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Summary

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1 -The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case.
2 -The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
3 -Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
4 -Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
5 -Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
6 -Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
7 -BOSTROM 11
8 -(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
9 -The Nuclear Energy Sector is currently Expanding
10 -Handley 13 (Meg: staff writer for US News; "Emerging Nations To Power Nuclear Energy Expansion Over Next Decade"; 3-25-2013; US News andamp; World Report; http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/25/emerging-nations-to-power-nuclear-energy-expansion-over-next-decade; DT)
11 -Nuclear energy requires uranium mining – thorium is not a feasible alternative
12 -National Nuclear Library 12 (Report made for the Department of Energy and Climate Change, National Nuclear Library – UK, “Comparison of Thorium and Uranium on a Global Scale”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/65504/6300-comparison-fuel-cycles.pdf. pg 16, EmmieeM)
13 -Uranium mining leads to an increase in above-ground radiation, which causes biodiversity loss
14 -Sullivan 13 (Sian Sullivan works for the Department of Geography, Environment, and Developmental Studies at the University of London, “After the Green Rush? Biodiversity Offsets, Uranium Power and the ‘Calculus of Causalities’ in Greening Growth, pg. 94, EmmieeM)
15 -Independently, radioactive dumping in the ocean destroys marine biodiversity
16 -Alexeev 16 (Denis Alexeev and Valentina Galtsova are from the Department of Applied Ecology at the Russian State Hydrometeriological University, “Effect of Radioactive Pollution on the Biodiversity of Marine Benthic Ecosystems on the Russian Arctic Shelf”, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965212000138, EmmieeM)
17 -Biodiversity loss is an impact filter – exacerbates existing crises and leads to extinction.
18 -Torres 16 (Phil is a graduate of Cornell University with degrees in Entomology and Biology; "Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change"; 5-20-2016; FLI - Future of Life Institute; http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/; DT)
19 -Nuclear meltdown is going to happen within the next decade
20 -Gesellschaft 12 (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft: research society in Germany; "Severe nuclear reactor accidents likely every 10 to 20 years, European study suggests."; ScienceDaily; 22 May 2012; www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120522134942.htm; DT)
21 -Unprecedented nuclear disasters are coming – scientific studies prove that spent fuel fires are both likely and would have a much greater impact than Fukushima
22 -Stone 16 (This card cites research done at Princeton using mathematical calculations and computer programs in order to gauge probability and magniture. Richard Stone has a degree in biophysics from UPenn and has written for National Geographic and Smithsonian, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/spent-fuel-fire-us-soil-could-dwarf-impact-fukushima, “Spent Fuel Fire on U.S. Soil Could Dwarf Impact of Fukushima”, EmmieeM)
23 -Nuclear meltdown would cause widespread deaths, long-term diseases, and permanent ecological damage
24 -Wasserman, 02 (Harvey, American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy, author of The Last Energy War and co-author of Killing Our Own: The Disaster of America's Experience with Atomic Radiation, Spring, Earth Island Journal, http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/nuclear_power_and_terrorism/, “Nuclear Power and Terrorism” | ADM)
25 -A nuclear accident costs hundreds of billions of dollars for taxpayers
26 -Hargreaves 11
27 -(Steve Hargreaves, March 25 2011, Steve Hargreaves is co-director of the Energy Transition desk, which demonstrates the feasibility of shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy through data, storytelling and building partnerships. Prior to joining Climate Nexus in 2015, he spent 11 years as a writer for CNNMoney, first as an energy reporter and later on the site’s economy desk and special projects team. While there, he won an enterprise award from the Society of American Business Editors and Writers for a series on the military’s efforts to reduce oil consumption, served as a panelist at a debate hosted by now Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz, and did on-air appearances as CNN's energy expert. Coverage highlights included reporting from an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico during the BP spill, covering the 20th World Petroleum Congress from Doha, Qatar, and spending several weeks in Detroit documenting efforts to revitalize that city. Before joining CNNMoney he spent two years writing from Bangkok and Istanbul, and was published in the Village Voice and the Australian Financial Review. He started his career at Casco Bay Weekly, an alternative newspaper in Portland, Maine, and later worked as a beat reporter at the Times Record, a small daily newspaper in neighboring Brunswick. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Environmental Studies and Sociology from St. Lawrence University., http://money.cnn.com/2011/03/25/news/economy/nuclear_accident_costs/, CNN Money, 8/8/16)
28 -Terrorist organizations have started targeting nuclear power plants for resources and attacks
29 -Rubin 16 (Alissa J. Rubin is an American journalist who covers the Middle East for the New York Times. She has won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. “Belgium Proves Nuclear Plants are Vulnerable”, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/world/europe/belgium-fears-nuclear-plants-are-vulnerable.html?_r=0, EmmieeM)
30 -Nuclear power plants are extremely vulnerable to terrorist attacks and break-ins
31 -Holt and Andrews 14
32 -Mark Holt and Anthony Andrews Specialists in Energy Policy. Nuclear Power Plant Security and Vulnerabilities. Congressional Research Service. January 13, 2014. FZ.
33 -The results to a terror attack on a nuclear power plant is devastating
34 -Caldicott 6
35 -Helen Caldicott bestselling author, Nobel Peace Prize nominee. Nuclear power is not the answer. The New Press. September 20, 2006. http:tria.fcampalans.cat/images/Nuclear20Power20is20not20the20answer20-20H.20Caldicott.pdf. FZ.
36 -Independently, the impact to terrorists acquiring nuclear weapons is several deaths
37 -Volders 16 (Brecht Volders is a researcher in the Department of Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, and a PhD candidate.
38 - Tow Sauer is Associate Professor in International Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, “Nuclear Terrorism – Countering the Threat”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=dVmpCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=nuclear+terrorismandots=6M4Kdlfm8Handsig=prlipwaAYy2hMbOl9cbznqSuHdg#v=onepageandq=nuclear20terrorismandf=false, pg. 3-4, EmmieeM)
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1 -Harker Shah Aff
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1 -Sixth Annual Robert Garcia Invitational
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1 -1AC
2 -I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
3 -To clarify, the First Amendment doesn’t permit meaningless obscenity, child pornography, expressions that in and of itself causes injury, and remarks intended to cause violence
4 -
5 -Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM)
6 -The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no
7 -AND
8 -constitutes a "true threat," and not against mere "political hyperbole."
9 -The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case
10 -The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
11 -
12 -Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
13 -The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
14 -AND
15 -thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
16 -Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
17 -
18 -Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values."
19 -I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
20 -AND
21 -, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
22 -Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
23 -
24 -BOSTROM 11
25 -(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
26 -These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~~~s~~~ an alternative, complementary way of
27 -AND
28 -value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
29 -Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.
30 -
31 -Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics.
32 -Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
33 -AND
34 -the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
35 -Innovation 4:34
36 -Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment
37 -
38 -Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, "Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus", pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM)
39 -Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels. In 2015
40 -AND
41 -dwell on the easy arguments and defend only the most socially acceptable targets.
42 -This hamstrings innovation —- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-req to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures
43 -
44 -ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. "Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education", pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM)
45 -The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of
46 -AND
47 -be left to the informal processes of suasion, example, and argument.
48 -Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness —- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues
49 -
50 -Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, "Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought", "2.8 Conclusion", https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM)
51 -The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts how, through the
52 -AND
53 -diversity dynamics that typically may negatively impact on organizational behaviour, are optimized.
54 -Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony
55 -
56 -Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations ~~~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~~~~~
57 -The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
58 -AND
59 -, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.
60 -Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in - it’s try or die
61 -
62 -Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
63 -Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
64 -AND
65 -leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
66 -Terror 2:47
67 -Colleges can be unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but censorship is ruining that —- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil "Other"
68 -
69 -Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,"How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’", "Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber" – "Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?", http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM)
70 -In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-
71 -AND
72 -to the bold questioning and uncomfortable discussions that intellectual and societal innovation demands.
73 -Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them — speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism
74 -
75 -Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, "Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism", https://books.google.com/books?id='kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM)
76 -First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate
77 -AND
78 -law enforcement or secret services because this would discredit and ultimately sabotage them.
79 -This is especially pertinent in the case of colleges – students are much more likely to be recruited or adopt extremist views
80 -
81 -Borum 5 (Randy Borum – Professor and Director of Intelligence Studies in the School of Information and Academic Coordination for Cybersecurity at the University of Southern Florida; Chuck Tilby – member of the Police Department, "Anarchist Direct Action: A Challenge for Law Enforcement", "Recruitment, pg. 214, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1552andcontext=mhlp'facpub, EmmieeM)
82 -It should not be surprising to learn that jails and prisons are major recruiting sites
83 -AND
84 -to be young, energetic, and idealistic with time available to act.
85 -Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves —- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs
86 -
87 -Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, "Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc)
88 -Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released
89 -AND
90 -exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons.
91 -Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems
92 -
93 -Ackerman and Pinson 14 ~~~Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, "An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014~~~
94 -The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons
95 -AND
96 -well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19
97 -Solvency
98 -Censoring hate speech entrenches racism —- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication
99 -
100 -Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, "Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship", "The Prohibitionist Challenge", pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM)
101 -American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent,
102 -AND
103 -still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse.
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1 -1AC
2 -Framework
3 -The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias
4 -
5 -Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
6 -Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
7 -AND
8 -, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time.
9 -Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual coming up with methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine
10 -
11 -Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
12 -The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
13 -AND
14 -the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.
15 -Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question because educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices
16 -
17 -Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
18 -While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and
19 -AND
20 -has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war.
21 -Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct the background ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state
22 -
23 -Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM)
24 -War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective.
25 -AND
26 -may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes.
27 -Offense 4:10
28 -Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights
29 -
30 -Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
31 -Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
32 -AND
33 -the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).
34 -The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.
35 -
36 -Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
37 -State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
38 -AND
39 -the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state.
40 -Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.
41 -
42 -McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
43 -The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
44 -AND
45 -contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11
46 -Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
47 -
48 -Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
49 -During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
50 -AND
51 -commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.
52 -Solvency 1:00
53 -The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide resources. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology
54 -
55 -Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
56 -I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
57 -AND
58 -. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.
59 -The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF.
60 -
61 -Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)
62 -Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War
63 -AND
64 -it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?
65 -UV
66 -Aff gets RVIs because
67 -1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse.
68 -2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC
69 -3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm.
70 -Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies.
71 -
72 -Zanotti 13 — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300)
73 -Conclusion
74 -In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance
75 -AND
76 -position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84
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3 -Since ought implies moral obligation, I value morality, which presupposes inclusion since it assumes equal worth and B) since only inclusion can promote compliance. Morality has to guide action; if ethics aren't grounded in action, then they lose their prescriptive value, destroying morality.
4 -Structural violence is based in moral exclusion; it allows one group to become invisible.
5 -
6 -Winter and Leighton 99 ~Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter is a professor of psychology at Whitman College. Leighton is an assistant professor of psychology at Southern Arkansas University. "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Page 4-5~
7 -She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and
8 -AND
9 -local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.
10 -Thus, the standard is decreasing structural violence.
11 -Prefer since this is a constraint on all theories; if a theory excludes others, then their starting point is flawed. Their analysis of the world will be inaccurate, and if the first premise is flawed, then the conclusion can't be true.
12 -
13 -GUENTHER 12 ~Lisa Guenther, The Living Death of Solitary Confinement, The Opinion Pages, The Stone, NYT, Aug 26, 2012~
14 -Deprived of everyday encounters with other people, and cut off from an open-
15 -AND
16 -and to lend their own unique perspective to creating meaning in the world.
17 -Plan
18 -QI application has shifted—we now use reasonableness and precedent standards so broad that filing suit is IMPOSSIBLE. Reinhardt '15
19 -
20 -Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
21 -Hope was short-lived.140 For one thing, the Court began to
22 -AND
23 -wounded or deceased victim of excessive force at the hands of law enforcement.
24 -TEXT: The USFG ought to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity replacing the 'clearly established standard' and the 'reasonableness standard' with a 'clearly unconstitutional standard for police officers.
25 -That allows us to provide adequate civil rights protection while maintaining consistency with current law—means no link to disads. Jeffries '10
26 -
27 -University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 2010-21 What's Wrong With Qualified Immunity? John C. Jeffries, Jr. University of Virginia School of Law June 2010
28 -A second suggestion would be to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity. Rather
29 -AND
30 -would not be irrelevant in determining whether conduct is ―clearly unconstitutional.‖ 84
31 -Advantage
32 -The advantage is legal system legitimacy and racism. Court expansion of QI exacerbates racial discrimination in the criminal justice system—the law must be used to safeguard minority rights. Reinhardt '15
33 -
34 -Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
35 -Unfortunately, the Court's recent treatment of federal habeas law and qualified immunity evinces a
36 -AND
37 -decisions in other areas of the law,176 only exacerbated the problem.
38 -Courts no longer even raise the question of if a constitutional violation occurred—creates a system of continued rights violations only the aff can solve. Reinhardt '15
39 -
40 -Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
41 -Although there is a great deal that is troubling about the qualified immunity doctrine as
42 -AND
43 -to articulate constitutional rights will surely have far-reaching, negative repercussions.
44 -Public perception of the judicial system is at an all time low—its treatment of racial minorities is the cause. Reinhardt '15
45 -
46 -Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
47 -This is an especially unfortunate time to be limiting the opportunities of those who have
48 -AND
49 -. On this score, the Court has simply failed in its mission.
50 -Legal legitimacy is key to compliance with the law and maintaining moral order—turns back ethics based NCs. Robinson 11,
51 -
52 -Robinson 11 (Paul, ) "Mercy, Crime Control and Moral Credibility" Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. ~#10-32
53 -Perhaps the greatest utility of empirical desert comes through a more subtle but potentially more
54 -AND
55 -it will be effective in doing so only if it has sufficient credibility.
56 -And, Legal legitimacy is key to promote peace and prevents future conflict. Ban 04,
57 -
58 -Ban, 04, Secretary General of the UN ~Ki-Moon, "The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies", UN Security Council, August 23, S/2004/616, http://www.unrol.org/files/200420report.pdf~~**
59 -2. The objective of the present report is to highlight key issues and lessons
60 -AND
61 -manner. Viewed this way, prevention is the first imperative of justice.
62 -Underview
63 -Even if police officers were taken to court—it's municipalities that would have to pay damages. Means no link to police enforcement DAs and the aff is key to challenging the state. Reinhardt '15
64 -
65 -Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
66 -Unfortunately, the Court's actions no longer match its rhetoric. In fact, they
67 -AND
68 -has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights.
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1 +Since ought implies moral obligation, I value morality, which presupposes inclusion since it assumes equal worth and B) since only inclusion can promote compliance. Morality has to guide action; if ethics aren't grounded in action, then they lose their prescriptive value, destroying morality.
2 +Structural violence is based in moral exclusion; it allows one group to become invisible.
3 +
4 +Winter and Leighton 99 Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter is a professor of psychology at Whitman College. Leighton is an assistant professor of psychology at Southern Arkansas University. "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Page 4-5
5 +She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and
6 +AND
7 +local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.
8 +Thus, the standard is decreasing structural violence.
9 +Prefer since this is a constraint on all theories; if a theory excludes others, then their starting point is flawed. Their analysis of the world will be inaccurate, and if the first premise is flawed, then the conclusion can't be true.
10 +
11 +GUENTHER 12 Lisa Guenther, The Living Death of Solitary Confinement, The Opinion Pages, The Stone, NYT, Aug 26, 2012
12 +Deprived of everyday encounters with other people, and cut off from an open-
13 +AND
14 +and to lend their own unique perspective to creating meaning in the world.
15 +Plan
16 +QI application has shifted—we now use reasonableness and precedent standards so broad that filing suit is IMPOSSIBLE. Reinhardt '15
17 +
18 +Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
19 +Hope was short-lived.140 For one thing, the Court began to
20 +AND
21 +wounded or deceased victim of excessive force at the hands of law enforcement.
22 +TEXT: The USFG ought to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity replacing the 'clearly established standard' and the 'reasonableness standard' with a 'clearly unconstitutional standard for police officers.
23 +That allows us to provide adequate civil rights protection while maintaining consistency with current law—means no link to disads. Jeffries '10
24 +
25 +University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 2010-21 What's Wrong With Qualified Immunity? John C. Jeffries, Jr. University of Virginia School of Law June 2010
26 +A second suggestion would be to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity. Rather
27 +AND
28 +would not be irrelevant in determining whether conduct is ―clearly unconstitutional.‖ 84
29 +Advantage
30 +The advantage is legal system legitimacy and racism. Court expansion of QI exacerbates racial discrimination in the criminal justice system—the law must be used to safeguard minority rights. Reinhardt '15
31 +
32 +Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
33 +Unfortunately, the Court's recent treatment of federal habeas law and qualified immunity evinces a
34 +AND
35 +decisions in other areas of the law,176 only exacerbated the problem.
36 +Courts no longer even raise the question of if a constitutional violation occurred—creates a system of continued rights violations only the aff can solve. Reinhardt '15
37 +
38 +Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
39 +Although there is a great deal that is troubling about the qualified immunity doctrine as
40 +AND
41 +to articulate constitutional rights will surely have far-reaching, negative repercussions.
42 +Public perception of the judicial system is at an all time low—its treatment of racial minorities is the cause. Reinhardt '15
43 +
44 +Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
45 +This is an especially unfortunate time to be limiting the opportunities of those who have
46 +AND
47 +. On this score, the Court has simply failed in its mission.
48 +Legal legitimacy is key to compliance with the law and maintaining moral order—turns back ethics based NCs. Robinson 11,
49 +
50 +Robinson 11 (Paul, ) "Mercy, Crime Control and Moral Credibility" Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. #10-32
51 +Perhaps the greatest utility of empirical desert comes through a more subtle but potentially more
52 +AND
53 +it will be effective in doing so only if it has sufficient credibility.
54 +And, Legal legitimacy is key to promote peace and prevents future conflict. Ban 04,
55 +
56 +Ban, 04, Secretary General of the UN Ki-Moon, "The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies", UN Security Council, August 23, S/2004/616, http://www.unrol.org/files/200420report.pdf~~**
57 +2. The objective of the present report is to highlight key issues and lessons
58 +AND
59 +manner. Viewed this way, prevention is the first imperative of justice.
60 +Underview
61 +Even if police officers were taken to court—it's municipalities that would have to pay damages. Means no link to police enforcement DAs and the aff is key to challenging the state. Reinhardt '15
62 +
63 +Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
64 +Unfortunately, the Court's actions no longer match its rhetoric. In fact, they
65 +AND
66 +has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights.
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,103 @@
1 +1AC
2 +I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
3 +To clarify, the First Amendment doesn’t permit meaningless obscenity, child pornography, expressions that in and of itself causes injury, and remarks intended to cause violence
4 +
5 +Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM)
6 +The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no
7 +AND
8 +constitutes a "true threat," and not against mere "political hyperbole."
9 +The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case
10 +The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
11 +
12 +Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
13 +The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
14 +AND
15 +thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
16 +Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
17 +
18 +Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values."
19 +I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
20 +AND
21 +, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
22 +Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
23 +
24 +BOSTROM 11
25 +(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
26 +These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~~~s~~~ an alternative, complementary way of
27 +AND
28 +value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
29 +Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.
30 +
31 +Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics.
32 +Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
33 +AND
34 +the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
35 +Innovation 4:34
36 +Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment
37 +
38 +Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, "Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus", pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM)
39 +Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels. In 2015
40 +AND
41 +dwell on the easy arguments and defend only the most socially acceptable targets.
42 +This hamstrings innovation —- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-req to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures
43 +
44 +ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. "Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education", pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM)
45 +The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of
46 +AND
47 +be left to the informal processes of suasion, example, and argument.
48 +Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness —- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues
49 +
50 +Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, "Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought", "2.8 Conclusion", https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM)
51 +The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts how, through the
52 +AND
53 +diversity dynamics that typically may negatively impact on organizational behaviour, are optimized.
54 +Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony
55 +
56 +Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations ~~~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~~~~~
57 +The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
58 +AND
59 +, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.
60 +Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in - it’s try or die
61 +
62 +Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
63 +Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
64 +AND
65 +leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
66 +Terror 2:47
67 +Colleges can be unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but censorship is ruining that —- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil "Other"
68 +
69 +Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,"How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’", "Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber" – "Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?", http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM)
70 +In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-
71 +AND
72 +to the bold questioning and uncomfortable discussions that intellectual and societal innovation demands.
73 +Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them — speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism
74 +
75 +Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, "Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism", https://books.google.com/books?id='kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM)
76 +First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate
77 +AND
78 +law enforcement or secret services because this would discredit and ultimately sabotage them.
79 +This is especially pertinent in the case of colleges – students are much more likely to be recruited or adopt extremist views
80 +
81 +Borum 5 (Randy Borum – Professor and Director of Intelligence Studies in the School of Information and Academic Coordination for Cybersecurity at the University of Southern Florida; Chuck Tilby – member of the Police Department, "Anarchist Direct Action: A Challenge for Law Enforcement", "Recruitment, pg. 214, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1552andcontext=mhlp'facpub, EmmieeM)
82 +It should not be surprising to learn that jails and prisons are major recruiting sites
83 +AND
84 +to be young, energetic, and idealistic with time available to act.
85 +Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves —- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs
86 +
87 +Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, "Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc)
88 +Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released
89 +AND
90 +exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons.
91 +Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems
92 +
93 +Ackerman and Pinson 14 ~~~Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, "An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014~~~
94 +The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons
95 +AND
96 +well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19
97 +Solvency
98 +Censoring hate speech entrenches racism —- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication
99 +
100 +Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, "Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship", "The Prohibitionist Challenge", pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM)
101 +American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent,
102 +AND
103 +still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse.
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1 +1AC
2 +Framework
3 +The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias
4 +
5 +Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
6 +Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
7 +AND
8 +, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time.
9 +Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual coming up with methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine
10 +
11 +Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
12 +The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
13 +AND
14 +the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.
15 +Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question because educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices
16 +
17 +Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
18 +While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and
19 +AND
20 +has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war.
21 +Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct the background ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state
22 +
23 +Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM)
24 +War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective.
25 +AND
26 +may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes.
27 +Offense 4:10
28 +Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights
29 +
30 +Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
31 +Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
32 +AND
33 +the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).
34 +The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.
35 +
36 +Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
37 +State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
38 +AND
39 +the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state.
40 +Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.
41 +
42 +McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
43 +The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
44 +AND
45 +contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11
46 +Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
47 +
48 +Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
49 +During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
50 +AND
51 +commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.
52 +Solvency 1:00
53 +The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide resources. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology
54 +
55 +Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
56 +I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
57 +AND
58 +. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.
59 +The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF.
60 +
61 +Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)
62 +Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War
63 +AND
64 +it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?
65 +UV
66 +Aff gets RVIs because
67 +1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse.
68 +2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC
69 +3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm.
70 +Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies.
71 +
72 +Zanotti 13 — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300)
73 +Conclusion
74 +In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance
75 +AND
76 +position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84
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1 +1AC
2 +FW
3 +Since ought implies moral obligation, I value morality, which presupposes inclusion since it assumes equal worth and B) since only inclusion can promote compliance. Morality has to guide action; if ethics aren't grounded in action, then they lose their prescriptive value, destroying morality.
4 +Structural violence is based in moral exclusion; it allows one group to become invisible.
5 +
6 +Winter and Leighton 99 ~Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter is a professor of psychology at Whitman College. Leighton is an assistant professor of psychology at Southern Arkansas University. "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Page 4-5~
7 +She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and
8 +AND
9 +local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.
10 +Thus, the standard is decreasing structural violence.
11 +Prefer since this is a constraint on all theories; if a theory excludes others, then their starting point is flawed. Their analysis of the world will be inaccurate, and if the first premise is flawed, then the conclusion can't be true.
12 +
13 +GUENTHER 12 ~Lisa Guenther, The Living Death of Solitary Confinement, The Opinion Pages, The Stone, NYT, Aug 26, 2012~
14 +Deprived of everyday encounters with other people, and cut off from an open-
15 +AND
16 +and to lend their own unique perspective to creating meaning in the world.
17 +Plan
18 +QI application has shifted—we now use reasonableness and precedent standards so broad that filing suit is IMPOSSIBLE. Reinhardt '15
19 +
20 +Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
21 +Hope was short-lived.140 For one thing, the Court began to
22 +AND
23 +wounded or deceased victim of excessive force at the hands of law enforcement.
24 +TEXT: The USFG ought to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity replacing the 'clearly established standard' and the 'reasonableness standard' with a 'clearly unconstitutional standard for police officers.
25 +That allows us to provide adequate civil rights protection while maintaining consistency with current law—means no link to disads. Jeffries '10
26 +
27 +University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 2010-21 What's Wrong With Qualified Immunity? John C. Jeffries, Jr. University of Virginia School of Law June 2010
28 +A second suggestion would be to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity. Rather
29 +AND
30 +would not be irrelevant in determining whether conduct is ―clearly unconstitutional.‖ 84
31 +Advantage
32 +The advantage is legal system legitimacy and racism. Court expansion of QI exacerbates racial discrimination in the criminal justice system—the law must be used to safeguard minority rights. Reinhardt '15
33 +
34 +Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
35 +Unfortunately, the Court's recent treatment of federal habeas law and qualified immunity evinces a
36 +AND
37 +decisions in other areas of the law,176 only exacerbated the problem.
38 +Courts no longer even raise the question of if a constitutional violation occurred—creates a system of continued rights violations only the aff can solve. Reinhardt '15
39 +
40 +Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
41 +Although there is a great deal that is troubling about the qualified immunity doctrine as
42 +AND
43 +to articulate constitutional rights will surely have far-reaching, negative repercussions.
44 +Public perception of the judicial system is at an all time low—its treatment of racial minorities is the cause. Reinhardt '15
45 +
46 +Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
47 +This is an especially unfortunate time to be limiting the opportunities of those who have
48 +AND
49 +. On this score, the Court has simply failed in its mission.
50 +Legal legitimacy is key to compliance with the law and maintaining moral order—turns back ethics based NCs. Robinson 11,
51 +
52 +Robinson 11 (Paul, ) "Mercy, Crime Control and Moral Credibility" Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. ~#10-32
53 +Perhaps the greatest utility of empirical desert comes through a more subtle but potentially more
54 +AND
55 +it will be effective in doing so only if it has sufficient credibility.
56 +And, Legal legitimacy is key to promote peace and prevents future conflict. Ban 04,
57 +
58 +Ban, 04, Secretary General of the UN ~Ki-Moon, "The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies", UN Security Council, August 23, S/2004/616, http://www.unrol.org/files/200420report.pdf~~**
59 +2. The objective of the present report is to highlight key issues and lessons
60 +AND
61 +manner. Viewed this way, prevention is the first imperative of justice.
62 +Underview
63 +Even if police officers were taken to court—it's municipalities that would have to pay damages. Means no link to police enforcement DAs and the aff is key to challenging the state. Reinhardt '15
64 +
65 +Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
66 +Unfortunately, the Court's actions no longer match its rhetoric. In fact, they
67 +AND
68 +has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights.
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