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... ... @@ -1,18 +1,0 @@ 1 -Nuclear Power (RTGs) is used in operation of spacecraft. 2 -World Nuclear Association15: 3 -So far, radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) have been the main power source for US space work for over 50 years, since 1961. The high decay heat of Plutonium-238 (0.56 W/g) enables its use as an electricity source in the RTGs of spacecraft, satellites, navigation beacons, etc and its intense alpha decay process with negligible gamma radiation calls for minimal shielding. Americium-241, with 0.15 W/g, is another source of energy, favoured by the European Space Agency, though it has high levels of relatively low-energy gamma radiation. Heat from the oxide fuel is converted to electricity through static thermoelectric elements (solid-state thermocouples), with no moving parts. RTGs are safe, reliable and maintenance-free and can provide heat or electricity for decades under very harsh conditions, particularly where solar power is not feasible. So far 45 RTGs have powered 25 US space vehicles including Apollo, Pioneer, Viking, Voyager, Galileo, Ulysses and New Horizons space missions as well as many civil and military satellites. 4 -1World Nuclear Association. Organization of Nuclear Groups. “Nuclear Reactors and Radioisotopes for Space.” World Nuclear Organization. 2015. 5 - 6 - 7 -Nuclear power has been the only effective source of energy that can be used in space travel. This means prohibiting nuclear power would make space travel impossible. In addition, 8 -Earth is becoming unsustainable for human life. 9 -Alcoforado15: 10 -The current rate of consumption is a threat to the future prosperity of humankind. In the last 45 years, the demand for earth's natural resources has doubled,due to rising living standards in rich and emerging countries and increasing world population. Today humanity uses 50 of the planet's fresh water. In 40 years will use80. The geographical distribution of freshwater is uneven. Currently 1/3 of the world population lives in regions where it is scarce. The use of water unfit for consumption isresponsible for 60 of patients on the planet. Half the world's rivers are contaminated by sewage, pesticides and industrial waste. 11 -1Alcoforado, Fernando. “Depletion of the Natural Resources of Planet Earth.” Academia. 12 - 13 - 14 -In addition, growing population is a big factor in environmental deterioration. 15 -Holdren 16 -The most elementary relation between population and environmental deterioration is that population size acts as a multiplier of the activities, consumption, and attendant environmental damages associated with each individual in the population. The contributing factors in at least some kinds of environmental problems can be usefully studied by expressing the population / environment relation as an equation: environmental disruption = population X consumption per person X damage per unit of consumption. Not only has population growth been important in absolute terms as a contributor of environmental damage, but it has been important relative to other sources of such damage. Perhaps the best way to illustrate this fact is with statistics for energy consumption per person, probably the best aggregate measure of both affluence and technological impact on the environment. One finds that energy consumption per person worldwide increased 57 between 1950 and 1970 (33, 34). By this measure then, and under our simple assumption that population growth and trends in affluence and technology were independent, one finds that population growth in the period 1950-1970 was almost equal to the combined effect of rising affluence and technological change as a contributor of damaging inputs to the environment. (The comparison of population growth and energy consumption broken down by major geographical regions is given in Table 5.) We shall argue, moreover, that the effect of the simplistic assumption of independence of population and other factors is more probably to underestimate the role of population than to overestimate it. 17 - 18 -At this rate of consumption, Earth will no longer be able to sustain life. When this happens, in the aff world, we would not be able to escape planet Earth, because we have prohibited all nuclear power. Thus the aff causes extinction, the neg avoids it. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,30 +1,0 @@ 1 -The 1AC’s narrative of expression and speech as necessary for self-hood comes from a Eurocentric starting point. The AFF overlooks Eastern cultures that view speech as an external attribute instead of an internal one. 2 -Kim and Sherman 7: 3 -Heejung S. Kim and David K. Sherman. Psychology Professors at UC Santa Barbara. ““Express Yourself”: Culture and the Effect of Self-Expression on Choice.” 2007. 4 -In cultural contexts in which internal 5 -AND 6 -in the individualistic cultural context. 7 -Cultures perceive and use speech differently. The AFF ignores these culturally significant nuances. 8 -Gudykunst and Mody 2: 9 -William B. Gudykunst and Bella Mody. Professor of human communication studies at Cal State Fullerton and Professor of mass communication and global media studies at University of Colorado, Boulder. “Handbook of International and Intercultural Communication.” 2002. 10 -Silence in the West is 11 -AND 12 -is preferred to improper words. 13 -The alt is to reject the aff’s Western framing of speech in favor of a universal metalanguage that compares cultural scripts. 14 -Wierzbicka 94: 15 -Anna Wierzbicka. Linguistics Professor at Australian National University. “"Cultural Scripts": A Semantic Approach to Cultural Analysis and Cross-Cultural Communication.” 1994. 16 -As James Down pointed out, 17 -AND 18 -sense of differential communicative behavior. 19 -Eurocentric modes of thought permeate education and make non-European American students feel inferior. The role of the judge is to embrace their role as an educator and use the ballot to reject pedagogy rooted in Eurocentricism. 20 -Thibert 14: 21 -Eric Thibert, writer for The Spectrum, a North Dakota State University think tank, 10/2/2014. http://ndsuspectrum.com/eurocentrism-in-american-public-education/ KS 22 -Elementary, middle and high schools 23 -AND 24 -our educational system is already long overdue. 25 -The Kritik outweighs and turns case—Eurocentricism is the root cause of all oppression. Their flawed epistemology stems from a Eurocentric perspective. 26 -Baker 12 27 -(Michael. Professor of Education and Human Development, University of Rochester Professor at the Warner Graduate School of Education and Human Development, October 31 - November 4, 2012, American Educational Studies Association, Annual Conference Seattle, Washington, “Decolonial Education: Meanings, Contexts, and Possibilities,” http://academia.edu/3266939/Decolonial_Education_Meanings_Contexts_and_Possiblities, Accessed: 7/7/13, LPS.) 28 -Decolonial thinking developed by this group 29 -AND 30 -a new space/time called modernity. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,17 +1,0 @@ 1 -Uniqueness: Court legitimacy high – New court is making change. Wolf 15: 2 -Richard Wolf. Supreme Court correspondent at USA Today. “Supreme Court's chief justice seeks faster, fairer, more efficient system.” Dec. 31 2015 3 -WASHINGTON — Supreme Court Chief Justice 4 -AND 5 -more skeptical world," he said. 6 - 7 -Link: Overruling precedent – like the plan does by striking down Garcetti – will destroy court legitimacy and rule of law. Gerhardt 06: 8 -Michael Gerhardt. Professor of Constitutional Law at University of North Carolina. “Super Precedent.” 2006. 9 -Chief Justice Roberts suggested it 10 -AND 11 -to be left in tact. 12 - 13 -Impact: Loss of judicial legitimacy in the eyes of other branches causes executive overreach and massive human rights violations – Trump clearly magnifies the impact. Blank and Guiora 10: 14 -Laurie R. Blank is the Director of Emory Law's International Humanitarian Law Clinic. Amos N. Guiora is a Professor of Law at the University of Utah's SJ Quinney College of Law. “Judicial Abdication in Times of War: Lessons Not Yet Learned.” 13 Sep. 2010 15 -The inability of two Administrations 16 -AND 17 -our domestic and international obligations. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,15 +1,0 @@ 1 -For the decades that developing countries have used nuclear power it has always been justified. In 2011 Fukushima devastated the global nuclear market creating an opportunity for Africa to close its energy gap. Nuclear Power would enable Africa to become energy independent. Now that Africa has come to play, it’s time to shut it ALL down. It’s time to go back to SQUARE ONE OF DEPENDENCY. It’s time to continue the colonizers control. 2 -Luke 15 3 -Ronke; manager at Z, Inc., a Washington DC based energy contractor, immediate past president of the Women’s Council on Energy and the Environment; OilPrice; 10/1/15; “Africa Banking On Nuclear Power”; http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Africa-Banking-On-Nuclear-Power.html; JLB (9/15/16) 4 -It’s no secret that Africa’s economic development has been stifled by the shortage of electricity across the continent. The Africa Progress Report 2015 puts the annual electricity-related economic loss at 2 percent to 4 percent of GDP. In Ghana and Tanzania, electricity shortages are costing businesses 15 percent of sales. Over 600 million people are getting restless waiting for power. South Africa alone accounts for 50 percent of sub-Saharan Africa’s current installed capacity of 9 GW. According to The Africa Progress Report 2015, at the current pace of electrification (investing $8 billion or 0.49 percent of GDP annually), the continent will achieve universal access in 2080. Declaring this unacceptable, Africa Progress Report 2015 projects Africa needs to invest $55 billion (or 3-4 percent of total GDP) annually to speed up the pace and reach universal access to electricity by 2030. Discussions about Africa’s power options often focus on renewables, hydropower and natural gas. Diesel, heavily used for power generation across Africa, and coal, widely used in Southern Africa, are not championed in discussions with international development organizations and financiers. To close the huge power deficit and boost their economies, Africa’s larger economies - South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria -and smaller uranium rich countries – Namibia and Niger - have decided it might be time to go nuclear. Ghana, Senegal, Uganda, and Morocco have also publicly expressed their interest in nuclear power. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has indicated that it will help African countries cooperate in developing nuclear electricity. IAEA will advise on international best practices and standards. National governments will be responsible for regulatory oversight. South Africa leads the way South Africa, currently the only African country with nuclear power (2 GW), is actively planning to develop 9.6 GW by 2030 at a cost ranging from $37 billion to $100 billion. AREVA, Electricite de France, China’s Guangdong Nuclear Power and Korea Electric Power Corporation are vying for a share of this business. China and Russia have signed MOUs to develop skills and strategic partnerships. China has started training South Africans in nuclear plant operations. Related: Is The U.S. About To Break One Of Its Own Nuclear Treaties? But South Africa’s procurement process is already facing a legal challenge. Westinghouse Electric Corp. is expected to challenge the South African utility ESKOM’s reversal of a $381 million award; giving the contract to AREVA after first announcing Westinghouse’s win. The possibility of a long legal battle does not seem to be dampening interest, however. Recent press suggests that Russia’s state-owned Rosatom is at the forefront of the next round of awards expected to take place between late 2015 and early 2016. Industry commentators suggest that South Africa is anticipating that Russia and China will offer generous financing with their bids; outside of these two powerhouses, no one is certain who could pay for such a massive expansion. Industry observers are skeptical that either Russia or China will deliver the expected funding. Nuclear power opponents including Greenpeace are demanding transparency and argue that South Africa’s nuclear push is a waste of money, better spent on other options, e.g. renewables, to address the country’s current power shortfall. Kenya follows fast Kenya appears to be the most active, after South Africa, in planning its nuclear power future. It has 2.2MW in total installed grid capacity with 20 GW of geothermal potential. Estimates state that an economy of Kenya’s size should have 45GW to 55GW of installed capacity. Related: Fund Managers Have Their Own ‘Black Monday’ Thanks To The Saudis Adding nuclear power into its fuel mix would help to close its power supply gap. Kenya projects bringing 1GW of nuclear power on line by 2025, rising to 4GW by 2033. In August 2015, the IAEA led an 11 person expert team to Nairobi to conduct an “Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review (INIR)”of Kenya’s progress. The Kenya Nuclear Electricity Board (KNEB) has completed two phases of the INIR; self-assessment and pre-feasibility preparedness studies. An important outcome of the INIR is assessing Kenya’s progress towards setting up an independent nuclear power regulatory authority. China has signed up to help Kenya meet its nuclear aspirations. The two countries signed an MOU in 2015. China will help Kenya build skills and will provide technical support with site selection and feasibility studies. Slovenia and South Korea have also signed cooperation agreements as they position for upcoming deals. The first cohort of Kenyans is studying nuclear engineering in South Korea. Nigeria raises tempo towards its nuclear goal Nigeria will certainly miss its original target to go nuclear by 2017, but it has made progress building its institutional framework since first declaring its intent in 2007. With power sector privatization failing to meet the projected surge in power supply, Nigeria is ramping up efforts to explore its nuclear power options. It plans 1 to 2 GW of nuclear capacity and has selected two potential sites. Russia is at the forefront of this development. According to Reuters, Rosatom, Russian state-owned nuclear company, can spend “$300 - $350 billion per year to build nuclear plants in Russia and abroad.” Rosatom and the Nigerian government signed a cooperation agreement in 2012 for the commissioning and decommissioning of nuclear facilities. Following further talks in 2015, Rosatom, according to Nigerian officials, will finance and operate the $20 billion project, which envisions a total of four plants, each valued at $5 billion. Nigeria’s plan is for the first plant to be operational in 2025. The IAEA is scheduled to conduct an INIR in Nigeria in 2015. Related: Trouble Ahead For The World’s Next Shale Boom? A new frontier for nuclear power? With global sales of nuclear power plants flat following the Fukushima accident, it’s no wonder that Africa’s initial forays into nuclear power are generating so much interest. Governments have said little to address the safety concerns raised by industry watchdogs and citizen’s groups. Continent-watchers and industry observers remain skeptical that all this nuclear capacity will be built, as financing remains a formidable challenge. But nuclear power is no longer off the table as Africa adopts an “all of the above” strategy regarding fuel options, as it struggles to close its power deficit. Currently, Russia appears to be willing to splash the most cash. But China and South Korea can’t be ignored and other countries are positioning to step up their efforts as Africa’s nuclear power market heats up. 5 - 6 -They frame mining in Africa as exploitation; when in reality it has been an African economic success. 7 -Coal Kills 4,000 times more people than nuclear power; their focus on Nuclear Power prohibition ignores the developing world. 8 -Roos 11 9 -Jerome; The Breakthrough Institute (researcher); 4/11/11; "Coal Kills 4,000 Times More People Per Unit of Energy than Nuclear"; http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/coal_kills_4000_times_more_peo; JLB (9/11/16) 10 -When you actually do the math, coal kills somewhere on the order of 4,000 times more people per unit of energy produced than nuclear power. Or to put it another way, outdoor air pollution, caused principally by the combustion of fossil fuels, kills as many people every 29 hours as will eventually die due to radiation exposure from the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, according to World Health Organization figures (Source: nuclear; air pollution). Yet since coal-related deaths have a much lower profile than nuclear disasters, and because they largely occur in the conveniently far-away obscurity of the developing world, they tend to be severely underreported by the mainstream media in the West. So while all eyes turned to Fukushima, the grinding, every-day death and illness caused by the air pollution, toxic contamination, and mercury poisoning leaching from the world's coal plants and oil refineries and the tailpipes of roughly a billion cars and trucks continued unabated ~-~- and continued to go largely unmentioned. For some reason, as the formerly anti-nuclear environmentalist George Monbiot has argued, greens seem to care a great deal about scientific consensus when it's about climate change, but when it comes to nuclear energy far too many are very willing to dismiss factual evidence and spread dishonest information. The reality we will have to deal with is that fossil fuels, and coal in particular, kill many times more people than nuclear. 11 - 12 -The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s simplistic environmentalist framing and accept the complexities of problems facing the world. 13 -Beckerman 96 14 -Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996. 15 -It may well be true, as Jonathan Porritt has said, that "Politically, the world is too far gone. It is not a question of nearing the abyss. We daily look down into it if we choose to open our eyes, and millions are already at the bottom of it."10 But the present awful state of the world is not, as he suggests, mainly the result of economic growth and its accompanying environmental degradation. It is not environmental change that has been responsible for vicious and brutal civil war in what was Yugoslavia, or the murderous communal strife that is endemic on the Indian subcontinent, or the bitter ideological struggles that have ravaged Cambodia for decades, or tribal conflict in Rwanda, Somalia, and the Sudan. Nor is it likely to be the case—as many environmentalist pressure groups would have us believe—that we need to abandon our basic assumptions, or change our modes of thought and vocabularies, or accept different cultural values.11 What is really needed is good old reliance on scientific standards of logic and research. This means that we have to accept the enormous complexity and difficulty of the problems facing the world today. This is the only way we can arrive at balanced solutions involving compromises between conflicting objectives. Many people dislike this prospect. They prefer simple answers and melodramatic appeals. But there are no simple answers. And simple answers like "Stop economic growth," or "Incur any cost in order to stop any risk of climate change or preserve every single existing species," are of no more help than vague appeals that we should change our vocabulary or our modes of thought. Existing modes of thought will do very well. What is needed is that we use them. - EntryDate
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