Changes for page Gilmour Williams Neg
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,19 @@ 1 +=1NC= 2 +I negate that countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. 3 +I agree with my opponent and value ______, however because the best way to promote _______ is by ensuring relative moral equality among persons, I offer the value criterion of minimizing structural violence. Structural violence is when individuals are denied basic access to institutional resources base off arbitrary factors like race. This is the Best value criterion because structural violence is based off moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on what one deserves but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences 4 +**Winter and Leighton '99** ~|Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter~|~~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghs//VA 5 +Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about how and why we tolerate it, questions which often have painful answers for the privileged elite who unconsciously support it. A final question of this section is how and why we allow ourselves to be so oblivious to structural violence. Susan Opotow offers an intriguing set of answers, in her article Social Injustice. She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and out-groups. Those outside our group lie outside our scope of justice. Injustice that would be instantaneously confronted if it occurred to someone we love or know is barely noticed if it occurs to strangers or those who are invisible or irrelevant. We do not seem to be able to open our minds and our hearts to everyone, so we draw conceptual lines between those who are in and out of our moral circle. Those who fall outside are morally excluded, and become either invisible, or demeaned in some way so that we do not have to acknowledge the injustice they suffer. Moral exclusion is a human failing, but Opotow argues convincingly that it is an outcome of everyday social cognition. To reduce its nefarious effects, we must be vigilant in noticing and listening to oppressed, invisible, outsiders. Inclusionary thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity. Like Opotow, all the authors in this section point out that structural violence is not inevitable if we become aware of its operation, and build systematic ways to mitigate its effects. Learning about structural violence may be discouraging, overwhelming, or maddening, but these papers encourage us to step beyond guilt and anger, and begin to think about how to reduce structural violence. All the authors in this section note that the same structures (such as global communication and normal social cognition) which feed structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it. In the long run, reducing structural violence by reclaiming neighborhoods, demanding social justice and living wages, providing prenatal care, alleviating sexism, and celebrating local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace. 6 +Thus, the negative framework is a prior question because before we talk about things like rights or welfare, we must ensure that everyone is included in the discussion 7 +My first contention is that nuclear power is key to stopping environmental pollution 8 +Nuclear reactors, due to their ability to produce massive amounts of zero-carbon energy, are key in reducing pollution 9 +**Biello '13**, David Biello (David Biello is a contributing editor at Scientific American. He has been reporting on the environment and energy since 1999), 12-12-2013, "How Nuclear Power Can Stop Global Warming," Scientific American, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-nuclear-power-can-stop-global-warming/ 10 +In addition to reducing the risk of nuclear war, U.S. reactors have also been staving off another global challenge: climate change. The low-carbon electricity produced by such reactors provides 20 percent of the nation's power and, by the estimates of climate scientist James Hansen of Columbia University, avoided 64 billion metric tons of greenhouse gas pollution. They also avoided spewing soot and other air pollution like coal-fired power plants do and thus have saved some 1.8 million lives. And that's why Hansen, among others, such as former Secretary of Energy Steven Chu, thinks that nuclear power is a key energy technology to fend off catastrophic climate change. "We can't burn all these fossil fuels," Hansen told a group of reporters on December 3, noting that as long as fossil fuels are the cheapest energy source they will continue to be burned. "Coal is almost half the ~~global~~ emissions. If you replace these power plants with modern, safe nuclear reactors you could do a lot of ~~pollution reduction~~ quickly." Indeed, he has evidence: the speediest drop in greenhouse gas pollution on record occurred in France in the 1970s and '80s, when that country transitioned from burning fossil fuels to nuclear fission for electricity, lowering its greenhouse emissions by roughly 2 percent per year. The world needs to drop its global warming pollution by 6 percent annually to avoid "dangerous" climate change in the estimation of Hansen and his co-authors in a recent paper in PLoS One. "On a global scale, it's hard to see how we could conceivably accomplish this without nuclear," added economist and co-author Jeffrey Sachs, director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, where Hansen works. 11 +And, fighting pollution is key to minimizing structural violence as the least well off in society are the ones who are affected most by pollution. It's harder for the disadvantaged to afford healthcare that treats diseases that are often the result of pollution, like lung cancer. Thus, because nuclear power mitigates climate change, it therefore minimizes structural violence. 12 +My second contention is that nuclear power is key to providing accessible water. 13 +There is a global water shortage right now which requires we start using desalination, which means remove the salt from ocean water 14 +WNA '16, World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Desalination," World Nuclear Association 2016, http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/industry/nuclear-desalination.aspx 15 +It is estimated that one-fifth of the world's population does not have access to safe drinking water, and that this proportion will increase due to population growth relative to water resources. The worst-affected areas are the arid and semiarid regions of Asia and North Africa. A UNESCO report in 2002 said that the freshwater shortfall worldwide was then running at some 230 billion m3/yr and would rise to 2000 billion m3/yr by 2025. Wars over access to water, not simply energy and mineral resources, are conceivable. A World Economic Forum report in January 2015 highlighted the problem and said that shortage of fresh water may be the main global threat in the next decade. Fresh water is a major priority in sustainable development. Where it cannot be obtained from streams and aquifers, desalination of seawater, mineralised groundwater or urban waste water is required. 16 +And, the scarcer water becomes the more expensive it will be. This means that the worst off in society will always have a harder time obtaining water because they won't be able to afford it in the case of a worldwide shortage. However, we can solve this crisis through the use of nuclear reactors which are uniquely great at desalinization 17 +WNA '16, World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Desalination," World Nuclear Association 2016, http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/industry/nuclear-desalination.aspx 18 +Small and medium sized nuclear reactors are suitable for desalination, often with cogeneration of electricity using low-pressure steam from the turbine and hot seawater feed from the final cooling system. The main opportunities for nuclear plants have been identified as the 80-100,000 m³/day and 200-500,000 m³/day ranges. US Navy nuclear powered aircraft carriers reportedly desalinate 1500 m3/d each for use onboard. A 2006 IAEA report based on country case studies showed that costs would be in the range ($US) 50 to 94 cents/m3 for RO, 60 to 96 c/m3 for MED and $1.18 to 1.48/m3 for MSF processes, with marked economies of scale. These figures are consistent with later reports. Nuclear power was very competitive at 2006 gas and oil prices. A French study for Tunisia compared four nuclear power options with combined cycle gas turbine and found that nuclear desalination costs were about half those of the gas plant for MED technology and about one-third less for RO. With all energy sources, desalination costs with RO were lower than MED costs. At the April 2010 Global Water Summit in Paris, the prospect of desalination plants being co-located with nuclear power plants was supported by leading international water experts. As seawater desalination technologies are rapidly evolving and more countries are opting for dual-purpose integrated power plants (i.e. cogeneration), the need for advanced technologies suitable for coupling to nuclear power plants and leading to more efficient and economic nuclear desalination systems is obvious. T 19 +Thus, because nuclear reactors are able to desalinate seawater and thus help fight the global water shortage, they therefore reduce structural violence by ensuring clean water is available to everyone. - EntryDate
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