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... ... @@ -1,15 +1,0 @@ 1 -==**1nc shell: Broken Windows policing== 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 -====Counterplan: The United States Federal Government should increase funding and require more training hours in the areas of conflict management training and mediation skills in police training==== 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -====Police departments only offer an average of eight hours in mediation skills and only 39 percent of agencies mandate that all officers go through conflict management training. These should be reformed to decrease police brutality==== 10 -**Gutierrez, D. (2016). Why Police Training Must be Reformed - Harvard Political Review. Harvard Political Review. Retrieved 16 November 2016, from http://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/police-training-must-reformed/** 11 -On February 9, David Joseph, an unarmed African American teen, was killed 12 - 13 -AND 14 - 15 -communities they operate in rather than enemy combatants can America end police brutality. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,21 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Counterplan: The United States Federal Government should approve Obama’s funding request for body cameras==== 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 -====Obama’s budget request for a full 263 million for body cameras was rejected by the senate—this fails to adequately fund the elements necessary to fully support law enforcement and improve relations with the community to solve for police brutality==== 6 -**Kokalitcheva**, K. (20**14**). Obama announces $263M in funding for police body cameras and training. VentureBeat. Retrieved 16 November 2016. Published 12/1/2014. http://venturebeat.com/2014/12/01/president-obama-announces-263m-in-funding-for-police-body-cameras/ 7 -The measure cuts back Obama's request for police body cameras and new community policing initiatives 8 - 9 -AND 10 - 11 -is essential," said Tuesday's letter from White House budget chief Shaun Donovan. 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 -====Body cameras solve for police brutality==== 16 -**Wing**, Nick Study Shows Less Violence, Fewer Complaints When Cops Wear Body Cameras. (20**15**). The Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 November 2016. Published 10/13/2015. Wing graduated from UC Berkeley with a B.A. in History and has extensively worked as a reporter at cnet, WSJ, Westside School’s Member Board of Trustees, and at The NYT. 17 -Equipping police with body cameras may be an effective way to improve the behavior of 18 - 19 -AND 20 - 21 -87 percent drop in civilian complaints, compared to the previous year’s totals. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,95 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Interp: Resolved means the affirmative must defend the implementation of a policy action by a government==== 2 -**Parcher 1 (Jeff, Fmr. Debate Coach at Georgetown University, February, http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html)** 3 -Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary: 4 - 5 -AND 6 - 7 -or 'no' - which, of course, are answers to a question. 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 -====Their aff avoids neg prep. The topic is the basis for predictable limits – abandoning it means the affirmative can argue for anything which the negative cannot possibly prepare for.==== 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 -====Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy makes the discussion one-sided and exclusionary==== 16 -**Galloway 7**—Samford Comm prof (Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007) 17 -Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively 18 - 19 -AND 20 - 21 -substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy. 22 - 23 - 24 - 25 -====Vote neg – they destroy your ability to meaningfully evaluate the winner of the round based on who was the better debater which is the purpose of the judge, so you should reject arguments that prevent you from exercising that role. ==== 26 - 27 - 28 - 29 -====Reject the debater – the entire round is already skewed since the 1NC strategy is determined by the aff. A 1AR advocacy shift makes dialogue impossible since it escapes the entire 1NC and gives the neg only 6 minutes of the 2NR versus the aff’s 7 minutes.==== 30 - 31 - 32 - 33 -====This outweighs:==== 34 - 35 - 36 - 37 -====It governs their access to substantive arguments so it logically has to be decided before substance, since if I win it they shouldn’t have access to that argument to begin with – it’s a prior question==== 38 - 39 - 40 - 41 -====I couldn’t contest the aff to begin with – they can’t apply the aff against T since that assumes their aff was legitimate to begin with. They don’t get access to claims that weren’t contestable by me.==== 42 - 43 - 44 - 45 -====It directly concerns the role of the judge since the entire point of a judge is to decide who won the round==== 46 - 47 - 48 - 49 -====The topic is a more fair institutional norm. A fair topic that’s predictable to both sides is better for accessibility. ==== 50 -**Galloway 7** - Ryan Galloway, assistant professor of communication studies and director of debate at Samford University, "DINNER AND CONVERSATION AT THE ARGUMENTATIVE TABLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING DEBATE AS AN ARGUMENTATIVE DIALOGUE," Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007) 51 -The central claim to this essay is that debate works best when it is dialogic 52 - 53 -AND 54 - 55 -controversy access to formulating their approach to both sides of the topic question. 56 - 57 - 58 - 59 -====A framework that maintains equitable dialogism is key to social inclusion and ecology==== 60 -**Bebbington 7 ~~(Jan, Professor of Accounting and Sustainable Development; Judy Brown, Professor, Plant Sciences. PhD, Plant Pathology; Bob Frame, researcher at Landcare Research , Science Team Governance and Policy) "Theorizing engagement: the potential of a critical dialogic approach" Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Vol. 20 Iss: 3, pp.356 – 381~~ AT** 61 -This paper has sought to ground the discussion of engagement in SEA research in dialogic 62 - 63 -AND 64 - 65 -these impacts and change the reality of social groups and our natural ecology. 66 - 67 - 68 - 69 -====Substantive constraints on the debate are key to actualize effective pluralism and agonistic democracy ==== 70 -John** Dryzek 6**, Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University, Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 50, No. 3, July 2006, Pp. 634–649 71 -A more radical contemporary pluralism is suspicious of liberal and communitarian devices for reconciling difference 72 - 73 -AND 74 - 75 -need principles to regulate the substance of what rightfully belongs in democratic debate. 76 - 77 - 78 - 79 -====Debate inevitably involves exclusions and normative constraints—-making sure that those exclusions occur along reciprocal lines is necessary to foster democratic habits which turn and solves the whole case ==== 80 -Amanda** Anderson 6**, prof of English at Johns Hopkins The Way We Argue Now, 33-6 81 -In some ways, this is understandable as utopian writing, with recognizable antecedents throughout 82 - 83 -AND 84 - 85 -project and leaves herself no recourse but to issue dogmatic condemnations and approvals. 86 - 87 - 88 - 89 -====Decisionmaking is key to all aspects of life –it’s the most important skill==== 90 -**Steinberg and Freeley 8** *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND **David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10 91 -After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and 92 - 93 -AND 94 - 95 -customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,26 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Colleges must continue banning offensive speech under Title IX provisions or lose federal funds. This does not follow the first amendment but is necessary to secure funding and maintain a suitable educational environment.==== 2 -**Bernstein 3** David E. Bernstein – professor of Constitutional law at George Mason University since 1995, visiting professor at Brooklyn Law School, Georgetown Law Center, University of Michigan Law School, and William and Mary Law School, You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws, pg. 60-61, DS 3 -Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until 4 -AND 5 -Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right. 6 - 7 - 8 -====Federal funding is key to public universities and colleges by funding for research, student aid, and low-income students’ access to higher education.==== 9 -**Woodhouse 15 **Kellie Woodhouse, journalist at Inside Higher Ed, digital media company with decades of journalism experience covering higher education. "Impact of Pell Surge" June 12, 2015 https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/06/12/study-us-higher-education-receives-more-federal-state-governments, DS 10 -Federal spending has surpassed state spending as the main source of public funding in higher 11 -AND 12 -in Pell funding for every full-time-equivalent student in 2013. 13 - 14 - 15 -====Access to higher education is key to social mobility and US competitiveness under globalization and evolving technologies. Anything else risks the system going obsolete.==== 16 -**Spellings 6 **Margaret Spellings, Secretary of Education. "A Test of Leadership: Chartering the Future of U.S. Higher Education" a report of the commission. Pre-Publication Copy https://www2.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/reports.html , DS 17 -To reach these objectives, we believe that U.S. higher education institutions 18 -AND 19 -seeing their market share substantially reduced and their services increasingly characterized by obsolescence. 20 - 21 - 22 -====US leadership prevents great power war and existential governance crises. A decrease in competitiveness leads to great power war, its try or die.==== 23 -**Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13** (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College "Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51) 24 -A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far 25 -AND 26 -that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,26 +1,0 @@ 1 -====plan decks surveillance capabilities— empirics prove==== 2 -**Bowman 17** ~~Bridget,Bowman, B. (2017). Internet protest to ‘fight back’ against surveillance. PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 21 January 2017, from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/internet-protest-fight-back-surveillance/~~ CS 3 -Activist groups, companies, and websites will encourage internet users to take a stand 4 -AND 5 -Day We Fight Back" will produce enough pressure on Congress to push. 6 - 7 - 8 -====All forms of surveillance are necessary to prevent attacks ==== 9 -James Andrew **Lewis 14**, senior fellow and director of the Strategic Technologies Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 2014, "Underestimating Risk in the Surveillance Debate," http://csis.org/files/publication/141209'Lewis'UnderestimatingRisk'Web.pdf 10 -NSA carried out two kinds of signals intelligence programs: bulk surveillance to support counterterrorism 11 -AND 12 -harder to identify attacks and increase the time it takes to do this. 13 - 14 - 15 -====Univeristies key- theyre hotbeds of radicalization==== 16 -**Gardham 11** ~~David, D.Gardham, D. (2011). University campuses are 'hotbeds of Islamic extremism'. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2017, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8478975/University-campuses-are-hotbeds-of-Islamic-extremism.html~~ CS 17 -Islamic fundamentalism is being allowed to flourish at universities, endangering national security, MPs 18 -AND 19 -ut-Tahrir as president and vice-president of the student union. 20 - 21 - 22 -====Extinction==== 23 -**Schleifer 15** (Theodore, "Former CIA Official: ISIS Terrorist Attack in US is Possible") 24 -Islamic militants have the ability to direct individuals to conduct small-scale attacks in 25 -AND 26 -that involved either chemical, biological or other nuclear weapons," he said. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,19 +1,0 @@ 1 -====The late-capitalist system has been so saturated with meaning that society has become meaningless; the masses represent nothing, unable to speak or be spoken for. Politics becomes an empty simulacrum, a theater-play of power asking us to join in even when this "power" is unable to liberate us – it is only capable of controlling us when we buy into its illusion. The aff's endorsement of free speech is precisely this illusion – they are obsessed with producing more meaning, mobilizing the masses with information, activism, and protest – it fuels the code’s desperate drive to synthesize meaning. Reject the aff's call for protest and action; instead of injecting the mass with more meaning, you should let the system's inability to produce meaning overtake the system itself in a beautiful implosion. ==== 2 -**Baudrillard 83** ~~Jean, IN THE SHADOW OF THE SILENT MAJORITIES ••• OR THE END OF THE SOCIAL. 1983~~ AT 3 -There is no longer any polarity between the one and the other in the mass 4 -AND 5 -cyclotron. Information is exactly this. Not a mode of communication or of 6 - 7 - 8 -====This causes every impact – culminates in extinction==== 9 -**Smith 10 **~~(Richard G. Smith, Associate Professor of Geography at Swansea university) "The Baudrillard Dictionary" under "Code" Edinburgh University Press, 2010~~ AT 10 -According to Baudrillard, a ‘perverse’ logic (SC, 97) drives consumer 11 -AND 12 -(SC, 98) – in the name of science and progress. 13 - 14 - 15 -====The alternative’s act of silent refusal disr-upts and outpaces the system’s demand for meaning, causing the system to I m p l o d e from within – our alternative is radically incompatible with the affirmative’s call for speech – this turns every framing card in the aff.==== 16 -**Baudrillard 83** ~~Jean, IN THE SHADOW OF THE SILENT MAJORITIES ••• OR THE END OF THE SOCIAL. 1983~~ AT 17 -From Resistance to Hyperconformity The emergence of silent majorities must be located within the entire 18 -AND 19 -every chance that our passage towards implosion may also be violent and catastrophic. - EntryDate
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