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... ... @@ -1,35 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral fameworks. Marsh 95,==== 2 -**Marsh 95** - Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2) 3 -Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism 4 -AND 5 -move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment. 6 - 7 - 8 -====The affirmative’s use of tort law assumes the basis of civil damages to pay for injury - is both the cause and effect of capitalism==== 9 -**Abel 81** 10 -~~ Richard L Professor of Law (now emeritus), a specialist in African Law Studies and a renowned socio-legal scholar. He received his B.A. from Harvard University (1962), his LL.B. from Columbia University (1965) and his Ph.D. from the University of London (1974). He has been a member of the faculty of the UCLA School of Law since 1974. A Critique of American Tort Law British Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Winter, 1981), pp. 199-231~~ ~~thiele~~ ~~http://www.jstor.org/stable/1409721~~ 11 -Tort law~~1~~ is intimately related to the rise of capitalism as both 12 -AND 13 -of surplus value),~~26~~ some of which is shared with physicians. 14 - 15 - 16 -====Capitalism makes racialized police brutality inevitable – their reforms will be counterproductive until we first destroy capitalism==== 17 -**Hedges 15** 18 -~~ Chris writes a regular column for Truthdig.com. Hedges graduated from Harvard Divinity School and was for nearly two decades a foreign correspondent for The New York Times. "Corporate Capitalism Is the Foundation of Police Brutality and the Prison State" Common Dreams July 06, 2015~~ ~~thiele~~ ~~http://www.commondreams.org/views/2015/07/06/corporate-capitalism-foundation-police-brutality-and-prison-state~~ 19 -Our national conversation on race and crime is based on a fiction. It is 20 -AND 21 -propelled carceral development that, through perverse turns, expanded lawful racial violence." 22 - 23 - 24 -====The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change. ==== 25 -**Reinsborough, 03** (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick). 26 -Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an 27 -AND 28 -find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires. 29 - 30 - 31 -====Only a focus that situates class at the center of both theoretical analysis and political struggle can resolve the root cause of anti-blackness.==== 32 -Lance **Selfa 10**. Editor of and contributor to International Socialist Review, quoting Eric Williams, D.Phil from Oxford, first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, "The roots of racism," http://socialistworker.org/2010/10/21/the-roots-of-racism. 33 -Racism is a particular form of oppression. It stems from discrimination against a group 34 -AND 35 -abolish racism's chief source—capitalism—and build a new socialist society. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,33 +1,0 @@ 1 -====The use of greater legal reform creates legal grey holes—piecemeal reform is legal legitimation without meaningful legal constrains; that’s terminal defense to the AFF. Feldman ‘15==== 2 -Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015 3 -The advantage of Dyzenhaus’ "legal grey holes" concept over the concept of " 4 -AND 5 -even as fully consistent with norms of due process, reasonableness and equality. 6 - 7 - 8 -====The history of qualified immunity court decisions shows how each attempt to create more sound civil rights litigation procedures ends up inadvertently expanding protection for police officers. Layering temporalities, creating legal time frames, and replacing bright line rules with balancing tests prove how every single immunity reform just creates larger legal indeterminacy. The affirmative simply adds onto that indeterminacy turning case. Feldman ‘15==== 9 -Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015 10 -My argument in this section is that the Supreme Court has created a legal grey 11 -AND 12 -determination of "qualified immunity," which I discuss in the next section. 13 - 14 - 15 -====Legal reforms hurt social justice– starting from the perspective of legal solutions forecloses the political imaginary and hampers radical solutions—turns the aff Kandaswamy ‘12==== 16 -**Kandaswamy 12** (Priya Kandaswamy; Associate Professor Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies; "THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY" SOUTHWESTERN LAW REVIEW Vol. 41, pg 265, 1/21/2012) 17 -Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U 18 -AND 19 -could look like and locate legal interventions in relation to this broader vision. 20 - 21 - 22 -====Structural violence is the root cause of their impacts – Denounce their simplistic relationship with violence because the system produces the material reality which makes violence inevitable. Zizek ‘8==== 23 -**Zizek 8** (Slavoj, senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana, Global Distinguished Professor of German at New York University,~~1~~ and international director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities of the University of London, Violence, p 11-12) 24 -There is an old joke about a husband who returns home earlier than usual 25 -AND 26 -situation is "financially sound"—reality doesn’t matter, what matters is the situation of capital. 27 - 28 - 29 -====The negative advocates a rejection of the faith the affirmative places in the law’s ability to solve social problems in favor of critical analysis of the laws purported objectivity and its violent exclusion of alternative perspectives. Singer ‘84==== 30 -"The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory," Yale Law Journal (94 Yale L.J. 1), November, http://www.jstor.org/stable/796315 31 -What shall we do then about legal theory? I think we should abandon the 32 -AND 33 -live together. We are going to have to answer that question ourselves. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,33 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Cities empirically proven to cut jobs, halt infrastructure spending, and increase other costs when their budgets are hit. Currently, we are in a state of growth, but the economic situation remains fragile and highly sensitive to changes. ==== 2 -**NLC 12** (National League of Cities, "Cities Continue to Cut Jobs and Infrastructure in Face of Recession’s Impact", http://www.nlc.org/media-center/news-search/cities-continue-to-cut-jobs-and-infrastructure-in-face-of-recessions-impacts, EmmieeM) 3 -Washington, DC - Cities continue to face the prolonged effects of the economic downturn 4 -AND 5 -College, has helped conduct the survey and author the report since 1991. 6 - 7 - 8 -====Limiting qualified immunity leads to a massive increase in costly court cases ==== 9 -**Noll 8’** Noll, David L. "Qualified Immunity in Limbo: Rights, Procedure, and the Social Costs of Damages Litigation Against Public Officials." NYUL Rev. 83 (2008): 911 10 -In the context of ordinary civil litigation between two private parties, the total ( 11 -AND 12 -and has undoubtedly affected the development of the modern qualified immunity doctrine.53 13 - 14 - 15 -====Costs from court cases are financed by city pay-out —- impact is hyper-charged due to the rising costs of court cases==== 16 -**Elinson and Frosch 15** (Zusha Elinson and Dan Frosch – Wall Street Journal, "Cost of Police Misconduct Cases Sours in Big U.S. Cities", http://www.wsj.com/articles/cost-of-police-misconduct-cases-soars-in-big-u-s-cities-1437013834, EmmieeM) 17 -The cost of resolving police-misconduct cases has surged for big U.S 18 -AND 19 -for Houston, Phoenix and Miami-Dade, a county police department. 20 - 21 - 22 -====Growth in cities is crucial to the economic stability of the U.S. – growth zones, stability, attractiveness of foreign capital, and technological advancement makes U.S. mega-cities carry 30 of US GDP==== 23 -**Khanna 16** (Parag Khanna – Senior Research Fellow/Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the University of Singapore, "How Much Economic Growth Comes From Our Ciites?", https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/04/how-much-economic-growth-comes-from-our-cities/, EmmieeM) 24 -Cities are mankind’s most enduring and stable mode of social organization, outlasting all empires 25 -AND 26 -by Texas Central Railway and the bullet-train operator Central Japan Railway. 27 - 28 - 29 -====Economic decline causes multiple war scenarios – the impact is extinction==== 30 -**Harris and Burrows - 2009** (Counselor in the National Intelligence Council, Member at the National Intelligence Council - Mathew J. Burrows, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World—an unclassified report by the NIC published every four years that projects trends over a 15-year period, has served in the Central Intelligence Agency since 1986, holds a Ph.D. in European History from Cambridge University, and Jennifer Harris, Member of the Long Range Analysis Unit at the National Intelligence Council, holds an M.Phil. in International Relations from Oxford University and a J.D. from Yale University, 2009 ("Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis," The Washington Quarterly, Volume 32, Issue 2, April, Available Online at http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr'Burrows.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2011, p. 35-37) 31 -Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is 32 -AND 33 -within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,48 +1,0 @@ 1 -====State cuts have led tuition to spike harming the ability to students to enter college, especially those who come from low income backgrounds or are people of color – The impact is a blow to the national economy because a college degree is a crucial internal link to working in a skilled job, decreasing health care costs, and bringing greater wealth to local communities==== 2 -**Mitchell et al 16** (Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, EmmieeM) 3 -Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition 4 -AND 5 -the start of the recession will make it more difficult to achieve those goals 6 - 7 - 8 -====The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid —- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll==== 9 -**Johnson 14** (Hans Johnson – supported by the College Access Foundation of California and writing for the Public Policy Institute of California, "Making College Possible for Low-Income Students: Grant and Scholarship Aid in California", http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R'1014HJR.pdf, pg. 20-24, EmmieeM) 10 -Students fail to complete college for many reasons, including financial constraints. Certainly it 11 -AND 12 -earn a degree if they first enroll at a four-year college. 13 - 14 - 15 -====There’s a contradiction within government policy —- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX==== 16 -**Bernstein 3** (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, "You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", "Censoring Campus Speech", https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy'Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn'nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM) 17 -Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until 18 -AND 19 -Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right. 20 - 21 - 22 -====Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down==== 23 -**Pew 15** (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM) 24 -States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but 25 -AND 26 -, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions. 27 - 28 - 29 -====The impact is massive – combatting the structural barriers that prevent individuals from attending college is the main internal link to competitiveness==== 30 -**U.S. Department of Commerce 12** (Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce with consultation from the National Economic Council, "The Competitiveness and Innovative Capacity in the United States", http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/thecompetitivenessandinnovativecapacityoftheunitedstates.pdf, pgs. 2-10, EmmieeM) 31 -Education is a key element for promoting economic growth and increasing the innovative capacity of 32 -AND 33 -schools in 2011–2012 was lower than in 2007–2008.21 34 - 35 - 36 -====Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony==== 37 -Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations 38 -~~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~ 39 -The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new 40 -AND 41 -, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home. 42 - 43 - 44 -====Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts so it’s try or die for the AFF==== 45 -**Khalilzad 11** — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011) 46 -Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to 47 -AND 48 -leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity. - EntryDate
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