Changes for page Harker Pyda Neg

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Summary

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1 -==T==
2 -
3 -
4 -====Interpretation: The affirmative must defend that public colleges and universities in the Unites States ought to restrict NO constitutionally protected speech. To clarify they may not specify any one type of constitutionally protected speech that ought not be restricted.====
5 -
6 -
7 -====Counterplans by the negative that PIC out of specific kinds of constitutionally protected speech are illegitimate.====
8 -
9 -
10 -====Violation: The 1AC only expands free speech zones to the entire campus, but it stills allow for restrictions and speech codes to exist in these speech zones, which means there are still some restrictions of constitutionally protected speech.====
11 -
12 -
13 -====Vote Neg====
14 -
15 -
16 -====Textuality – repeated court rulings go neg.====
17 -**Elder '91(David S. Elder, October 1991, "Any and All": To Use Or Not To Use?" "Plain Language' is a regular feature of the Michigan Bar Journal, edited by Joseph Kimble for the State Bar Plain English Committee. Assistant editor is George H. Hathaway. Through this column the Committee hopes to promote the use of plain English in the law. Want to contribute a plain English article? Contact Prof. Kimble at Thomas Cooley Law School, P.O. Box 13038, Lansing, MI 48901, http://www.michbar.org/file/generalinfo/plainenglish/pdfs/91_oct.pdf ~| SP)**
18 -The Michigan Supreme Court seemed to approve our dictionary definitions of "any" in
19 -AND
20 -(1991) (quoting Harrington v InterState Men's Accident Ass'n, supra)
21 -
22 -
23 -====Outweighs:====
24 -
25 -
26 -====Semantic Context – yes, any may have a bunch of different, more inclusive definitions, but only ours takes into consideration groups of words together. "security for any claim due or to become due to" is the passage analyzed in Gibson v Agricultural Life, which mirrors the structure of the words in the res, with "any" followed by a singular object (ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech).====
27 -
28 -
29 -====Legal Context – Courts are the definitive interpreters of what a law and its words mean. Defer to courts over the slew of dictionary definition coming in the 1ar, they lack the context necessary to evaluate semantics in a legal setting. By defending a subsection of constitutional rights, they have literally inserted their own words into the resolution, which have fundamentally changed the policy they defend.====
30 -
31 -
32 -====Limits – Free Speech is incredibly broad. Star this card, it literally says the only coherent way to conceive of the free speech debate is to consider its few exceptions, which is a comparison of the whole res with its converse.====
33 -**Silvergate '05 (Harvey A. Silvergate, attorney in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is the co-founder, with Alan Charles Kors, of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, for which he also serves as the current Chairman of the Board of Directors. January 2005, "FIRE's Guide to Free Speech on Campus," https://www.thefire.org/pdfs/free-speech-2.pdf ~| SP)**
34 -The First Amendment declares that Congress shall make "no law…abridging the freedom
35 -AND
36 -will briefly describe the limited categories of so-called "unprotected speech."
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1 -===DA===
2 -
3 -
4 -====Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down====
5 -**Pew 15** (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM)
6 -States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but
7 -AND
8 -, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.
9 -
10 -
11 -====There's a contradiction within government policy —- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX====
12 -**Bernstein 3** (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, "You Can't Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", "Censoring Campus Speech", https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy_Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn_nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
13 -Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
14 -AND
15 -Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right.
16 -
17 -
18 -====The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid —- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll====
19 -**Johnson 14** (Hans Johnson – supported by the College Access Foundation of California and writing for the Public Policy Institute of California, "Making College Possible for Low-Income Students: Grant and Scholarship Aid in California", http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_1014HJR.pdf, pg. 20-24, EmmieeM)
20 -Students fail to complete college for many reasons, including financial constraints. Certainly it
21 -AND
22 -earn a degree if they first enroll at a four-year college.
23 -
24 -
25 -====The impact is massive – combatting the structural barriers that prevent individuals from attending college is the main internal link to competitiveness====
26 -**U.S. Department of Commerce 12** (Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce with consultation from the National Economic Council, "The Competitiveness and Innovative Capacity in the United States", http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/thecompetitivenessandinnovativecapacityoftheunitedstates.pdf, pgs. 2-10, EmmieeM)
27 -Education is a key element for promoting economic growth and increasing the innovative capacity of
28 -AND
29 -schools in 2011–2012 was lower than in 2007–2008.21
30 -
31 -
32 -====Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts so it's try or die for the NEG====
33 -**Khalilzad 11** — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
34 -Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
35 -AND
36 -leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
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1 -====Counterplan text:====
2 -
3 -
4 -====Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech other than advertising, organization, or membership for IFC fraternities.====
5 -
6 -
7 -====Fraternities are sites of rape, serious injury, and death. ====
8 -**Flanagan 14** (Caitlin, the Atlantic, citing Douglas Fierberg, attorney specializing in fraternity-related litigation, "The Dark Power of Fraternities", http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/03/the-dark-power-of-fraternities/357580/)
9 -"Until proven otherwise," Fierberg told me in April of fraternities, "they
10 -AND
11 -or serious injury" of a healthy young person at a fraternity function.
12 -
13 -
14 -====Ban on campus fraternities solves – even banning fraternity advertising alone is good====
15 -**Ryan 14** (Julia, The Atlantic, "How Colleges Could Get Rid of Fraternities", http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/03/how-colleges-could-get-rid-of-fraternities/284176/)
16 -Perhaps the most obvious way to end fraternities is for universities to simply remove Greek
17 -AND
18 -"We are going to supervise you just as much as everybody else."
19 -
20 -
21 -====Fraternities are protected by the First Amendment's right to free speech====
22 -**Lukianoff 11** ~~Greg Lukianoff (President and CEO, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education), "To Survive, Fraternities Need to Stand for Something, Anything," Huffington Post, 8/1/2015~~ AZ
23 -A lot of fraternities seem to know that their freedom of association is protected by
24 -AND
25 -my nonprofit, the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, as well.)
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1 -==Terror DA==
2 -
3 -
4 -====New terror regulations stop campus attacks but OSU attack prove rising risk of campus terror. Bernstein 11/29====
5 -**"Terror attack at Ohio State University prompts Senators to rethink 'extreme vetting,'" Leandra Bernstein, 11/29/16, KBOI2 (Associated Press). **
6 -The violent attack at Ohio State University (OSU) on Monday, being investigated
7 -AND
8 -attackers, or individuals who could be heading down the path of radicalization.
9 -
10 -
11 -====FS zones k2 prevent campus terrorist attacks – it allows law enforcement to defend and prevent better. Zeiner 05 ====
12 -**Zoned Out! Examining Campus Speech Zones, Carol L. Zeiner (Assistant Professor of Law, St. Thomas University School of Law, Miami Gardens, Florida; former College Attorney for Miami-Dade Community College (now Miami-Dade College)), Louisiana Law Review (Volume 66, No. 1), Fall 2005.**
13 -Unfortunately, the possibility of terrorist acts must be considered as well as more
14 -AND
15 -accomplished if large gatherings for speech activities could occur anywhere on campus.
16 -
17 -
18 -====Campus terror sends an ideological message globally – it encourages more terror and threatens education. Flanagin 15====
19 -**"Why terrorists target schools and universities," Jake Flanagin, 04/02/2015, The Quartz.**
20 -One reason that "terrorist organizations might choose to target educational institutions is that schools
21 -AND
22 -too familiar: to wipe out a generation of ideological non-adherents.
23 -
24 -
25 -====False claims of responsibility cause cyber terrorism to escalate into nuclear war. Fritz 09. ====
26 -Jason Fritz, (Bond University IR Masters) , "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control", July 2009http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf//
27 -This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
28 -AND
29 -its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.
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1 +1. Most schools don’t have them. There are 2,719 four-year colleges in the U.S. (and another 1,690 two-year colleges), according to the most recent Department of Education figures. Most higher-education institutions have no endowment, says William Jarvis, managing director and head of research at the CommonFund Institute, which helps NACUBO with its endowment surveys. But as with everything else around higher education, it’s the elite schools — which tend to be the ones that have large endowments — that drive the conversation. Endowments just aren’t a big factor at most of the institutions of higher education in this country.
2 +
3 +2. Many endowments are not that big. The endowments at schools like Harvard or Yale (No. 2, with $19.3 billion) or even public universities like the University of Texas (No. 3, at $17.1 billion) get the attention. But of the 823 U.S. colleges and universities that responded to a NACUBO survey (which also included Canadian schools), only 73 had endowments that topped $1 billion; 137 had less than $25 million. Of the U.S. schools in the NACUBO survey, the median endowment size is $90 million. Not too shabby, but at the standard expenditure rate, an endowment that size generates only about $4.5 million in spendable dollars per year. That’s a decent chunk of change, but hardly enough to eliminate student debt and rely on investment returns instead. Even Cooper Union, the famously no-tuition college in New York City (No. 126, at $607 million), is struggling financially, and indicated this past fall that it is considering charging tuition for the first time in a century.
4 +
5 +3. The recession is still taking a toll. Endowments on average earned 19 returns on their investments in the last fiscal year, according to NACUBO. Who wouldn’t like earnings like that? But they lost about the same amount in 2009. Many schools have not fully rebounded from the downturn: 47 of endowments have less than they did in 2008, according to NACUBO.
6 +
7 +(MORE: Can GE Help Bring Common Core Standards to Life?)
8 +
9 +4. Donors don’t always write blank checks. When your alma mater calls you and asks for a donation, it’s really hoping you’ll give to its general fund, where the use of your donation is unrestricted. Donations you give for scholarships or specific degrees, programs or activities can be used only for those purposes. It’s the same with large donations, and large donations frequently come with donor restrictions — for instance, a specifically endowed chair for a professor or a particular area of research. Sometimes a school can renegotiate with a donor to increase flexibility, such as using proceeds from an endowed chair for another purpose until a suitable hire can be found. Such revisions get complicated when the donors are no longer living. Bottom line: a lot of the money in those big endowments has claims on it, including at Harvard (where, by the way, I am a member of the visiting committee at the Graduate School of Education.)
10 +
11 +5. Endowments are not all cash. Remember the various exotic investments that helped trigger the financial meltdown? Just like other big-time investors, endowments were attracted to private-equity deals, real estate, hedge funds, commodities and the like. NACUBO estimates that 54 of endowments are tied up in these alternative and illiquid investments.
12 +
13 +This style of endowment investing was pioneered by Yale’s David Swenson and subsequently became known as the “Harvard-Yale” model. A few years ago, when the downturn began, the endowments of those two schools — and all the others that had followed their example — got hammered. Back then, everyone wanted to be like Harvard and Yale — and they got their wish. When Ken Redd, NACUBO’s director of research and policy analysis, asked endowment leaders what they’re most worried about, they said another fiscal crisis that could trigger a shortage of cash. In that way, endowments are just like many Americans: overextended, with big dreams and not enough cash on hand.
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