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1 -1. Most schools don’t have them. There are 2,719 four-year colleges in the U.S. (and another 1,690 two-year colleges), according to the most recent Department of Education figures. Most higher-education institutions have no endowment, says William Jarvis, managing director and head of research at the CommonFund Institute, which helps NACUBO with its endowment surveys. But as with everything else around higher education, it’s the elite schools — which tend to be the ones that have large endowments — that drive the conversation. Endowments just aren’t a big factor at most of the institutions of higher education in this country.
2 -
3 -2. Many endowments are not that big. The endowments at schools like Harvard or Yale (No. 2, with $19.3 billion) or even public universities like the University of Texas (No. 3, at $17.1 billion) get the attention. But of the 823 U.S. colleges and universities that responded to a NACUBO survey (which also included Canadian schools), only 73 had endowments that topped $1 billion; 137 had less than $25 million. Of the U.S. schools in the NACUBO survey, the median endowment size is $90 million. Not too shabby, but at the standard expenditure rate, an endowment that size generates only about $4.5 million in spendable dollars per year. That’s a decent chunk of change, but hardly enough to eliminate student debt and rely on investment returns instead. Even Cooper Union, the famously no-tuition college in New York City (No. 126, at $607 million), is struggling financially, and indicated this past fall that it is considering charging tuition for the first time in a century.
4 -
5 -3. The recession is still taking a toll. Endowments on average earned 19 returns on their investments in the last fiscal year, according to NACUBO. Who wouldn’t like earnings like that? But they lost about the same amount in 2009. Many schools have not fully rebounded from the downturn: 47 of endowments have less than they did in 2008, according to NACUBO.
6 -
7 -(MORE: Can GE Help Bring Common Core Standards to Life?)
8 -
9 -4. Donors don’t always write blank checks. When your alma mater calls you and asks for a donation, it’s really hoping you’ll give to its general fund, where the use of your donation is unrestricted. Donations you give for scholarships or specific degrees, programs or activities can be used only for those purposes. It’s the same with large donations, and large donations frequently come with donor restrictions — for instance, a specifically endowed chair for a professor or a particular area of research. Sometimes a school can renegotiate with a donor to increase flexibility, such as using proceeds from an endowed chair for another purpose until a suitable hire can be found. Such revisions get complicated when the donors are no longer living. Bottom line: a lot of the money in those big endowments has claims on it, including at Harvard (where, by the way, I am a member of the visiting committee at the Graduate School of Education.)
10 -
11 -5. Endowments are not all cash. Remember the various exotic investments that helped trigger the financial meltdown? Just like other big-time investors, endowments were attracted to private-equity deals, real estate, hedge funds, commodities and the like. NACUBO estimates that 54 of endowments are tied up in these alternative and illiquid investments.
12 -
13 -This style of endowment investing was pioneered by Yale’s David Swenson and subsequently became known as the “Harvard-Yale” model. A few years ago, when the downturn began, the endowments of those two schools — and all the others that had followed their example — got hammered. Back then, everyone wanted to be like Harvard and Yale — and they got their wish. When Ken Redd, NACUBO’s director of research and policy analysis, asked endowment leaders what they’re most worried about, they said another fiscal crisis that could trigger a shortage of cash. In that way, endowments are just like many Americans: overextended, with big dreams and not enough cash on hand.
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1 +==T==
2 +
3 +
4 +====Interpretation: The affirmative must defend that public colleges and universities in the Unites States ought to restrict NO constitutionally protected speech. To clarify they may not specify any one type of constitutionally protected speech that ought not be restricted.====
5 +
6 +
7 +====Counterplans by the negative that PIC out of specific kinds of constitutionally protected speech are illegitimate.====
8 +
9 +
10 +====Violation: The 1AC only expands free speech zones to the entire campus, but it stills allow for restrictions and speech codes to exist in these speech zones, which means there are still some restrictions of constitutionally protected speech.====
11 +
12 +
13 +====Vote Neg====
14 +
15 +
16 +====Textuality – repeated court rulings go neg.====
17 +**Elder '91(David S. Elder, October 1991, "Any and All": To Use Or Not To Use?" "Plain Language' is a regular feature of the Michigan Bar Journal, edited by Joseph Kimble for the State Bar Plain English Committee. Assistant editor is George H. Hathaway. Through this column the Committee hopes to promote the use of plain English in the law. Want to contribute a plain English article? Contact Prof. Kimble at Thomas Cooley Law School, P.O. Box 13038, Lansing, MI 48901, http://www.michbar.org/file/generalinfo/plainenglish/pdfs/91_oct.pdf ~| SP)**
18 +The Michigan Supreme Court seemed to approve our dictionary definitions of "any" in
19 +AND
20 +(1991) (quoting Harrington v InterState Men's Accident Ass'n, supra)
21 +
22 +
23 +====Outweighs:====
24 +
25 +
26 +====Semantic Context – yes, any may have a bunch of different, more inclusive definitions, but only ours takes into consideration groups of words together. "security for any claim due or to become due to" is the passage analyzed in Gibson v Agricultural Life, which mirrors the structure of the words in the res, with "any" followed by a singular object (ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech).====
27 +
28 +
29 +====Legal Context – Courts are the definitive interpreters of what a law and its words mean. Defer to courts over the slew of dictionary definition coming in the 1ar, they lack the context necessary to evaluate semantics in a legal setting. By defending a subsection of constitutional rights, they have literally inserted their own words into the resolution, which have fundamentally changed the policy they defend.====
30 +
31 +
32 +====Limits – Free Speech is incredibly broad. Star this card, it literally says the only coherent way to conceive of the free speech debate is to consider its few exceptions, which is a comparison of the whole res with its converse.====
33 +**Silvergate '05 (Harvey A. Silvergate, attorney in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is the co-founder, with Alan Charles Kors, of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, for which he also serves as the current Chairman of the Board of Directors. January 2005, "FIRE's Guide to Free Speech on Campus," https://www.thefire.org/pdfs/free-speech-2.pdf ~| SP)**
34 +The First Amendment declares that Congress shall make "no law…abridging the freedom
35 +AND
36 +will briefly describe the limited categories of so-called "unprotected speech."
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1 +===DA===
2 +
3 +
4 +====Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down====
5 +**Pew 15** (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM)
6 +States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but
7 +AND
8 +, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.
9 +
10 +
11 +====There's a contradiction within government policy —- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX====
12 +**Bernstein 3** (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, "You Can't Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", "Censoring Campus Speech", https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy_Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn_nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
13 +Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
14 +AND
15 +Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right.
16 +
17 +
18 +====The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid —- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll====
19 +**Johnson 14** (Hans Johnson – supported by the College Access Foundation of California and writing for the Public Policy Institute of California, "Making College Possible for Low-Income Students: Grant and Scholarship Aid in California", http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_1014HJR.pdf, pg. 20-24, EmmieeM)
20 +Students fail to complete college for many reasons, including financial constraints. Certainly it
21 +AND
22 +earn a degree if they first enroll at a four-year college.
23 +
24 +
25 +====The impact is massive – combatting the structural barriers that prevent individuals from attending college is the main internal link to competitiveness====
26 +**U.S. Department of Commerce 12** (Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce with consultation from the National Economic Council, "The Competitiveness and Innovative Capacity in the United States", http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/thecompetitivenessandinnovativecapacityoftheunitedstates.pdf, pgs. 2-10, EmmieeM)
27 +Education is a key element for promoting economic growth and increasing the innovative capacity of
28 +AND
29 +schools in 2011–2012 was lower than in 2007–2008.21
30 +
31 +
32 +====Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts so it's try or die for the NEG====
33 +**Khalilzad 11** — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
34 +Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
35 +AND
36 +leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
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1 +====Counterplan text:====
2 +
3 +
4 +====Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech other than advertising, organization, or membership for IFC fraternities.====
5 +
6 +
7 +====Fraternities are sites of rape, serious injury, and death. ====
8 +**Flanagan 14** (Caitlin, the Atlantic, citing Douglas Fierberg, attorney specializing in fraternity-related litigation, "The Dark Power of Fraternities", http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/03/the-dark-power-of-fraternities/357580/)
9 +"Until proven otherwise," Fierberg told me in April of fraternities, "they
10 +AND
11 +or serious injury" of a healthy young person at a fraternity function.
12 +
13 +
14 +====Ban on campus fraternities solves – even banning fraternity advertising alone is good====
15 +**Ryan 14** (Julia, The Atlantic, "How Colleges Could Get Rid of Fraternities", http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/03/how-colleges-could-get-rid-of-fraternities/284176/)
16 +Perhaps the most obvious way to end fraternities is for universities to simply remove Greek
17 +AND
18 +"We are going to supervise you just as much as everybody else."
19 +
20 +
21 +====Fraternities are protected by the First Amendment's right to free speech====
22 +**Lukianoff 11** ~~Greg Lukianoff (President and CEO, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education), "To Survive, Fraternities Need to Stand for Something, Anything," Huffington Post, 8/1/2015~~ AZ
23 +A lot of fraternities seem to know that their freedom of association is protected by
24 +AND
25 +my nonprofit, the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, as well.)
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1 +==Terror DA==
2 +
3 +
4 +====New terror regulations stop campus attacks but OSU attack prove rising risk of campus terror. Bernstein 11/29====
5 +**"Terror attack at Ohio State University prompts Senators to rethink 'extreme vetting,'" Leandra Bernstein, 11/29/16, KBOI2 (Associated Press). **
6 +The violent attack at Ohio State University (OSU) on Monday, being investigated
7 +AND
8 +attackers, or individuals who could be heading down the path of radicalization.
9 +
10 +
11 +====FS zones k2 prevent campus terrorist attacks – it allows law enforcement to defend and prevent better. Zeiner 05 ====
12 +**Zoned Out! Examining Campus Speech Zones, Carol L. Zeiner (Assistant Professor of Law, St. Thomas University School of Law, Miami Gardens, Florida; former College Attorney for Miami-Dade Community College (now Miami-Dade College)), Louisiana Law Review (Volume 66, No. 1), Fall 2005.**
13 +Unfortunately, the possibility of terrorist acts must be considered as well as more
14 +AND
15 +accomplished if large gatherings for speech activities could occur anywhere on campus.
16 +
17 +
18 +====Campus terror sends an ideological message globally – it encourages more terror and threatens education. Flanagin 15====
19 +**"Why terrorists target schools and universities," Jake Flanagin, 04/02/2015, The Quartz.**
20 +One reason that "terrorist organizations might choose to target educational institutions is that schools
21 +AND
22 +too familiar: to wipe out a generation of ideological non-adherents.
23 +
24 +
25 +====False claims of responsibility cause cyber terrorism to escalate into nuclear war. Fritz 09. ====
26 +Jason Fritz, (Bond University IR Masters) , "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control", July 2009http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf//
27 +This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
28 +AND
29 +its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.
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1 +===PTX===
2 +
3 +
4 +====Ryan's achievements depend on the degree to which he can sync his policies with Trump and the Freedom Caucus; he's safe now but could still lose power====
5 +**Bade and Bresnahan 1/3 (Rachael and John, staff @ Politico, "Paul Ryan's new reality: Second fiddle to Trump", http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/paul-ryan-donald-trump-233079)**
6 +Ryan's conundrum is this: Trump's victory may have saved his speakership. Any challenge
7 +AND
8 +achievements as speaker with Trump in the Oval Office instead of Hillary Clinton.
9 +
10 +
11 +====New programs incense the Freedom Caucus====
12 +**Pianin 11/18 (Eric, staff @ Fiscal Times, "Trump's Coming Surprise: 40 Republicans Could Stop Him Cold", http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2016/11/18/Trump-s-Coming-Surprise-40-Republicans-Could-Stop-Him-Cold)**
13 +As Dana Milbank of The Washington Post reported, the far right conservatives groused about
14 +AND
15 +," although Trump is on record opposing cuts in Social Security and Medicare.
16 +
17 +
18 +====Trump loves Anti-BDS====
19 +Richard **Hardigan**, 12-9-20**16**, "Anti-Semitism Awareness Act: Senate Bill Criminalizes Criticism of Israel," counterpunch.org, http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/12/09/anti-semitism-awareness-act-senate-bill-criminalizes-criticism-of-israel/
20 +The election of Donald Trump has had many negative consequences for supporters of the Palestinian
21 +AND
22 +Anti-Semitism Awareness Act is threatening to silence all criticism of Israel.
23 +
24 +
25 +====Ryan stops economic collapse====
26 +**Rahn 11/14 (Richard, Chair of Improbable Success Productions and on the board of the American Council for Capital Formation, "The wolf at the door", http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/nov/14/government-spending-freeze-could-help-donald-trump/)**
27 +Donald Trump is very lucky that Paul Ryan is speaker of the House. Mr
28 +AND
29 +all, it has been shown to work where it has been tried.
30 +
31 +
32 +====Economic decline risks a breakdown of international institutions—that causes war====
33 +**1930s prove that prolonged global downturn has geopolitical repercussions in the US and Europe**
34 +**Brings about trade wars and competition over resources, **
35 +**Hurts international institutions like EU and WT**
36 +**Tensions are rising now **
37 +Kreitner 11** **
38 +**AND**
39 +to the extent it is chugging at all, on the false security offered
40 +
41 +
42 +====Outweighs and turns case – poverty is the worst form of structural violence and magnifies other impacts – especially for women. Pogge 02====
43 +**Thomas Pogge, Poverty and Human Rights. 2002.**
44 +Human rights would be fully realized, if all human beings had secure access to
45 +AND
46 +wars, civil wars, and government repression of the entire 20^^th^^century.
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1 +==Cap K==
2 +====Late modern society is self-reflexive – our identities are determined by our political and economic consumption – what to buy, who to vote for, what brands are most socially responsible, what energy companies are least polluting – the modern ideal of the autonomous subject is no longer possible vis a vis the market system.====
3 +**Bluhdorn 06** – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, "Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition," European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
4 +The concept of late modernity has been used by Giddens (1991), Touraine (
5 +AND
6 +it is suggested that they fulfil, inter alia, exactly this function.
7 +====The academy is no exception, cap defunds schools of private funding and makes them come to corporations for funding. This logic structures what speech and knowledge are free in the first place. Bagakis 11/15/16====
8 +**Gus Bagakis ~~~~~~retired philosophy instructor at San Francisco State University and author of "Seeing Through The System: The Invisible Class Struggle in America," ~~~~~~ October 15, 2016 "Neoliberalism's Decades-Long Attack on Public Universities"**
9 +One aspect of the project of neoliberalism was to reshape the population's understanding of the
10 +AND
11 +into profitable corporations that will maintain and promote the neoliberal version of capitalism.
12 +====Confronted with this crisis, the modern subject seeks to reconfirm and reconstitute an oppositional identity through the simulation of alternatives to the system by speaking and protesting – these performances of faux-activist change pacify true dissent and enable the continued management of unsustainability – the impact is environmental destruction, extreme inequality and violent conflict.====
13 +**Bluhdorn 07** – (May 2007, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, "Self-description, Self-deception, Simulation: A Systems-theoretical Perspective on Contemporary Discourses of Radical Change," Social Movement Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1–20, May 2007, google scholar)
14 +Yet the established patterns of self-construction, which thus have to be defended
15 +AND
16 +society's only remaining way of coping with the threat of self-referentiality.
17 +====The "political economy of capitalism" is not something that can be attacked – diffuse globalization has rendered classical protest movements entirely impotent, yet the grassroots nonetheless reaffirms time and again the image of the "oppositional subject" – this corrupts genuine challenges to socio-economic oppression.====
18 +**Bluhdorn 06** – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, "Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition," European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
19 +It therefore seems difficult to interpret contemporary social movements and new forms of political articulation
20 +AND
21 +contemporary social movements construct or defend are the personal rather than the collective subject
22 +====The alternative is to stop and think Communism – breaking free from the political closure of the status quo requires refusing the call to radical action in favor of developing a new, comprehensive understanding of the institutional constraints of the status quo. ====
23 +**Srnicek and Williams '15** (Nick, Theorist and activist, and Alex, PhD student at the University of East London, Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work, ebook)
24 +Failure permeates this cycle of struggles, and as a result, many of the
25 +AND
26 +global approach — one that folk-political approaches are incapable of providing.
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1 +====REJECT THE AFFIRMATIVE'S PERFORMANCE OF RESISTANCE AND EMBRACE QUIET====
2 +QUASHIE asst. Prof of Afro-American studies @ Smith College 2k12
3 +Kevin
4 +AND
5 +however, is not one of them. This book is about quiet.
6 +
7 +
8 +====THEIR PUBLIC CALL OF RESISTANCE IS A PERFORMATIVE DOUBLE TURN WARRANTING REJECTION====
9 +QUASHIE asst. Prof of Afro-American studies @ Smith College 2k9
10 +Kevin
11 +AND
12 +a metaphor capable of noticing the beauty and intimacy of Smith and Carlos.
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1 +==Handgun DA==
2 +
3 +
4 +====Most college campuses are prohibiting campus carry in the squo====
5 +**Anderson 16** (Nick Anderson – Washington Post, "If You Want to Carry a Gun on Campus, These States Say Yes", https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/01/27/if-you-want-to-carry-a-gun-on-campus-these-states-say-yes/?utm_term=.a7fb4735acfd, EmmieeM)
6 +Debate continues to boil in Texas over a new law allowing concealed weapons across college
7 +AND
8 +, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina and Tennessee.
9 +
10 +
11 +====Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message ====
12 +**Blanchfield 14'**
13 +~~"What do Guns Say?" - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics //AC~~
14 +Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land
15 +AND
16 +one such event told reporters. "But that's not going to happen."
17 +
18 +
19 +====Campus carry is associated with increasing rates of assault, aggressiveness, a chilling effect, and permit background checks don't check====
20 +**PHW 14** (Public Health Watch 14, https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/, EmmieeM)
21 +In the wake of tragic shootings at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University, a
22 +AND
23 +to the detriment of the students, universities and ultimately, the nation.
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-02-20 00:44:45.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Michael Okrent
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Lynbrook HW
ParentRound
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +30
Round
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +4
Team
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Harker Pyda Neg
Title
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +JanFeb Handguns DA
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Cal
Caselist.CitesClass[26]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,23 @@
1 +==Handgun DA==
2 +
3 +
4 +====Most college campuses are prohibiting campus carry in the squo====
5 +**Anderson 16** (Nick Anderson – Washington Post, "If You Want to Carry a Gun on Campus, These States Say Yes", https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/01/27/if-you-want-to-carry-a-gun-on-campus-these-states-say-yes/?utm_term=.a7fb4735acfd, EmmieeM)
6 +Debate continues to boil in Texas over a new law allowing concealed weapons across college
7 +AND
8 +, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina and Tennessee.
9 +
10 +
11 +====Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message ====
12 +**Blanchfield 14'**
13 +~~"What do Guns Say?" - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics //AC~~
14 +Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land
15 +AND
16 +one such event told reporters. "But that's not going to happen."
17 +
18 +
19 +====Campus carry is associated with increasing rates of assault, aggressiveness, a chilling effect, and permit background checks don't check====
20 +**PHW 14** (Public Health Watch 14, https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/, EmmieeM)
21 +In the wake of tragic shootings at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University, a
22 +AND
23 +to the detriment of the students, universities and ultimately, the nation.
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-02-20 00:45:15.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Michael Okrent
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Lynbrook HW
ParentRound
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +31
Round
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +4
Team
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Harker Pyda Neg
Title
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +JanFeb Handguns DA
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Cal
Caselist.CitesClass[27]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,92 @@
1 +==1AC – K==
2 +
3 +
4 +====Trump renders American unilateralism useless – it is try-or-die for a shift towards a more accountable and reflexive American military.====
5 +**Bremmer '16 (Ian Bremmer is the president and founder of Eurasia Group, the leading global political risk research and consulting firm. Dec 19, 2016, "The Era of American Global Leadership Is Over. Here's What Comes Next," http://time.com/4606071/american-global-leadership-is-over/ ~| SP)**
6 +As in the past, the day will be cold. Melania will hold the
7 +AND
8 +President Donald Trump will lead the United States of America into uncharted waters.
9 +
10 +
11 +====Ironically, in the face of self-imposed decline, Trump is still an unabashed unipolarist – it is time for action from policymakers to pursue managed retrenchment—continued interventionism forces overstretch which makes inevitable decline more violent—only the aff can prevent lashout.====
12 +**Adam Quinn 11, Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, July 2011, "The Art of Declining Politely: Obama's Prudent Presidency and the Waning of American Power," International Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 4, p. 803-824**
13 +As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America's decline
14 +AND
15 +seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
16 +
17 +
18 +====Interventionist militarism independently cumulates in endless global warfare – there's always vacuous "threats" that the Trump train can overrun, the question is whether or not the military itself can check back.====
19 +**Engelhardt 13 (Tom, Fellow at the Nation Institute, "Overwrought empire: The discrediting of US military power," http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/20121010104331399712.html)**
20 +And here's the odd thing: in a sense, little has changed since then
21 +AND
22 +no longer be altered. In other words, they can't help themselves.
23 +
24 +
25 +====Militarism permeates even the spaces we occupy and has killed democracy. Challenging its ideological stronghold on the academy is key to creating viable alternatives for change. Thus, the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater whose advocacy best breaks down our militaristic culture of violence.====
26 +**Henry A. Giroux 15 ~~American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy~~, "Beyond Dystopian Visions in the Age of Neoliberal Authoritarianism", Truthout, 4 Nov 2015, BE**
27 +If neoliberal authoritarianism is to be challenged and overcome, it is crucial that intellectuals
28 +AND
29 +commitments, develop a sense of compassion for others, locally and globally.
30 +
31 +
32 +====Nowhere is this grip upon society stronger than in military academies, where soldiers are told their obligation to the military is greater than their obligations to civilians, this creates a self-serving cycle of militarism at the highest levels of office.====
33 +**Astore '15 (William J. Astore, retired lieutenant colonel (USAF), has taught at the Air Force Academy and the Naval Postgraduate School. He currently teaches at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. He is regular contributor to TomDispatch and also the author of Hindenburg: Icon of German Militarism (Potomac, 2005). AUGUST 18, 2015, " How America's Broken Service Academies Create a Broken Military" https://www.thenation.com/article/how-americas-broken-service-academies-create-a-broken-military/ ~| SP)**
34 + As one former cadet put it: busywork and demanding rituals that sometime cross
35 +AND
36 +curb this behavior but essentially encourage it, they are failing our democracy.
37 +
38 +
39 +====Thus the plan: Public collegiate military schools ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.====
40 +
41 +
42 +====Free speech is repeatedly violated by military codes, foreclosing any checking of institutional abuse of power. That allows for unchecked military interventions.====
43 +**Aldrich '86 (RICHARD W. ALDRICH, active duty Captain in the United States Air Force and also a student at the USLA School of Law. UCLA Law Review. APRIL, 1986, "ARTICLE 88 OF THE UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE: A MILITARY MUZZLE OR JUST A RESTRAINT ON MILITARY MUSCLE?" http://puffin.harker.org:2061/us/lnlib/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=3S41-5N50-00CV-61F3andcsi=7359andhl=tandhv=tandhnsd=fandhns=tandhgn=tandoc=00240andperma=true ~| SP)**
44 +It is ironic that the men and women who defend the constitutional rights enjoyed by
45 +AND
46 +individual, the very concern embodied in this function of the first amendment.
47 +
48 +
49 +====We access a massive spillover – the culture created by speech restrictions conditions future officers to lose the ability to question unethical orders. The constant hierarchical conformism psychologically reinforces a culture of unaccountability for the higher echelons.====
50 +**Bajesky '14 (Robert Bejesky, M.A. Political Science (Michigan), M.A. Applied Economics (Michigan), LL.M. International Law (Georgetown). The author has taught international law courses for Cooley Law School and the Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan, American Government and Constitutional Law courses for Alma College, and business law courses at Central Michigan University and the University of Miami. The author expresses his gratitude to the editorial team at the Albany Law Review for providing an exceptional, professional, and efficient publication process for this article. 2014 / 2015, " SUPPORT THE TROOPS: RENEWING ANGST OVER MASSACHUSETTS V. LAIRD AND ENDOWING SERVICE MEMBERS WITH EFFECTUAL FIRST AND FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS" http://puffin.harker.org:2061/us/lnlib/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=trueandrisb=21_T25508682307andformat=GNBFIandsort=BOOLEANandstartDocNo=1andresultsUrlKey=29_T25508682311andcisb=22_T25508682310andtreeMax=trueandtreeWidth=0andcsi=143869anddocNo=7 ~| SP)**
51 +Even though American military enlistees do not relinquish constitutional rights when entering the military,
52 +AND
53 +there were troops who formed personal views and dissented to the Iraq War.
54 +
55 +
56 +**====The academy is THE key site where these future officers are indoctrinated– the aff is a key focal point for change.====**
57 +**Miller 13 ~~JP Miller, JP Miller is a writer and journalist who lives in the Outer banks of North Carolina. He has published stories in The Greanville Post, The Literary Yard, The Southern Cross Review, and Potent Magazine, 11-17-2013, "The Academy: Militarization of Education in the US – The Greanville Post," No Publication, http://www.greanvillepost.com/2013/11/17/the-academy-militarization-of-education-in-the-us/~~ NA**
58 +There is almost no chance for student-cadets to escape the mind-set
59 +AND
60 +Academy, so much that I cannot name the institution in this writing.
61 +
62 +
63 +====No hate speech DA's – disobedience is inevitable; the question is whether it will be violent or productive.====
64 +**Aldrich '86 (RICHARD W. ALDRICH, active duty Captain in the United States Air Force and also a student at the USLA School of Law. UCLA Law Review. APRIL, 1986, "ARTICLE 88 OF THE UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE: A MILITARY MUZZLE OR JUST A RESTRAINT ON MILITARY MUSCLE?" http://puffin.harker.org:2061/us/lnlib/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=3S41-5N50-00CV-61F3andcsi=7359andhl=tandhv=tandhnsd=fandhns=tandhgn=tandoc=00240andperma=true ~| SP)**
65 +3. The Safety Valve Function
66 +The first amendment also serves a safety valve
67 +AND
68 +and repress speech, thus resulting in a threat to stable government.
69 +
70 +
71 +===Method===
72 +
73 +
74 +====Scenario analysis is pedagogically valuable – enhances creativity and self-reflexivity, deconstructs cognitive biases and flawed ontological assumptions, and enables the imagination and creation of alternative futures.====
75 +**Barma et al. 16 – (May 2016, ~~Advance Publication Online on 11/6/15~~, Naazneen Barma, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, Brent Durbin, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Professor of Government at Smith College, Eric Lorber, JD from UPenn and PhD in Political Science from Duke, Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, Rachel Whitlark, PhD in Political Science from GWU, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Project on Managing the Atom and International Security Program within the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard, "'Imagine a World in Which': Using Scenarios in Political Science," International Studies Perspectives 17 (2), pp. 1-19, http://www.naazneenbarma.com/uploads/2/9/6/9/29695681/using_scenarios_in_political_science_isp_2015.pdf)**
76 +**FYI if anyone is skeptical of Barma's affiliation with the Naval Postgraduate School,
77 +AND
78 +analysts from anticipating and understanding the pivotal junctures that arise in international affairs.
79 +
80 +
81 +====Valid, descriptive understandings of the world are an essential prerequisite to emancipatory critique and epistemic decolonization.====
82 +**Jones 04 – (August 2004, Branwen Gruffydd, PhD in Development Studies from the University of Sussex, Senior Lecturer in International Political Economy at Goldsmiths University of London, "From Eurocentrism to Epistemological Internationalism: power, knowledge and objectivity in International Relations," Paper presented at Theorising Ontology, Annual Conference of the International Association for Critical Realism, University of Cambridge, http://www.csog.group.cam.ac.uk/iacr/papers/Jones.pdf)**
83 +The 'common-sense' view pervading recent discussions of epistemology, ontology and methodology
84 +AND
85 +, genocide and dispossession which have characterised European expansion over five hundred years.
86 +
87 +
88 +====Root cause explanations of international politics don't exist – methodological pluralism is necessary to reclaim IR as emancipatory praxis and avoid endless political violence.====
89 +**Bleiker 14 – (6/17, Roland, Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland, "International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique," International Studies Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, pages 325–327)**
90 +This book is part of an increasing trend of scholarly works that have embraced poststructural
91 +AND
92 +and complexity theory—links that could have been explored in more detail.
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-04-16 10:45:02.0
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Chris Theis
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Harvard Westlake AM
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1 +32
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1 +4
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1 +NDCA
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1 +18
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1 +2017-01-16 14:54:25.0
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1 +19
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1 +2017-01-28 02:07:32.0
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +xx
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1 +xx
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +1
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1 +xx
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1 +Emory
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1 +20
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1 +2017-01-28 02:08:59.0
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1 +xx
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-01-28 04:22:02.0
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1 +xx
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-01-28 04:22:29.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +xx
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1 +xx
Round
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1 +1
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Harvard Westlake
Caselist.RoundClass[25]
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-01-28 20:22:28.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Akash Gogate
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Meadows ER
Round
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +5
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Emory
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1 +21
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-02-18 22:54:47.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Arjun Tambe
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Kent Denver MN
Round
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Cal
Caselist.RoundClass[27]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +22
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-02-18 22:57:47.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +xx
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Cypress Woods LC
Round
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1 +Doubles
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Emory
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Cites
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +23
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-02-19 17:50:55.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Michael OKrent
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Lynbrook HW
Round
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +4
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Cal
Caselist.RoundClass[29]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +24
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-02-20 00:41:15.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Courtney Coffman
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +University RH
Round
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +5
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Cal
Caselist.RoundClass[30]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +25
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-02-20 00:44:42.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Michael Okrent
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Lynbrook HW
Round
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +4
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Cal
Caselist.RoundClass[31]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +26
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-02-20 00:45:01.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Michael Okrent
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Lynbrook HW
Round
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +4
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Cal
Caselist.RoundClass[32]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +27
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-04-09 16:34:58.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Chris Theis
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +4
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