to admit that 'obligation' 98 -Prediction is impossible – linear analysis causes policy failure 99 - 100 -Sa, 04 – Deug Whan, Dong-U College, South Korea, ("CHAOS, UNCERTA I N T Y, AND POLICY CHOICE: UTILIZING THE ADAPTIVE MODEL," International Review of Public Administration, vol. 8, no. 2, 2004, scholar)RK 101 -In many cases, a small choice might lead to overwhelming results that generate either 102 -AND 103 -states, the same environments, and governed by the same causal relationships. 104 -Their fixation on national interests and apocalyptic scenarios justifies endless violence, totalitarianism, and nuclear war – reject their improbable securitizing scenarios 105 - 106 -Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis 107 -While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward 108 -AND 109 -, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues. 110 -Reject patriarchy as a starting point for broader social reform — ignoring this impact is heteronormative and wrong. 111 - 112 -Ferber 04 — Abby Ferber, Professor of Sociology and Director of the Matrix Center for the Advancement of Social Equity and Inclusion at the University of Pittsburgh, co-organizer of the national White Privilege Conference, Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Oregon, M.A. in Sociology from the University of Oregon, ("Racial Warriors and Weekend Warriors," Feminism and Masculinities, Published by Oxford University Press, ISBN: 0–19–926724–3, pgs. 235-236) 113 -Kipnis (1995) argues that 'male-bashing is de rigueur in today's 114 -AND 115 -, and white men in particular, today's truly oppressed. ~. . .~ 116 -Women security against gender violence is the internal link to global stability—solves a litany of global impacts. Hudson '12 117 - 118 -Hudson 12 (Valerie M, What Sexs Mean for World Peace, Valerie M. Hudson is professor and George H.W. Bush chair in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM , .http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/24/what_sex_means_for_world_peace?page=full) 119 -Well, here is some robust empirical evidence that we cannot ignore: Using the 120 -AND 121 -— and in turn its rise to world power — in this century. 122 -International stability solves nuclear escalation—interstate aggression with the nuclear option means there is always a risk—only way to avoid extinction. Morgan '09 123 - 124 -Morgan 09 (Dennis Ray Morgan * Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus - South Korea, Elsevier, Futures 41 (2009) 683–693, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race") 125 -Besides the accidental factor, another factor that could incite nuclear war is that of 126 -AND 127 -, military, industrial or civilian targets and preemptively attacks that nation.'' 128 -Structural violence transcends ethics- it biases our thought processes to exclude others and consider violence acceptable. Winter and Leighton 99 129 - 130 -Deborah DuNann Winter (Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology) and Dana C. Leighton (PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." 131 -Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about 132 -AND 133 -structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,99 +1,0 @@ 1 -Part 1 is Framework 2 - 3 -The standard is identifying the best strategy for resisting ableist oppression, as contextualized by aff offense. 4 - 5 -Analysis of ableism is a critical focal point in addressing structural oppression caused by the hegemonic power structures of globalization. Academia is a uniquely key forum to bring about these issues. Mitchell ‘10 6 -Snyder and Mitchell 10 (Introduction: Ablenationalism and the Geo-Politics of Disability Sharon L. Snyder David T. Mitchell Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 4, Number 2, 2010, pp. 113-125) 7 -As a result, Disability Studies in McRuer's point of view should continue to affiliate 8 -AND 9 -and, as such, key guiding principles of democracy are left unrealized. 10 - 11 -Ableism operates as master trope illuminating the fundamental tactic of oppression—the naturalization of social inferiority as biological difference. Siebers 09 12 -Siebers, University of Michigan, Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism, Tobin, “The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification”, Oct 28, 2009, Lecture, Google Books. 13 -Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form 14 -AND 15 -represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority. 16 - 17 -Part 2 is the Topic 18 - 19 -Plan Text: The US Supreme Court ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by removing its application to lawsuits under disability discrimination statutes. 20 -Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP) 21 -The Supreme Court recently affirmed that the unambiguous lan guage of a statute is dispositive 22 -AND 23 -the text of the Acts manifests Congress's intent to bar any immunity defense. 24 - 25 -Only the supreme court can be the actor because it is precedential, in overturning q/I for police officers, they must interpret the ADA in its explicit text, which implies the decision’s application to q/I for all public officials. 26 - 27 -Advantage 1 is Legislative History 28 - 29 -Even if you think the state is bad, you cannot ignore the specificity of this historical analysis. It has not been one policy, there has been no cooption, and its breadth has only increased. Every relevant indicator implies that governments intended to help disabled people with these policies. Don’t think of the aff as defending a policy but rather a movement, which qualified immunity stands in the way of. 30 -Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP) 31 -The legislative history of the Rehabilitation Act reveals that Con gress intended to supply disabled 32 -AND 33 -Congress intended that each be broadly interpreted to provide effective remedies against discrimination... 34 - 35 -Qualified immunity stands directly in conflict with the legislative history of disability discrimination statutes. There are two scenarios where it removes damages all together. 36 -Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP) 37 -First, because damages may not be obtained from the federal gov ernment under the 38 -AND 39 -is wholly inapplicable to actions for damages brought under the disability discrimination statutes. 40 - 41 -Upholding policies like the ADA combats the invisibility of disabled people in society. 42 -Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP) 43 -The legislative history of the ADA likewise mandates a broad construction of the Act. 44 -AND 45 -ADA "must be in terpreted broadly to carry out its purpose." n154 46 - 47 -Recognition of the disabled body creates ruptures in status quo thinking that challenge societal prejudice. Campbell 09 48 -Campbell, Griffith University, 9 (Fiona Kumari, 2009, “Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness,” page 12-13, Date Accessed: 7/7) 49 -Returning to the matter of definitional clarity around abled(ness), Robert McRuer ( 50 -AND 51 -‘unavoidable duality’ by putting forward another metaphor, that of the mirror. 52 - 53 -Advantage 2 is Police Brutality 54 - 55 -ADA suits are going to be popular to resist police violence, two scenarios: 56 - 57 -1) Excessive force. 58 -Harrington ’01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor of Law, The University of Texas. B.A., Pontifical College Josephinum, 1968; M.A.(Philosophy), University of Detroit, 1970; J.D., University of Detroit, 1973. Director, Americans with Disabilities Act National Backup Center, 1995-1998. The author has been lead counsel or co-counsel in more than 350 ADA cases. “A RE-BIRTH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LITIGATION: USING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT TO OVERCOME SECTION 1983 HURDLES AND HOLD GOVERNMENT AND POLICE ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years” 2001 | SP) 59 -In light of Yeskey, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed a summary judgment 60 -AND 61 -on the police to handle problematic situations with people who have disabilities.172 62 - 63 -2) Suicide Calls and Emergencies – will require a paradigmatic shift. 64 -Harrington ’01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor of Law, The University of Texas. B.A., Pontifical College Josephinum, 1968; M.A.(Philosophy), University of Detroit, 1970; J.D., University of Detroit, 1973. Director, Americans with Disabilities Act National Backup Center, 1995-1998. The author has been lead counsel or co-counsel in more than 350 ADA cases. “A RE-BIRTH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LITIGATION: USING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT TO OVERCOME SECTION 1983 HURDLES AND HOLD GOVERNMENT AND POLICE ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years” 2001 | SP) 65 -Another common call to the police is for help with an individual who has suicidal 66 -AND 67 -175 There will likely continue to be considerable litigation in this area.176 68 - 69 -The aff holds police accountable for this violence and deters future violations of disability discrimination status. Q/I makes being a plaintiff impossible. 70 -Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP) 71 -The United States Congress has endeavored to guarantee the equal participation of the disabled in 72 -AND 73 -construed to provide disabled individuals with broad remedies should they suffer discrimination. n14 74 - 75 -Part 3 is Framing 76 - 77 -The aff should win if we prove we have presented the most desirable policy option 78 - 79 -a) Fairness—alternate frameworks moot 8 minutes of the 1ac – it’s the only basis for aff offense – that means we should get to weigh our impacts 80 - 81 -b) Decisionmaking – debate should develop our ability to weigh the consequences of our actions – it’s the only portable skill – that means the ballot should compare policy options – the only acceptable alt is one that presents a clear policy action 82 - 83 -c) considering policy implications is key to effective theory 84 -Feaver 01 (Peter, Asst. Prof of Political Science at Duke University, Twenty-First Century Weapons Proliferation, p 178) 85 -At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed 86 -AND 87 -. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 88 - 89 -d) The government has flawed components but challenging our understanding of government is important and valuable through discussion of federal policies~-~~-~- learning the language of that allows us to confront and challenge those institutions outside of this round and resolves a lot of the impacts at the root of their explanation 90 -Hoppe 99 Robert Hoppe is Professor of Policy and knowledge in the Faculty of Management and Governance at Twente University, the Netherlands. "Argumentative Turn" Science and Public Policy, volume 26, number 3, June 1999, pages 201–210 works.bepress.com 91 -ACCORDING TO LASSWELL (1971), policy science is about the production and application of 92 -AND 93 -and to a broader audience of an ideologically disoriented and politically disenchanted citizenry. 94 - 95 -e) Reps K bad – assumes Representational Determinism. Prefer the particularized and surrounding context of HOW our reps were deployed. 96 -Shim ‘14(David Shim is Assistant Professor at the Department of International Relations and International Organization of the University of Groningen – As part of the critique of visual determinism, this card internally quotes David D. Perlmutter, Ph.D.. He is Dean of the College of Media and Communication at Texas Tech University. Before coming to Texas Tech, he was the director of the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Iowa. As a documentary photographer, he is the author or editor of seven books on political communication and persuasion. Also, he has written several dozen research articles for academic journals as well as more than 200 essays for U.S. and international newspapers and magazines such as Campaigns and Elections, Christian Science Monitor, Editor and Publisher, Los Angeles Times, MSNBC.com., Philadelphia Inquirer, and USA Today. Routledge Book Publication –Visual Politics and North Korea: Seeing is believing – p.24-25) 97 -Imagery can enact powerful effects, since political actors are almost always pressed to take 98 -AND 99 -values (see also, Domke et al. 2002; Perlmutter 2005). - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,103 @@ 1 +1AC 2 +I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. 3 +To clarify, the First Amendment doesn’t permit meaningless obscenity, child pornography, expressions that in and of itself causes injury, and remarks intended to cause violence 4 + 5 +Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM) 6 +The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no 7 +AND 8 +constitutes a "true threat," and not against mere "political hyperbole." 9 +The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case 10 +The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95 11 + 12 +Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7 13 +The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids 14 +AND 15 +thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy. 16 +Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10 17 + 18 +Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values." 19 +I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong, 20 +AND 21 +, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values. 22 +Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework 23 + 24 +BOSTROM 11 25 +(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy 26 +These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~~~s~~~ an alternative, complementary way of 27 +AND 28 +value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 29 +Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself. 30 + 31 +Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics. 32 +Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that 33 +AND 34 +the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82 35 +Innovation 4:34 36 +Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment 37 + 38 +Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, "Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus", pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM) 39 +Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels. In 2015 40 +AND 41 +dwell on the easy arguments and defend only the most socially acceptable targets. 42 +This hamstrings innovation —- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-req to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures 43 + 44 +ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. "Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education", pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM) 45 +The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of 46 +AND 47 +be left to the informal processes of suasion, example, and argument. 48 +Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness —- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues 49 + 50 +Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, "Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought", "2.8 Conclusion", https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM) 51 +The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts how, through the 52 +AND 53 +diversity dynamics that typically may negatively impact on organizational behaviour, are optimized. 54 +Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony 55 + 56 +Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations ~~~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~~~~~ 57 +The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new 58 +AND 59 +, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home. 60 +Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in - it’s try or die 61 + 62 +Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011) 63 +Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to 64 +AND 65 +leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity. 66 +Terror 2:47 67 +Colleges can be unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but censorship is ruining that —- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil "Other" 68 + 69 +Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,"How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’", "Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber" – "Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?", http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM) 70 +In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like- 71 +AND 72 +to the bold questioning and uncomfortable discussions that intellectual and societal innovation demands. 73 +Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them — speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism 74 + 75 +Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, "Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism", https://books.google.com/books?id='kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM) 76 +First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate 77 +AND 78 +law enforcement or secret services because this would discredit and ultimately sabotage them. 79 +This is especially pertinent in the case of colleges – students are much more likely to be recruited or adopt extremist views 80 + 81 +Borum 5 (Randy Borum – Professor and Director of Intelligence Studies in the School of Information and Academic Coordination for Cybersecurity at the University of Southern Florida; Chuck Tilby – member of the Police Department, "Anarchist Direct Action: A Challenge for Law Enforcement", "Recruitment, pg. 214, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1552andcontext=mhlp'facpub, EmmieeM) 82 +It should not be surprising to learn that jails and prisons are major recruiting sites 83 +AND 84 +to be young, energetic, and idealistic with time available to act. 85 +Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves —- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs 86 + 87 +Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, "Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc) 88 +Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released 89 +AND 90 +exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons. 91 +Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems 92 + 93 +Ackerman and Pinson 14 ~~~Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, "An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014~~~ 94 +The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons 95 +AND 96 +well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19 97 +Solvency 98 +Censoring hate speech entrenches racism —- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication 99 + 100 +Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, "Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship", "The Prohibitionist Challenge", pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM) 101 +American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent, 102 +AND 103 +still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,76 @@ 1 +1AC 2 +Framework 3 +The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias 4 + 5 +Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM) 6 +Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped 7 +AND 8 +, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 9 +Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual coming up with methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine 10 + 11 +Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM) 12 +The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable 13 +AND 14 +the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché. 15 +Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question because educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices 16 + 17 +Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM) 18 +While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and 19 +AND 20 +has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war. 21 +Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct the background ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state 22 + 23 +Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM) 24 +War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective. 25 +AND 26 +may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes. 27 +Offense 4:10 28 +Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights 29 + 30 +Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM) 31 +Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction. 32 +AND 33 +the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7). 34 +The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism. 35 + 36 +Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM) 37 +State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with 38 +AND 39 +the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 40 +Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization. 41 + 42 +McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM) 43 +The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is 44 +AND 45 +contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11 46 +Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. 47 + 48 +Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM) 49 +During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom 50 +AND 51 +commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles. 52 +Solvency 1:00 53 +The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide resources. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology 54 + 55 +Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014) 56 +I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because 57 +AND 58 +. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that. 59 +The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF. 60 + 61 +Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM) 62 +Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War 63 +AND 64 +it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war? 65 +UV 66 +Aff gets RVIs because 67 +1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse. 68 +2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC 69 +3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm. 70 +Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies. 71 + 72 +Zanotti 13 — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300) 73 +Conclusion 74 +In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance 75 +AND 76 +position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84 - EntryDate
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