Changes for page Harker Lu Neg

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Summary

Details

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1 +====Congressional GOP will lose because of Trump; Obama’s record is critical to down-ballot Dems====
2 +**Tracy 10/24** (Abigail, staff @ Vanity Fair, "TRUMP IS TANKING—AND OBAMA WANTS TO TAKE THE G.O.P. DOWN WITH HIM", http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/10/donald-trump-barack-obama-election-2016)
3 +As Donald Trump lurches toward defeat, cocky Democrats are turning their attention to Congress
4 +AND
5 +much he’ll take the G.O.P. down with him.
6 +
7 +====Obama’s actions on nuclear energy prove that pro-nuclear is key to 2016, it’s the kind of reach across the aisle moderate view that grabs votes.====
8 +**Street 14** CHRISS W. STREET. Obama Triangulates, Okays some Nuclear Power. http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2014/10/29/obama-politically-triangulates-in-favor-of-nuclear-power/
9 +After a two-year suspension in issuing nuclear power plant licenses, the U
10 +AND
11 +eliminating some contentious Obamacare issues, and modestly cutting the corporate tax rate.
12 +
13 +====Senate control key to CTBT – That stops prolif====
14 +**Hastings 16** (Sam, 8/19, staff @ Joplin Independent, "Easy solution for ridding gridlock", http://www.joplinindependent.com/ display'article.php/hastings1471634838)
15 +The US Senate is up for grabs. Republicans hold 54 seats but 34 senate
16 +AND
17 +would sign), the single easiest and verifiable way to stop nuclear proliferation.
18 +
19 +====Norm erosion coming; causes escalatory nuclear use – Only CTBT solves====
20 +**Robinson 9/1** (Kathy, Senior Public Policy Director for the WAND Education Fund, a national nonprofit that educates public and opinion leaders about the need to reduce violence and militarism, "Senate should support efforts against nuclear tests", http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/294087-senate-should-support-efforts-to-against-nuclear-tests)
21 +In this geopolitical environment, we cannot afford to be unclear about the global norm
22 +AND
23 +when thinking of a particular example, like India and Pakistan for instance.
24 +
25 +====Women uniquely want a ban on nuclear testing—impacts their entire way of life and the fight against testing is intimately tied unequal power relations between men and women. That turns the aff—gender marginalization is inevitable if nuclear testing can occur. ====
26 +**Rolls 14** Sharon Bhagwan Rolls. FemLINKPACIFIC: Women building a more peaceful Pacific. BANNING NUCLEAR WEAPONS A PACIFIC ISLANDS PERSPECTIVE. 2014.
27 +Generations of Pacific island women have voiced concern about the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons
28 +AND
29 +media, public demonstrations and civil disobedience – peace is on its way.
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1 +2016-10-31 18:17:35.0
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1 +Rory Jacobson, Dan Miyamoto, Liz Letak
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1 +Harvard Westlake IP
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1 +SeptOct - Elections DA v2
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1 +====Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral fameworks. Marsh 95,====
2 +**Marsh 95** - Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
3 +Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
4 +AND
5 +move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.
6 +
7 +
8 +====The affirmative’s use of tort law assumes the basis of civil damages to pay for injury - is both the cause and effect of capitalism====
9 +**Abel 81**
10 +~~ Richard L Professor of Law (now emeritus), a specialist in African Law Studies and a renowned socio-legal scholar. He received his B.A. from Harvard University (1962), his LL.B. from Columbia University (1965) and his Ph.D. from the University of London (1974). He has been a member of the faculty of the UCLA School of Law since 1974. A Critique of American Tort Law British Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Winter, 1981), pp. 199-231~~ ~~thiele~~ ~~http://www.jstor.org/stable/1409721~~
11 +Tort law~~1~~ is intimately related to the rise of capitalism as both
12 +AND
13 +of surplus value),~~26~~ some of which is shared with physicians.
14 +
15 +
16 +====Capitalism makes racialized police brutality inevitable – their reforms will be counterproductive until we first destroy capitalism====
17 +**Hedges 15**
18 +~~ Chris writes a regular column for Truthdig.com. Hedges graduated from Harvard Divinity School and was for nearly two decades a foreign correspondent for The New York Times. "Corporate Capitalism Is the Foundation of Police Brutality and the Prison State" Common Dreams July 06, 2015~~ ~~thiele~~ ~~http://www.commondreams.org/views/2015/07/06/corporate-capitalism-foundation-police-brutality-and-prison-state~~
19 +Our national conversation on race and crime is based on a fiction. It is
20 +AND
21 +propelled carceral development that, through perverse turns, expanded lawful racial violence."
22 +
23 +
24 +====The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change. ====
25 +**Reinsborough, 03** (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick).
26 +Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
27 +AND
28 +find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.
29 +
30 +
31 +====Only a focus that situates class at the center of both theoretical analysis and political struggle can resolve the root cause of anti-blackness.====
32 +Lance **Selfa 10**. Editor of and contributor to International Socialist Review, quoting Eric Williams, D.Phil from Oxford, first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, "The roots of racism," http://socialistworker.org/2010/10/21/the-roots-of-racism.
33 +Racism is a particular form of oppression. It stems from discrimination against a group
34 +AND
35 +abolish racism's chief source—capitalism—and build a new socialist society.
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1 +2016-11-19 17:47:40.0
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1 +Paul Gravley
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1 +Ransom Everglades HS
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1 +====The use of greater legal reform creates legal grey holes—piecemeal reform is legal legitimation without meaningful legal constrains; that’s terminal defense to the AFF. Feldman ‘15====
2 +Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015
3 +The advantage of Dyzenhaus’ "legal grey holes" concept over the concept of "
4 +AND
5 +even as fully consistent with norms of due process, reasonableness and equality.
6 +
7 +
8 +====The history of qualified immunity court decisions shows how each attempt to create more sound civil rights litigation procedures ends up inadvertently expanding protection for police officers. Layering temporalities, creating legal time frames, and replacing bright line rules with balancing tests prove how every single immunity reform just creates larger legal indeterminacy. The affirmative simply adds onto that indeterminacy turning case. Feldman ‘15====
9 +Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015
10 +My argument in this section is that the Supreme Court has created a legal grey
11 +AND
12 +determination of "qualified immunity," which I discuss in the next section.
13 +
14 +
15 +====Legal reforms hurt social justice– starting from the perspective of legal solutions forecloses the political imaginary and hampers radical solutions—turns the aff Kandaswamy ‘12====
16 +**Kandaswamy 12** (Priya Kandaswamy; Associate Professor Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies; "THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY" SOUTHWESTERN LAW REVIEW Vol. 41, pg 265, 1/21/2012)
17 +Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U
18 +AND
19 +could look like and locate legal interventions in relation to this broader vision.
20 +
21 +
22 +====Structural violence is the root cause of their impacts – Denounce their simplistic relationship with violence because the system produces the material reality which makes violence inevitable. Zizek ‘8====
23 +**Zizek 8** (Slavoj, senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana, Global Distinguished Professor of German at New York University,~~1~~ and international director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities of the University of London, Violence, p 11-12)
24 +There is an old joke about a husband who returns home earlier than usual
25 +AND
26 +situation is "financially sound"—reality doesn’t matter, what matters is the situation of capital.
27 +
28 +
29 +====The negative advocates a rejection of the faith the affirmative places in the law’s ability to solve social problems in favor of critical analysis of the laws purported objectivity and its violent exclusion of alternative perspectives. Singer ‘84====
30 +"The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory," Yale Law Journal (94 Yale L.J. 1), November, http://www.jstor.org/stable/796315
31 +What shall we do then about legal theory? I think we should abandon the
32 +AND
33 +live together. We are going to have to answer that question ourselves.
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1 +2016-11-19 21:22:52.0
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1 +Jane Brennan
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1 +====Cities empirically proven to cut jobs, halt infrastructure spending, and increase other costs when their budgets are hit. Currently, we are in a state of growth, but the economic situation remains fragile and highly sensitive to changes. ====
2 +**NLC 12** (National League of Cities, "Cities Continue to Cut Jobs and Infrastructure in Face of Recession’s Impact", http://www.nlc.org/media-center/news-search/cities-continue-to-cut-jobs-and-infrastructure-in-face-of-recessions-impacts, EmmieeM)
3 +Washington, DC - Cities continue to face the prolonged effects of the economic downturn
4 +AND
5 +College, has helped conduct the survey and author the report since 1991.
6 +
7 +
8 +====Limiting qualified immunity leads to a massive increase in costly court cases ====
9 +**Noll 8’** Noll, David L. "Qualified Immunity in Limbo: Rights, Procedure, and the Social Costs of Damages Litigation Against Public Officials." NYUL Rev. 83 (2008): 911
10 +In the context of ordinary civil litigation between two private parties, the total (
11 +AND
12 +and has undoubtedly affected the development of the modern qualified immunity doctrine.53
13 +
14 +
15 +====Costs from court cases are financed by city pay-out —- impact is hyper-charged due to the rising costs of court cases====
16 +**Elinson and Frosch 15** (Zusha Elinson and Dan Frosch – Wall Street Journal, "Cost of Police Misconduct Cases Sours in Big U.S. Cities", http://www.wsj.com/articles/cost-of-police-misconduct-cases-soars-in-big-u-s-cities-1437013834, EmmieeM)
17 +The cost of resolving police-misconduct cases has surged for big U.S
18 +AND
19 +for Houston, Phoenix and Miami-Dade, a county police department.
20 +
21 +
22 +====Growth in cities is crucial to the economic stability of the U.S. – growth zones, stability, attractiveness of foreign capital, and technological advancement makes U.S. mega-cities carry 30 of US GDP====
23 +**Khanna 16** (Parag Khanna – Senior Research Fellow/Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the University of Singapore, "How Much Economic Growth Comes From Our Ciites?", https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/04/how-much-economic-growth-comes-from-our-cities/, EmmieeM)
24 +Cities are mankind’s most enduring and stable mode of social organization, outlasting all empires
25 +AND
26 +by Texas Central Railway and the bullet-train operator Central Japan Railway.
27 +
28 +
29 +====Economic decline causes multiple war scenarios – the impact is extinction====
30 +**Harris and Burrows - 2009** (Counselor in the National Intelligence Council, Member at the National Intelligence Council - Mathew J. Burrows, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World—an unclassified report by the NIC published every four years that projects trends over a 15-year period, has served in the Central Intelligence Agency since 1986, holds a Ph.D. in European History from Cambridge University, and Jennifer Harris, Member of the Long Range Analysis Unit at the National Intelligence Council, holds an M.Phil. in International Relations from Oxford University and a J.D. from Yale University, 2009 ("Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis," The Washington Quarterly, Volume 32, Issue 2, April, Available Online at http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr'Burrows.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2011, p. 35-37)
31 +Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
32 +AND
33 +within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
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1 +2016-11-19 21:22:53.0
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1 +====State cuts have led tuition to spike harming the ability to students to enter college, especially those who come from low income backgrounds or are people of color – The impact is a blow to the national economy because a college degree is a crucial internal link to working in a skilled job, decreasing health care costs, and bringing greater wealth to local communities====
2 +**Mitchell et al 16** (Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, EmmieeM)
3 +Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition
4 +AND
5 +the start of the recession will make it more difficult to achieve those goals
6 +
7 +
8 +====The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid —- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll====
9 +**Johnson 14** (Hans Johnson – supported by the College Access Foundation of California and writing for the Public Policy Institute of California, "Making College Possible for Low-Income Students: Grant and Scholarship Aid in California", http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R'1014HJR.pdf, pg. 20-24, EmmieeM)
10 +Students fail to complete college for many reasons, including financial constraints. Certainly it
11 +AND
12 +earn a degree if they first enroll at a four-year college.
13 +
14 +
15 +====There’s a contradiction within government policy —- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX====
16 +**Bernstein 3** (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, "You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", "Censoring Campus Speech", https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy'Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn'nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
17 +Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
18 +AND
19 +Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right.
20 +
21 +
22 +====Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down====
23 +**Pew 15** (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM)
24 +States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but
25 +AND
26 +, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.
27 +
28 +
29 +====The impact is massive – combatting the structural barriers that prevent individuals from attending college is the main internal link to competitiveness====
30 +**U.S. Department of Commerce 12** (Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce with consultation from the National Economic Council, "The Competitiveness and Innovative Capacity in the United States", http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/thecompetitivenessandinnovativecapacityoftheunitedstates.pdf, pgs. 2-10, EmmieeM)
31 +Education is a key element for promoting economic growth and increasing the innovative capacity of
32 +AND
33 +schools in 2011–2012 was lower than in 2007–2008.21
34 +
35 +
36 +====Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony====
37 +Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
38 +~~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~
39 +The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
40 +AND
41 +, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.
42 +
43 +
44 +====Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts so it’s try or die for the AFF====
45 +**Khalilzad 11** — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^^th^^, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
46 +Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
47 +AND
48 +leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
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1 +====Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral frameworks.====
2 +**Marsh 95** - Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
3 +Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
4 +AND
5 +move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.
6 +
7 +
8 +====Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any faculty truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat.====
9 +**Chatterjee and Maira 14** Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.
10 +Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work
11 +AND
12 +of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11
13 +
14 +
15 +====Free speech is an illusion propagated by corporatists – their model of rights assumes an equal playing field analogous to free market economists view of capital. The promotion of free speech perpetuates the idea that speech is a commodity, which strengthens neoliberalism’s hold on the academy.====
16 +**Brown 15** Brown, Wendy. Undoing the demos: Neoliberalism's stealth revolution. MIT Press, 2015.
17 +At times, kennedy raises the pitch in Citizens United to depict limits on corporate
18 +AND
19 +warring forces parallel to those of government and capital in a neoliberal economy.
20 +
21 +
22 +====This turns the case – the commodification of speech reflects the capitalist illusion of freedom. It makes speech meaningless and kills value to life. ====
23 +**Smith ‘14** R.C. Smith April 24, 2014 "POWER, CAPITAL and THE RISE OF THE MASS SURVEILLANCE STATE: ON THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRACY, ETHICS, DISENCHANTMENT and CRITICAL THEORY" Heathwood Institute and Press http://www.heathwoodpress.com/power-capital-the-rise-of-the-mass-surveillance-state-on-the-absence-of-democracy-ethics-disenchantment-critical-theory/ JJN from file
24 +One pressing issue, moreover, is that majority of the popular movements that have
25 +AND
26 +which produces and reproduces the epistemic context of its own validity.~~13~~
27 +
28 +
29 +====The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change. ====
30 +**Reinsborough 03** (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick).
31 +Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
32 +AND
33 +find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.
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1 +2016-12-19 01:41:31.78
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1 +Cameron Cohen, Scott Phillips, John Scoggin
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1 +Lynbrook NS
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1 +2016-11-19 17:47:38.0
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1 +Paul Gravley
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1 +Ransom Everglades HS
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1 +2016-11-19 21:22:51.0
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1 +Jane Brennan
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1 +2016-12-17 17:35:43.0
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1 +Young Genius SM
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1 +2016-12-19 01:41:29.0
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1 +Cameron Cohen, Scott Phillips, John Scoggin
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1 +Lynbrook NS
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Schools

Aberdeen Central (SD)
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