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... ... @@ -1,44 +1,11 @@ 1 -=AC= 1 += AC = 2 2 3 3 4 -==Part o ne:Framework==4 +== Part two: Inherency == 5 5 6 6 7 -====Policymakers don’t have the reflexive capacity of individuals; util is only viable option. Goodin 95.==== 8 -Goodin 95 – Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University (Robert E., Cambridge University Press, "Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy" pg 63) 9 -My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation 10 -AND 11 -, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that. 7 +==== Despite phase out plans in some EU countries – EU nuclear power production is set to expand in the future. Sputnik International 16 ==== 12 12 13 - 14 -====Therefore, the standard is maximizing life.==== 15 - 16 - 17 -====1. Epistemic uncertainty means we must prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value. Bostrom 12==== 18 -Bostrom ~~[Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~~] AR Lab LM 19 -These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential 20 -AND 21 -of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 22 - 23 - 24 -====2. Extinction risks outweigh everything else regardless of probability. Matheny 07==== 25 -MATHENY 7 (Jason, Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, "Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction," Risk Analysis, Vol 27, No 5) AR Lab LM 26 -Even if extinction events are improbable, the expected values of countermeasures could be large 27 -AND 28 -between risks that threaten 99% of humanity and those that threaten 100%. 29 - 30 - 31 -====And, these impacts warrant extra attention regardless of their likelihood Rescher 83==== 32 -**Rescher, Prof. of Philosophy, 83 Nicholas Rescher (Department of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh) 1983 Risk: A Philosophical Introduction to the theory of risk evaluation, p. 67 **AR Lab LM 33 -In such situations we are dealing with hazards that are just not in the same 34 -AND 35 -alternative as involving risks that are, in the circumstances, "unacceptable". 36 - 37 - 38 -==Part two: Inherency== 39 - 40 - 41 -====Despite phase out plans in some EU countries – EU nuclear power production is set to expand in the future. Sputnik International 16==== 42 42 Sputnik International, 5/17/16 ~~["Going Nuclear: Europe to Build NPPs to Avoid Energy Dependence on Russia", https://sputniknews.com/europe/20160517/1039761181/europe-nuclear-power-plants.html, BJM~~] 43 43 The construction of more nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Europe will help the 44 44 AND ... ... @@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ 45 45 EU plans" from German Minister of Economic Affairs and Energy Sigmar Gabriel. 46 46 47 47 48 -====Progress for EU phaseout plans requires cooperation. Sovacool 16 ==== 15 +==== Progress for EU phaseout plans requires cooperation. Sovacool 16 ==== 16 + 49 49 Lawrence, Sovacool, & Sterling, June 2016 ~~[Andrew, International Relations, Vienna School of International Studies, Vienna, Austria, Benjamin & Andrew, SPRU – Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, "Nuclear energy and path dependence in Europe’s ‘Energy union’: coherence or continued divergence?", Climate Policy, Vol 16, Issue 5, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2016.1179616, BJM~~] 50 50 The EU’s adoption of its 2020 Strategy reflects a growing awareness among policy elites that 51 51 AND ... ... @@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ 52 52 , the greater the apparent overall suppressive effect on emissions mitigation and renewable uptake 53 53 54 54 55 -====The plan text is: The EU should phase out production of nuclear power by 2030 and prohibit further financing, construction, and lifetime extensions. To clarify, Aune 15==== 23 +==== The plan text is: The EU should phase out production of nuclear power by 2030 and prohibit further financing, construction, and lifetime extensions. To clarify, Aune 15 ==== 24 + 56 56 Finn Roar Aune, Rolf Golombek and Hilde Hallre Le Tissier 2015 ~~[Energy Economics, Environmental Economics, Resource Economics~~] "Phasing out nuclear power in Europe" CREE Working Paper 05 pg 39 57 57 This paper has examined the impact of an EU-wide nuclear phase-out 58 58 AND ... ... @@ -59,13 +59,14 @@ 59 59 impact on both production of electricity and consumption of energy to be minor. 60 60 61 61 62 -==Part Three: Impacts== 31 +== Part Three: Impacts == 63 63 64 64 65 -===Adv. 1 – Ukraine=== 34 +=== Adv. 1 – Ukraine === 66 66 67 67 68 -====Ukraine set to massively increase nuclear power production. Wesolowsky 16==== 37 +==== Ukraine set to massively increase nuclear power production. Wesolowsky 16 ==== 38 + 69 69 Wesolowsky, 9/9/16 ~~[Tom, Radio Free Europe, "Thirty Years After Chernobyl, Ukraine Doubles Down On Nuclear Power", http://www.rferl.org/content/thirty-years-after-chernobyl-ukraine-doubles-down-nuclear-power/27539152.html, BJM~~] 70 70 Nearly 30 years after Chernobyl spewed nuclear dust across Europe and sparked fears of fallout 71 71 AND ... ... @@ -72,7 +72,8 @@ 72 72 billion euros ($89 billion) to upgrade its 58 nuclear power reactors. 73 73 74 74 75 -====Ukrainian reactors are uniquely susceptible to safety issues arising from their deteriorated capacity – also not conflict proof.==== 45 +==== Ukrainian reactors are uniquely susceptible to safety issues arising from their deteriorated capacity – also not conflict proof. ==== 46 + 76 76 **Holovko, 5/18**/16 ~~[Iryna, Energy Post, "Time for Europe to stop supporting Ukraine’s risky nuclear power sector", http://www.energypost.eu/time-europe-stop-supporting-ukraines-risky-nuclear-power-sector/, BJM~~] 77 77 Three decades after the Chernobyl catastrophe and five years after the Fukushima disaster, Europe 78 78 AND ... ... @@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ 79 79 distribution grids, could effectively make Ukraine’s outdated nuclear energy array completely redundant. 80 80 81 81 82 -====Ukraine meltdown larger than Chernobyl and Fukushima – crews can’t resolve the meltdown==== 53 +==== Ukraine meltdown larger than Chernobyl and Fukushima – crews can’t resolve the meltdown ==== 54 + 83 83 **Energy News**, 4/15/**14** ~~["Former US Official: War in Ukraine could cause disaster worse than Chernobyl and Fukushima — Situation "calls for far greater global concern" — Multiple scenarios result in meltdown — Foreign Minister: "Potential threat to many nuclear facilities", http://enenews.com/former-us-official-war-in-ukraine-could-cause-disaster-worse-than-chernobyl-and-fukushima-situation-calls-for-far-greater-global-concern-multiple-scenarios-result-in-meltdown-foreign-mini, BJM~~] 84 84 Ukraine confronts a nuclear specter of a different kind ~~[than Chernobyl,~~] the possibility 85 85 AND ... ... @@ -86,7 +86,8 @@ 86 86 -fire ~~[...~~] failure to prepare for the worst is not an option. 87 87 88 88 89 -====Meltdowns risk the globe ==== 61 +==== Meltdowns risk the globe ==== 62 + 90 90 **Sief**, 10/10/**2014** ~~[Baltimore Post Examiner, "Nuclear War threat from Ukraine crisis threatens world, Nobel Peace Laureate warns", http://baltimorepostexaminer.com/nuclear-war-threat-ukraine-crisis-threatens-world-nobel-peace-laureate-warns/2014/10/10, BJM~~] 91 91 Caldicott also warned that another flare up of the civil war in Ukraine could threaten 92 92 AND ... ... @@ -100,10 +100,11 @@ 100 100 entire region. "It could be, literally, an apocalyptic event. 101 101 102 102 103 -===Adv. 2 – Belgium=== 76 +=== Adv. 2 – Belgium === 104 104 105 105 106 -====Belgium massively boosted nuclear production in 2016 – new reactors online==== 79 +==== Belgium massively boosted nuclear production in 2016 – new reactors online ==== 80 + 107 107 **Independent Chemical Information Service, 8/10**/16 ~~["Improved nuclear availability to keep lid on Belgian electricity prices", http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2016/08/10/10024473/improved-nuclear-availability-to-keep-lid-on-belgian-electricity-prices/, BJM~~] 108 108 Belgium has nuclear capacity of just under 6GW from seven reactors, accounting for just 109 109 AND ... ... @@ -110,7 +110,8 @@ 110 110 be almost 2.3GW higher in 2016 than it was in 2015. 111 111 112 112 113 -====Countries fear Belgium’s old reactors – lots of faults. Boelpaep 16==== 87 +==== Countries fear Belgium’s old reactors – lots of faults. Boelpaep 16 ==== 88 + 114 114 Bruno Boelpaep 2/2/16 ~~[Current BBC News Previous BBC News, British Broadcasting Corporation, Associated Press Education oxford house college~~] "Belgium’s ageing nuclear plants worry neighbours" BBC 115 115 Just across the border, the German city of Aachen and the Dutch city of 116 116 AND ... ... @@ -117,7 +117,8 @@ 117 117 nuclear reactors by 2022, Belgium appears to be taking the opposite course. 118 118 119 119 120 -====Belgian reactors prove that aged reactors are targets for terrorists and proliferation. Greco 16==== 95 +==== Belgian reactors prove that aged reactors are targets for terrorists and proliferation. Greco 16 ==== 96 + 121 121 Emily Schwartz Greco 2016 ~~[Institute’s op-ed manager and ran OtherWords. OtherWords is a non-profit editorial service that distributes progressive commentary and cartoons to approximately 1,700 editors at newspapers and new media outlets across the nation. She is also an OtherWords weekly columnist. As a writing coach , she had trained a group of New Economy Maryland fellows to write more effectively for the public. Prior to coming to IPS in 2003, Emily covered foreign policy and economics in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil, as well as Washington and New York, for the Dow Jones and Bloomberg News services. She earned a M.S. in journalism from Columbia University and a B.A. in Latin American studies and history from the University of Texas at Austin.~~] "Reactors Put Us at Risk for Nuclear Terrorism" Institute for Policy Studies 122 122 The ISIS supporters who attacked Brussels killed more than 30 people and injured hundreds more 123 123 AND ... ... @@ -124,8 +124,9 @@ 124 124 based on reports of leaks and cracks, along with assorted sabotage attempts. 125 125 126 126 127 -====Nuclear terrorism causes extinction. Sid-Ahmed ’4==== 128 -~~[Mohamed, Sid-Ahmed - Al Ahram Weekly, Extinction! - D/L 7,12,09- Weekly Political Analyst - http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm - 8/26/04 -~~] 103 +==== Nuclear terrorism causes extinction. Sid-Ahmed ’4 ==== 104 + 105 +~~[Mohamed, Sid-Ahmed - Al Ahram Weekly, Extinction! - D/L 7,12,09- Weekly Political Analyst - http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm - 8/26/04 -~~] 129 129 What would be the consequences of a nuclear attack by terrorists? Even if it 130 130 AND 131 131 When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.