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+====I value morality as per the evaluative term "ought" in the resolution, denoting a moral obligation==== |
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+====Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrary difference.==== |
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+====First, to evaluate ethical judgments we must first untangle our ontological commitments about who is and isn't included in the "us" and the "them." This requires inclusion of the subject at hand, and means oppression is morally reprehensible.==== |
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+**Butler 09**. Judith Butler, Maxine Elliot Professor of Comparative Literature at UC Berkeley, "Frames of War: When is Life Grievable?" Jan 1st 2009, Pg.138, http://books.google.com/books/about/Frames_of_War.html?id=ga7hAAAAMAAJ |
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+We ask such normative questions as if we know what we mean by the subjects |
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+AND |
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+those subjects who will be eligible for recognition and those who will not. |
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+ |
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+====Second, morality mandates expression of all voices, which necessarily prohibits structural oppression. ==== |
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+**Young 74**. Iris Marion Young, Professor in Political Science at the University of Chicago since 2000, masters and doctorate in philosophy in 1974 from Pennsylvania State University. ~~"Justice and the Politics of Difference". Princeton University Press, 1990, Digital Copy.~~ |
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+Group representation, third, encourages the expression of individual and group needs and |
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+AND |
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+to the voice of those my privilege otherwise tends to silence~~s~~. |
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+ |
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+====Thus the standard is Minimizing Oppression==== |
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+===Contention 1 is Crime=== |
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+====Crime is low now ==== |
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+Cooke 15 (Charles C. W. Cooke is the editor of National Review Online. Cooke is a graduate of the University of Oxford) |
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+"Careful with the Panic: Violent Crime and Gun Crime Are Both Dropping." |
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+AND |
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+getting better. Let's be circumspect about tinkering and prodding at our success. |
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+ |
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+====Without QI, the police are unable to effectively enforce the law==== |
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+**King 16**, Andrew (Professor Andrew A. King conducts research on a number of topics. He is well known for his publications on business, the natural environment, and law). "Keep Qualified Immunity…For Now." Mimesis Law. N.p., 01 July 2016. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. |
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+If you want to see active policing plummet, tell law enforcement officers they will |
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+AND |
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+. Let's figure out a better one before tearing down the old one. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====QI is key to deterring crime==== |
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+**Rosen 05**, Michael M. (Michael M. Rosen is an attorney and writer in San Diego) "A Qualified Defense: In Support of the Doctrine of ..." A Quali Ed Defense: In Support of the Doctrine of Quali Ed Immunity in Excessive Force Cases, With Some Suggestions for Its Improvement. N.p., Jan. 2005. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. |
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+It is hard to deny that the more time police officers spend at trial defending |
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+AND |
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+immunity can play in reducing unnecessary costs and in improving deterrence of crime. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Without QI, violent crime will rise==== |
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+**OJP n.d.** "Five Things About Deterrence." National Institute of Justice. Office of Justice Programs, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. |
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+Does punishment prevent crime? If so, how, and to what extent? |
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+AND |
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+capital punishment increases, decreases, or has no effect on homicide rates." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Rise in crime dooms poor youth to cycles of poverty, violence, and ontological destruction.==== |
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+**Reich et al '02 **Kathleen Reich, M.P.P. Patti L. Culross, M.D., M.P.H. Richard E. Behrman, M.D.,http://futureofchildren.org/publications/docs/12_02_01_.pdf |
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+Just as the economic costs of gun violence are substantial, so are the psychological |
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+AND |
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+causing ontological destruction. We function under their framework and solve their harms better |