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... ... @@ -1,121 +1,0 @@ 1 -Ethics is divided between ideal and non-ideal theory. Ideal theory ask what justice demands in a perfect world while non-ideal theory ask what justice demands in a world that is already unjust. 2 - 3 -Prefer non-ideal theory as a meta-ethical starting point: 4 - 5 -Social Ontology: Ideal theory fails to recognize that agency is political – focusing on a pre-given subject ignores our constitutive social relations. An ontology that recognizes differentiation in subjectivity is key. 6 -BUTLER: 7 -(Judith Butler. 1992. “Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of “Postmodernism” Feminists Theorize the Political) 8 -“In a sense, the subject is 9 -AND 10 -prior to politics itself.” 11 - 12 -2. Motivation: Ideal theory can’t guide action since its starting point has diverged from the descriptive model of the real world. Non-ideal theory is key for ethical motivation. 13 -MILLS: 14 -Charles W. Mills, “Ideal Theory” as Ideology, 2005 15 -(“Ideal Theory” as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf) 16 - 17 -“A first possible argument 18 -AND 19 - just completely implausible?” 20 - 21 -3. Descriptive Ideality: ideal theory ignores social realities, which in turn contradicts ideals. Normative ideals aren’t created separately from the social norms that govern us since those influence what we can count as an ideal in the first place. 22 -MILLS 2: 23 -(“Ideal Theory” as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf) 24 - 25 -“I suggest that this spontaneous reaction, far from 26 -AND 27 -will never be achieved.” (170) 28 - 29 -4. Standpoint Epistemology: Ideal theory strips away questions of particularities and isolates a universal feature of agents. This normalizes a single experience and epistemically skews ethical theorizing. 30 -MILLS 3: 31 -(“Ideal Theory” as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf) 32 - 33 -“The crucial common claim 34 -AND 35 -arrived at may be misleading.” (175) 36 - 37 -Next, prefer liberation theology as a method for overcoming non-ideal structures of inequality: 38 - 39 -Value Inversion: The death of Christ represents a paradox in Christianity where POWER is weakness BORN again through death. Liberation theology inverses the value of power itself in recognition of the cross. 40 -CONE: 41 -James Cone highly influential black theologian known for his work on black liberation theology. The Cross and The Lynching Tree. Orbis Books. 2011. 42 -“The paradox of a 43 -AND 44 -white power—with powerless love, snatching victory out of defeat.” 45 - 46 -And, since our agency isn’t independent and constantly vulnerable towards the other our subjectivity is in a constant state of apophatic negativity. Inverting supremacy through liberation theology is the only way to account for apophatism. 47 -DANIELS: 48 -Brady, Daniels. A Poststructuralist Liberation Theology? Queer Theory and Apophaticism. Union Seminary Quarterly Review. Volume 64: 2 and 3. http://usqr.utsnyc.edu/article/a-poststructuralist-liberation-theology-queer-theory-apophaticism/ 49 - 50 -“Part 3: A Potential Point of Convergence 51 -AND 52 -be more fully realized.” 53 - 54 -2. Final Critique: Only transcendence in the cross provides the final critique to supremacy by inverting our epistemological understandings of power and designating intrinsic worth towards the oppressed. Sustaining current epistemologies dooms liberation in the long term. 55 -GORMAN: 56 -Michael J the Raymond E. Brown Professor of Biblical Studies and Theology at St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, where he has taught since 1991 . Cruciformity: Paul's Narrative Spirituality of the Cross. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans Pub., 2001. Print 57 - 58 -“All other claims to or 59 -AND 60 -cross and in communities shaped by it.” 61 - 62 -3. Pessimism/Optimism Paradox: Pessimism creates a lack of motivation since it engrains the idea that nothing can ever get better because oppression is intrinsic to the very structure of recognition. Optimism fails since it ignores how pervasive oppression is to our structure. Only liberation theology allows us to both say we don’t fit into the world and yet not fall into mere skepticism. 63 -CHESTERSON: 64 -Gilbert K Chesterton. Orthodoxy. 1908. http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/130/pg130.html 65 - 66 -But the important matter was this 67 -AND 68 -and why I could feel homesick at home. 69 - 70 -4. Soul Murder: Social death provides an ontological understanding over how others perceive the subject, but it can’t account for Soul Murder. This refers to the subject psychologically internalizing a fractured conception of the self due to their experience of gratuitous oppression. 71 -MASON: 72 -John Edwin Mason PhD from Yale. Current Prof at UAV. teaches African history and the history of photography. He has written extensively on early nineteenth-century South Africa history, especially the history of slavery, South African popular culture, especially the Cape Town New Year's Carnival and jazz. Social death and Resurrection: Slavery and Emancipation in South Africa. University of Virginia Press. 2003. ISBN 0-8139-2178-3 73 - 74 -“Patterson acknowledges that 75 -AND 76 -of soul murder and social death.” 77 - 78 -And, liberation theology provides the oppressed with meaning beyond unexplainable violence. A mere hope to continue surviving in this messed up world doesn’t provide the conceptual motivation for anything to ever change as long as the goal remains living in this world. 79 -CONE 2: 80 - 81 -Consumed by a passion to express myself about the 82 -AND 83 -a new existence in the world becomes possible. 84 - 85 -The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best methodologically engages in liberation theology. 86 -RAVEGE-SEUL: 87 -Revage-Seul, Mike. "Liberation Theology and the Pedagogy of Insurrection." Truthout. N.p., 11 Jan. 2016. Web. 10 Sept. 2016. 88 - 89 -“As expressed by McLaren's colleague, Ira Shor, 90 -AND 91 -right back to the one he calls "Comrade Jesus."” 92 - 93 -Liberation theology is intent based: 94 -1. 95 -2. 96 -3. 97 -4. 98 - 99 -First, extracting natural resources is part of a western spirituality that has created an ethical dualism between the environment and its subjects. This treats the environment as instrumentally valuable and propagates an epistemology based on human superiority, which is counter productive to humility in the cross. 100 -WRIGHT: 101 -“CHRISTIANITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE” By Nancy Wright UH-DD 102 - 103 -“Some feel they need to move beyond Christianity: theologian Chung Hyun Kyung writes 104 -AND 105 -because those were his concerns, too.” (11-13) 106 - 107 -Second, preeminence in nuclear power is part of a larger race towards a hegemonic framework that aims to influence global policy through power and imperial suppression. This is counter productive to a liberation theology. 108 -THOMAS: 109 -“Black Liberation Hermeneutics: A Postcoloinal Perspective” by Richard A. Thomas UH-DD 110 - 111 -“The lasting effects of the slavocracy were that the 112 -AND 113 -found within both the biblical text and through the jivanmukta.” 114 - 115 -Third, nuclear power is a modern Tower of Babel— it’s an attempt to defy the laws of the transcendent through the modification and domination of the environment carried with the belief of superiority over one’s right to do so. 116 -CALDICOTT: 117 -Caldicott, Helen. "Pope Francis Calls Nuclear Power Plants a Modern-Day Tower of Babel - Helen Caldicott, MD." Helen Caldicott MD. N.p., 25 June 2015. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. 118 - 119 -“In an audience with Japanese Bishops, 120 -AND 121 -also his critical attitude towards nuclear power.” - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,94 +1,0 @@ 1 -=FW= 2 - 3 - 4 -====1. Identity is socially constructed. One cannot give an account of oneself without acknowledging our relationship to the Other because our agency is socially mediated. Butler 1:==== 5 - 6 -Giving an Account of Oneself Judith Butler Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0300-71622820012429313A43C223AGAAOO3E2.0.CO3B2-A 7 -In all the … condition it supplies. 8 - 9 - 10 -====Implications:==== 11 -A) 12 - 13 -B) 14 -====2. We never act from inclination. Butler 2:==== 15 - 16 -There are reasons … from the start. 17 - 18 -====3. The starting point for ethics is the recognition of our opaqueness or our dependency on the other based out of our vulnerability. Butler 3:==== 19 - 20 -To tell the …. my account whole. 21 - 22 - 23 -====Thus the standard is upholding precarious norms. ==== 24 - 25 - 26 -====Prefer the standard:==== 27 - 28 - 29 -====First, violence is constitutive of any moral theory Hagglund:==== 30 -"THE NECESSITY OF DISCRIMINATION DISJOINING DERRIDA AND LEVINAS" MARTIN HÄGGLUND 31 -"Derrida targets precisely …perpetrating the better." (46-48) 32 - 33 -====Second, states require distinguishing between them and us in the constitution of the demos. Mouffe:==== 34 -"The Democratic Paradox" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 DD 35 -"In order to … and the ‘people’." (41-44) 36 - 37 -====Implications: ==== 38 - 39 - 40 -====Precedes idealized starting points. The belief in absolute purity is self-contradictory and justifies absolute violence. HÄGGLUND 2:==== 41 - 42 -"THE NECESSITY OF DISCRIMINATION DISJOINING DERRIDA AND LEVINAS" MARTIN HÄGGLUND 43 -"A possible objection …. of absolute violence." (49) 44 - 45 - 46 - 47 -==== Embracing radical difference requires we embrace precariousness in order to better understand the other. Butler 4==== 48 - 49 -Giving an Account of Oneself. Judith Butler. Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. UH-DD 50 -Can a new … opacity to themselves. 51 - 52 - 53 - 54 -====The advocacy is that countries ought to prohibit nuclear power through a phase-out. Germany is normal means. Evans 11:==== 55 -Stephen Evans, Berlin, 5-30-2011, "Germany: Nuclear power plants to close by 2022," BBC News, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13592208 56 -Germany's coalition … earthquake and tsunami. 57 - 58 -=Advantage 1 is Grievability= 59 - 60 - 61 -====First – Historically, Nuclear plants have been disproportionally placed near vulnerable and minority populations. Empirics prove. Cousins et. al 13:==== 62 -Cousins, Elicia, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta. "Environmental Justice." SpringerReference (2013): n. pag. Carleton. Carleton College. Web. 8 Aug. 2016. Col'JN 63 -Contrary to previous … population (Table 2). 64 - 65 - 66 -====Second, the nuclear industry has for a long time denied and manipulated the results gathered around nuclear energy to promote a "a little bit is good for you" agenda. Wareham:==== 67 -THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY: A HISTORY OF MISLEADING CLAIMS Author: Dr Sue Wareham OAM. Dr Sue Wareham OAM is President of the Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia). She is a general practitioner in Canberra. The author thanks Dr Jim Green, Prof Brian Martin, Dr Mark Diesendorf and Dr Peter Karamoskos for helpful advice on the initial draft of this paper. . 68 - 69 -The nuclear industry… secrecy often descends. 70 - 71 -====Impacts:==== 72 - 73 - 74 -====First, the state of being rendered ungrievable is more than just being oppressed. Non-grievability separates death from having any impact on a social relationship, which reduces agency to something outside of precariousness. Grievability is necessary to apprehended the vulnerability in our ontology. Butler 5:==== 75 - 76 -Over and against … from the start. 77 - 78 -. Our stance must impede upon the reproduction of this frame, which requires we recognize that nuclear power is inseparable from its norms of usage. Butler 6 79 -"Frames of War" by Judith Butler 2009 UH-DD 80 -"The frame that … of illegitimate authority?" 10-11 81 - 82 -=Advantage 2 is Condemnation= 83 -The nuclearization of society has enforced an epistemologically bankrupt mode of thinking. WISE 93: 84 -~~Environmental Racism and Nuclear Development By the WISE-Amsterdam Collective WISE News Communique; 387-388; March 28, 1993; www.antenna.nlwise; Accessed August 8 2016~~ 85 -Racism, by itself… different vantage point." 86 - 87 -====Second, Nuclear power is rooted in condemnation of other races. WISE 2:==== 88 - 89 -A nuclear society … and waste storage." 90 - 91 - 92 -====Third, condemnation, or categorizing and oppressing the other is a voting issue. Butler 7:==== 93 - 94 -Consider that one ... lives with impunity. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,172 +1,0 @@ 1 -==Framework== 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 -====Prefer non-ideal theory as a meta-ethical starting point: ==== 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -====1. An ontology that recognizes differentiation in subjectivity is key. BUTLER: ==== 10 -(Judith Butler. 1992. "Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of "Postmodernism" Feminists Theorize the Political) 11 -"In a sense, the subject is constituted through an exclusion and differentiation, 12 - 13 -AND 14 - 15 -the point in which it is claimed to be prior to politics itself." 16 - 17 - 18 - 19 -====2. Key for ethical motivation. MILLS:==== 20 -Charles W. Mills, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology, 2005 ("Ideal Theory" as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD) 21 -"A first possible argument might be the simple denial that moral theory should have 22 - 23 -AND 24 - 25 -? Isn’t this, on the face of it, just completely implausible?" 26 - 27 - 28 - 29 -====3. Normative ideals aren’t created separately from the social norms that govern us because those influence what we can count as an ideal in the first place. MILLS 2:==== 30 -("Ideal Theory" as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD) 31 - "I suggest that this spontaneous reaction, far from being philosophically naïve or 32 - 33 -AND 34 - 35 --as-idealized-model will never be achieved." (170) 36 - 37 - 38 - 39 -====4. This normalizes a single experience and epistemically skews ethical theorizing. MILLS 3:==== 40 -("Ideal Theory" as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD) 41 -"The crucial common claim—whether couched in terms of ideology and fetishism, 42 - 43 -AND 44 - 45 -level, the descriptive concepts arrived at may be misleading." (175) 46 - 47 - 48 - 49 -==== 50 -Thus the standard is resisting non-ideal structures.==== 51 - 52 - 53 - 54 -==Advocacy== 55 - 56 - 57 - 58 -====The squo has turned lower-level judges into adjudicators of constitutional law. Nielson 16:==== 59 -Nielson, Aaron and Walker, Christopher J., Strategic Immunity (April 11, 2016). Emory Law Journal, Vol. 66, pp. 55-122, 2016; Ohio State Public Law Working Paper No. 339; BYU Law Research Paper No. 16-13. 60 -The Supreme Court has struggled with this procedural puzzle. The solution the Justices have 61 - 62 -AND 63 - 64 -, the power to decide cases without clearly establishing any law is significant. 65 - 66 - 67 - 68 -====Thus the plan: The Supreme Court should limit qualified immunity through explicit clarification of a "clearly established right" and adopting immunity standards for police officers. Stefan 16:==== 69 -De Stefan, Lindsey, ""No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" July 26, 2016 70 -Of course, this is easier said than done. The Court has increasingly enlarged 71 - 72 -AND 73 - 74 -of the already-existing reasonableness standard, immunity may be inappropriate altogether. 75 - 76 - 77 - 78 -==Advantage 1 is Brutality== 79 - 80 - 81 - 82 -====Police brutality is getting worse in America as more police officers continue to be held unaccountable for their actions in scenarios that leave unarmed folk dead in the streets. King 15:==== 83 -Shaun, 9-22-15, ~~If you haven’t heard of Shaun King GTFO"Police brutality is getting worse and shows no signs of slowing down," Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2015/9/22/1423847/-Police-brutality-is-getting-worse-and-shows-no-signs-of-slowing-down 84 -Police brutality in America is getting worse—not better. That's not pessimism. 85 - 86 -AND 87 - 88 -. It's on our watch and we have to do something about it. 89 - 90 - 91 - 92 -====The problem is accountability – Police in America believe that their actions cannot be held accountable, giving them a true sense of "immunity". The root of police brutality is found in the lack of police accountability. HRW:==== 93 -Human Rights Watch. No Date. Shielded from Justice Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/police/ 94 -Police brutality is one of the most serious, enduring, and divisive human rights 95 - 96 -AND 97 - 98 -rights violations persist in large part because the accountability systems are so defective. 99 - 100 - 101 - 102 -====Qualified immunity is the tool used by the police state to take away any count of accountability. Immunity has gained the political power to let guilty cops go free. Stefan 2:==== 103 -Of course, the most outwardly evident and alarming problem with qualified immunity jurisprudence has been its cumulative erosion of law enforcement accountability. Perhaps Erwin Chemerinsky summarized it best when he noted that "~~i~~n recent years, the court has made it very difficult, and often impossible, to hold police officers and the governments that employ them accountable for civil rights violations."107 Many of the aforementioned procedural and substantive problems with the qualified immunity doctrine have contributed to what might be considered a deleterious byproduct. But recent Court decisions have also demonstrated a willingness to extend immunity in even the most egregious circumstances. 104 - 105 - 106 - 107 -====Plan solves for police accountability – immunity standards for police closes the "precedent" loophole that doesn’t let judges override qualified immunity in the squo. Stefan 3:==== 108 -By adopting different immunity standards for high-level and low-level officials, clarifying the vagueness surrounding the definition of a "clearly established" right, and acknowledging the real-world effects of indemnification, the Court can begin to repair some of the substantial flaws in its qualified immunity jurisprudence. As it does, it will permit more constitutional tort suits to succeed, thereby fostering law enforcement accountability. Because criminal liability is nearly impossible as a practical matter, and because strategies like improving police training and recruiting tactics will likely take years to effectively implement, civil suits are the (relatively) fastest way to demonstrate to the country that our officers are our guardians and that they are accountable to us. It is thus the most immediate way to rebuild trust and begin healing the citizenpolice relationship. 109 - 110 - 111 - 112 -==Advantage 2 is Relations== 113 - 114 - 115 - 116 -====Race relations in America have reached a boiling point – most recent polls show. Haas 10/6:==== 117 -Erika Haas, 10-6-2016, Townhall, http://townhall.com/tipsheet/erikahaas/2016/10/06/more-than-half-of-americans-think-race-relations-have-worsened-under-obama-n2228895 118 -Things aren’t looking good for Obama. According to a new CNN/ORC poll 119 - 120 -AND 121 - 122 -blacks, while only 1 percent say the system favors blacks over whites. 123 - 124 - 125 - 126 -====Poor relations are rooted in injustices for victims of police action. The squo has divided folks, and has let there for little justice done in an era of police violence. Cokley 15:==== 127 -Improving Race Relations in an Era of Police Brutality Kevin Cokley, Professor of Educational Psychology and African and African Diaspora Studies ~| June 18, 2015 news.utexas.edu/2015/06/18/improving-race-relations-in-an-era-of-police-brutality 128 - Many thought the election of Barack Obama as the first African American president would 129 - 130 -AND 131 - 132 -that the actions of police and white Americans are always motivated by racism. 133 - 134 - 135 - 136 -====Qualified immunity has angered the left and people of color as more police officers plead their "exclusive amendment" to get away with unjustified violence. Chamseddine 16:==== 137 -Roqayah Chamseddine, 7-1-2016, "The Black Struggle Against America’s Deification Of Police," Shadowproof, https://shadowproof.com/2016/07/11/black-struggle-americas-deification-police/ 138 -The language employed in defense of policing has afforded police officers and police departments a 139 - 140 -AND 141 - 142 -, or maintains order, is possibly the clearest example of this deification. 143 - 144 - 145 - 146 -====Race relations are key – the deaths of MLK and Emmett Till still reminds us that poor relations are what cause unjustified deaths and racism. Seabrook 16:==== 147 -Seabrook, Renita and Wyatt-Nichol, Heather (2016) "The Ugly Side of America: Institutional Oppression and Race," Journal of Public Management and Social Policy: Vol. 23: No. 1, Article 3. Available at: http://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/jpmsp/vol23/iss1/3 148 -Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968), eloquently stated, " 149 - 150 -AND 151 - 152 -noted in his description of the historical times in which both teenagers witnessed: 153 - 154 - 155 - 156 -==Underview== 157 - 158 - 159 - 160 -====1. Analytic / Changes ==== 161 - 162 -====2. Not working with the state cedes the political==== 163 -**Shaw 99**, professor of IR at the University of Sussex, 1999 (Martin, "The Unfinished Global Revolution: Intellectuals and the New Politics of International Relations", http://sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/unfinished.pdf) 164 -The mistakes in this passage are also twofold. First, the myth of globalisation 165 - 166 -AND 167 - 168 -sustaining local democracies, we have hardly begun to fashion a new agenda. 169 - 170 - 171 - 172 -====3. CX checks .==== - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,65 +1,0 @@ 1 -First, our body is a condensed history of millions of years of mutations, and we continue to be vulnerable to the random laws of genetics. Random mutations create the inevitable conditions for evolution and explain the diversity of life. 2 -Haviland Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu 3 -“At the level of an individual, genetic traits are 4 -… 5 -and thus do not arise out of need for some new adaptation.” (Pg. 41) 6 -Second, our ability to experience the world and how we experience the world is specifically conditioned by evolution. Adaptive pressures refine sensory organs through time. 7 -Haviland 2 Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu 8 -“Adaptation to arboreal life involved changes in primates’ sensory organs. 9 -… 10 -This markedly improves their diet compared to most other mammals..” (Pg. 62-63) 11 - 12 -Third, agency is specifically a question of evolution. The expansion of our brains was an adaptive response to the environment in early primate evolution. This created the conditions for self-reflection. 13 -Haviland 3 Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu 14 -An increase in brain size, particularly in the 15 -… 16 -cortex provides the biological basis for flexible behavior patterns found in all primates, including humans.” (Pg. 64) 17 -Fourth, speech and language are specifically conditioned by evolution. 18 -Haviland 4 Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu 19 -“Although we have no definitive evidence of Homo erectus’ linguistic abilities, indications of a developing symbolic life 20 -… 21 -—has taken on the characteristic large size seen in contemporary humans in fossil skulls dated to 500,000 years ago (Figure 7.13).” (Pg. 182-183) 22 -The evolution of our brains created the conditions for cultural adaptation. No longer did we have to wait generations to prevail environmental pressures. Through culture, we could overcome challenges that were not possible from a purely biology standpoint. 23 -Haviland 5 Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu UH-DD 24 -“Around this time, the brain size of our ancestors began to grow. 25 -… 26 -Debate within paleoanthropology often features the relationship between biological and cultural change.” (Pg. 167-168) 27 -Next, if cultural conflict is inevitable, then the sovereign must be the one defining meaning in the economy of violence to make the final discriminative judgement, otherwise we have absolute violence. 28 -Parrish Derrida`s Economy of Violence in Hobbes` Social Contract, Richard Parrish 29 -All of the foregoing pints to the conclusion that in the commonwealth the sovereign’s first and most fundamental job is to be the ultimate definer. 30 -… 31 -without which humans would “fly off in all directions” and fall inevitably into the violence of the natural condition. 32 -Thus, the standard is adhering to the will of the sovereign. 33 - 34 -The sovereign is impossible to avoid. All persons want to become meaning creators and eventually a sovereign will be formed. 35 -Parrish 2 Derrida`s Economy of Violence in Hobbes` Social Contract, Richard Parrish 36 -But even more significantly for his relationship with Derrida, Hobbes argues that in the state of nature persons must 37 -… 38 -less based on "one's sense of self-importance in comparison with others"46 or human nature as a creator of meaning. 39 -This outweighs- individuals are always ontologically self-interested, meaning we are key to ethical motivation. 40 -Mercer 01 In Defence of Weak Psychological Egoism.: Mark Mercer. Erkenntnis (1975-), Vol. 55, No. 2 (2001), pp. 217-23 41 -To begin: To understand what another has done is both to have a particular sort of true description 42 -… 43 -force of the consideration that spurred action will remain beyond our ken, the action stemming from it unfathomable and inexplicable. 44 -2. Analytic- 45 -Advocacy: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. 46 -Next, the will of the sovereign is determined through the constitution. Theww warrants- 47 -First, the constitution is the will of the sovereign. In an economy of violence, they defined meaning and created the Constitution as the supreme law of the land. This means that the Constitution is the ultimate authority and applies whether you like it or not. 48 -The Constitution as ratified William Jackson (Secretary), signed by John Dickinson, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Edmund Randolph, James Madison, Roger Sherman, James Wilson, and George Wythe (Founding Fathers). Constitution. 1787 49 -This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. 50 -Second, any public institution is uniquely constrained by the obligations of the Constitution- it asserts the meaning of morality according to the sovereign. 51 -The State Department 04 The Constitution of the United States of America." Almanac of Policy Issues. June 2004. Web. http://www.policyalmanac.org/government/archive/constitution.shtml 52 -It The Constitution establishes the form of the national government and defines the rights and liberties 53 -… 54 -and defines the powers delegated to the national government. In addition, it protects the powers reserved to the states and the rights 55 - 56 -third, analyci. 57 -This affirms. 58 -analytic 59 -2. analytic 60 -The state cannot limit its own power. So, if the states power is affirmed through the constitution, then the state violating its own constitution would limit its authority. 61 -Agamben Agamben, Giorgio. “Homo Sacer – Sovereign Power and Bare Life”. 62 -The paradox of sovereignty consists in the fact the sovereign is, at the same time, 63 -… 64 -will become clear only once the structure of the paradox is grasped. Schmitt presents this structure as the structure of the exception (Ausnahme) 65 -3. Analytic - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,94 @@ 1 +=FW= 2 + 3 + 4 +====1. Identity is socially constructed. One cannot give an account of oneself without acknowledging our relationship to the Other because our agency is socially mediated. Butler 1:==== 5 + 6 +Giving an Account of Oneself Judith Butler Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0300-71622820012429313A43C223AGAAOO3E2.0.CO3B2-A 7 +In all the … condition it supplies. 8 + 9 + 10 +====Implications:==== 11 +A) 12 + 13 +B) 14 +====2. We never act from inclination. Butler 2:==== 15 + 16 +There are reasons … from the start. 17 + 18 +====3. The starting point for ethics is the recognition of our opaqueness or our dependency on the other based out of our vulnerability. Butler 3:==== 19 + 20 +To tell the …. my account whole. 21 + 22 + 23 +====Thus the standard is upholding precarious norms. ==== 24 + 25 + 26 +====Prefer the standard:==== 27 + 28 + 29 +====First, violence is constitutive of any moral theory Hagglund:==== 30 +"THE NECESSITY OF DISCRIMINATION DISJOINING DERRIDA AND LEVINAS" MARTIN HÄGGLUND 31 +"Derrida targets precisely …perpetrating the better." (46-48) 32 + 33 +====Second, states require distinguishing between them and us in the constitution of the demos. Mouffe:==== 34 +"The Democratic Paradox" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 DD 35 +"In order to … and the ‘people’." (41-44) 36 + 37 +====Implications: ==== 38 + 39 + 40 +====Precedes idealized starting points. The belief in absolute purity is self-contradictory and justifies absolute violence. HÄGGLUND 2:==== 41 + 42 +"THE NECESSITY OF DISCRIMINATION DISJOINING DERRIDA AND LEVINAS" MARTIN HÄGGLUND 43 +"A possible objection …. of absolute violence." (49) 44 + 45 + 46 + 47 +==== Embracing radical difference requires we embrace precariousness in order to better understand the other. Butler 4==== 48 + 49 +Giving an Account of Oneself. Judith Butler. Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. UH-DD 50 +Can a new … opacity to themselves. 51 + 52 + 53 + 54 +====The advocacy is that countries ought to prohibit nuclear power through a phase-out. Germany is normal means. Evans 11:==== 55 +Stephen Evans, Berlin, 5-30-2011, "Germany: Nuclear power plants to close by 2022," BBC News, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13592208 56 +Germany's coalition … earthquake and tsunami. 57 + 58 +=Advantage 1 is Grievability= 59 + 60 + 61 +====First – Historically, Nuclear plants have been disproportionally placed near vulnerable and minority populations. Empirics prove. Cousins et. al 13:==== 62 +Cousins, Elicia, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta. "Environmental Justice." SpringerReference (2013): n. pag. Carleton. Carleton College. Web. 8 Aug. 2016. Col'JN 63 +Contrary to previous … population (Table 2). 64 + 65 + 66 +====Second, the nuclear industry has for a long time denied and manipulated the results gathered around nuclear energy to promote a "a little bit is good for you" agenda. Wareham:==== 67 +THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY: A HISTORY OF MISLEADING CLAIMS Author: Dr Sue Wareham OAM. Dr Sue Wareham OAM is President of the Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia). She is a general practitioner in Canberra. The author thanks Dr Jim Green, Prof Brian Martin, Dr Mark Diesendorf and Dr Peter Karamoskos for helpful advice on the initial draft of this paper. . 68 + 69 +The nuclear industry… secrecy often descends. 70 + 71 +====Impacts:==== 72 + 73 + 74 +====First, the state of being rendered ungrievable is more than just being oppressed. Non-grievability separates death from having any impact on a social relationship, which reduces agency to something outside of precariousness. Grievability is necessary to apprehended the vulnerability in our ontology. Butler 5:==== 75 + 76 +Over and against … from the start. 77 + 78 +. Our stance must impede upon the reproduction of this frame, which requires we recognize that nuclear power is inseparable from its norms of usage. Butler 6 79 +"Frames of War" by Judith Butler 2009 UH-DD 80 +"The frame that … of illegitimate authority?" 10-11 81 + 82 +=Advantage 2 is Condemnation= 83 +The nuclearization of society has enforced an epistemologically bankrupt mode of thinking. WISE 93: 84 +~~Environmental Racism and Nuclear Development By the WISE-Amsterdam Collective WISE News Communique; 387-388; March 28, 1993; www.antenna.nlwise; Accessed August 8 2016~~ 85 +Racism, by itself… different vantage point." 86 + 87 +====Second, Nuclear power is rooted in condemnation of other races. WISE 2:==== 88 + 89 +A nuclear society … and waste storage." 90 + 91 + 92 +====Third, condemnation, or categorizing and oppressing the other is a voting issue. Butler 7:==== 93 + 94 +Consider that one ... lives with impunity. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,172 @@ 1 +==Framework== 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +====Prefer non-ideal theory as a meta-ethical starting point: ==== 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 +====1. An ontology that recognizes differentiation in subjectivity is key. BUTLER: ==== 10 +(Judith Butler. 1992. "Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of "Postmodernism" Feminists Theorize the Political) 11 +"In a sense, the subject is constituted through an exclusion and differentiation, 12 + 13 +AND 14 + 15 +the point in which it is claimed to be prior to politics itself." 16 + 17 + 18 + 19 +====2. Key for ethical motivation. MILLS:==== 20 +Charles W. Mills, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology, 2005 ("Ideal Theory" as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD) 21 +"A first possible argument might be the simple denial that moral theory should have 22 + 23 +AND 24 + 25 +? Isn’t this, on the face of it, just completely implausible?" 26 + 27 + 28 + 29 +====3. Normative ideals aren’t created separately from the social norms that govern us because those influence what we can count as an ideal in the first place. MILLS 2:==== 30 +("Ideal Theory" as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD) 31 + "I suggest that this spontaneous reaction, far from being philosophically naïve or 32 + 33 +AND 34 + 35 +-as-idealized-model will never be achieved." (170) 36 + 37 + 38 + 39 +====4. This normalizes a single experience and epistemically skews ethical theorizing. MILLS 3:==== 40 +("Ideal Theory" as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD) 41 +"The crucial common claim—whether couched in terms of ideology and fetishism, 42 + 43 +AND 44 + 45 +level, the descriptive concepts arrived at may be misleading." (175) 46 + 47 + 48 + 49 +==== 50 +Thus the standard is resisting non-ideal structures.==== 51 + 52 + 53 + 54 +==Advocacy== 55 + 56 + 57 + 58 +====The squo has turned lower-level judges into adjudicators of constitutional law. Nielson 16:==== 59 +Nielson, Aaron and Walker, Christopher J., Strategic Immunity (April 11, 2016). Emory Law Journal, Vol. 66, pp. 55-122, 2016; Ohio State Public Law Working Paper No. 339; BYU Law Research Paper No. 16-13. 60 +The Supreme Court has struggled with this procedural puzzle. The solution the Justices have 61 + 62 +AND 63 + 64 +, the power to decide cases without clearly establishing any law is significant. 65 + 66 + 67 + 68 +====Thus the plan: The Supreme Court should limit qualified immunity through explicit clarification of a "clearly established right" and adopting immunity standards for police officers. Stefan 16:==== 69 +De Stefan, Lindsey, ""No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" July 26, 2016 70 +Of course, this is easier said than done. The Court has increasingly enlarged 71 + 72 +AND 73 + 74 +of the already-existing reasonableness standard, immunity may be inappropriate altogether. 75 + 76 + 77 + 78 +==Advantage 1 is Brutality== 79 + 80 + 81 + 82 +====Police brutality is getting worse in America as more police officers continue to be held unaccountable for their actions in scenarios that leave unarmed folk dead in the streets. King 15:==== 83 +Shaun, 9-22-15, ~~If you haven’t heard of Shaun King GTFO"Police brutality is getting worse and shows no signs of slowing down," Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2015/9/22/1423847/-Police-brutality-is-getting-worse-and-shows-no-signs-of-slowing-down 84 +Police brutality in America is getting worse—not better. That's not pessimism. 85 + 86 +AND 87 + 88 +. It's on our watch and we have to do something about it. 89 + 90 + 91 + 92 +====The problem is accountability – Police in America believe that their actions cannot be held accountable, giving them a true sense of "immunity". The root of police brutality is found in the lack of police accountability. HRW:==== 93 +Human Rights Watch. No Date. Shielded from Justice Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/police/ 94 +Police brutality is one of the most serious, enduring, and divisive human rights 95 + 96 +AND 97 + 98 +rights violations persist in large part because the accountability systems are so defective. 99 + 100 + 101 + 102 +====Qualified immunity is the tool used by the police state to take away any count of accountability. Immunity has gained the political power to let guilty cops go free. Stefan 2:==== 103 +Of course, the most outwardly evident and alarming problem with qualified immunity jurisprudence has been its cumulative erosion of law enforcement accountability. Perhaps Erwin Chemerinsky summarized it best when he noted that "~~i~~n recent years, the court has made it very difficult, and often impossible, to hold police officers and the governments that employ them accountable for civil rights violations."107 Many of the aforementioned procedural and substantive problems with the qualified immunity doctrine have contributed to what might be considered a deleterious byproduct. But recent Court decisions have also demonstrated a willingness to extend immunity in even the most egregious circumstances. 104 + 105 + 106 + 107 +====Plan solves for police accountability – immunity standards for police closes the "precedent" loophole that doesn’t let judges override qualified immunity in the squo. Stefan 3:==== 108 +By adopting different immunity standards for high-level and low-level officials, clarifying the vagueness surrounding the definition of a "clearly established" right, and acknowledging the real-world effects of indemnification, the Court can begin to repair some of the substantial flaws in its qualified immunity jurisprudence. As it does, it will permit more constitutional tort suits to succeed, thereby fostering law enforcement accountability. Because criminal liability is nearly impossible as a practical matter, and because strategies like improving police training and recruiting tactics will likely take years to effectively implement, civil suits are the (relatively) fastest way to demonstrate to the country that our officers are our guardians and that they are accountable to us. It is thus the most immediate way to rebuild trust and begin healing the citizenpolice relationship. 109 + 110 + 111 + 112 +==Advantage 2 is Relations== 113 + 114 + 115 + 116 +====Race relations in America have reached a boiling point – most recent polls show. Haas 10/6:==== 117 +Erika Haas, 10-6-2016, Townhall, http://townhall.com/tipsheet/erikahaas/2016/10/06/more-than-half-of-americans-think-race-relations-have-worsened-under-obama-n2228895 118 +Things aren’t looking good for Obama. According to a new CNN/ORC poll 119 + 120 +AND 121 + 122 +blacks, while only 1 percent say the system favors blacks over whites. 123 + 124 + 125 + 126 +====Poor relations are rooted in injustices for victims of police action. The squo has divided folks, and has let there for little justice done in an era of police violence. Cokley 15:==== 127 +Improving Race Relations in an Era of Police Brutality Kevin Cokley, Professor of Educational Psychology and African and African Diaspora Studies ~| June 18, 2015 news.utexas.edu/2015/06/18/improving-race-relations-in-an-era-of-police-brutality 128 + Many thought the election of Barack Obama as the first African American president would 129 + 130 +AND 131 + 132 +that the actions of police and white Americans are always motivated by racism. 133 + 134 + 135 + 136 +====Qualified immunity has angered the left and people of color as more police officers plead their "exclusive amendment" to get away with unjustified violence. Chamseddine 16:==== 137 +Roqayah Chamseddine, 7-1-2016, "The Black Struggle Against America’s Deification Of Police," Shadowproof, https://shadowproof.com/2016/07/11/black-struggle-americas-deification-police/ 138 +The language employed in defense of policing has afforded police officers and police departments a 139 + 140 +AND 141 + 142 +, or maintains order, is possibly the clearest example of this deification. 143 + 144 + 145 + 146 +====Race relations are key – the deaths of MLK and Emmett Till still reminds us that poor relations are what cause unjustified deaths and racism. Seabrook 16:==== 147 +Seabrook, Renita and Wyatt-Nichol, Heather (2016) "The Ugly Side of America: Institutional Oppression and Race," Journal of Public Management and Social Policy: Vol. 23: No. 1, Article 3. Available at: http://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/jpmsp/vol23/iss1/3 148 +Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968), eloquently stated, " 149 + 150 +AND 151 + 152 +noted in his description of the historical times in which both teenagers witnessed: 153 + 154 + 155 + 156 +==Underview== 157 + 158 + 159 + 160 +====1. Analytic / Changes ==== 161 + 162 +====2. Not working with the state cedes the political==== 163 +**Shaw 99**, professor of IR at the University of Sussex, 1999 (Martin, "The Unfinished Global Revolution: Intellectuals and the New Politics of International Relations", http://sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/unfinished.pdf) 164 +The mistakes in this passage are also twofold. First, the myth of globalisation 165 + 166 +AND 167 + 168 +sustaining local democracies, we have hardly begun to fashion a new agenda. 169 + 170 + 171 + 172 +====3. CX checks .==== - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,51 @@ 1 +Ought is defined as “to indicate something is probable” 2 +Prefer: 3 +1. analytic 4 +2. Analytic 5 +3. Analytic 6 + 7 +And - There many ways to interpret truth, that is dependent on how we frame action. The resolution is not a question of what the best framing is, but rather if the content of the statement is true under one. Rodl: Rödl, Sebastian. Self-Consciousness, Harvard University Press, 2007. pg. 71. 8 + 9 +This view is ...to p. 10 + 11 +Analytic 12 + 13 +I contend that the multiple worlds interpretation of metaphysics is true. The implication is that if MWI is true, then I have fulfilled my burden, as the resolution is a logical consequence. 14 + 15 +First – if MWI is true, you affirm. Monton: 16 + 17 +Fred is not ...hit a bullseye. 18 + 19 +Next is endless doppelgängers. Best estimates prove universe is infinite. Bostrom: 20 + 21 +In the standard ... review, see 2. 22 + 23 +Third – Endless repetition is guaranteed in an infinite universe. Greene: 24 + 25 +In an infinite ...cosmos—necessarily repeat. 26 + 27 +Fourth – Risk of MWI always out-weighs – key to avoiding quantum collapse. Vaidman: 28 + 29 +The reason for ... Pitowsky 2001. 30 + 31 + 32 +Underview 1 is Trivialism. 33 + 34 +Only trivialism avoids an infinite regress. Kabay 35 + 36 +Let us define ...nontrivial beings. 37 + 38 +Second, negating in a speech act has certain constraints. 39 +Kabay 2 40 + 41 +Denial is a speech ...components being present. 42 + 43 +The speech act of negating fails because even arguing for not trivialism is consistent with trivialism. 44 +Kabay 3 45 + 46 +But given that ...one can assert. 47 + 48 +Two impacts: A) there is no reason against trivialism, and B) it justifies affirming. 49 +Kabay 4 50 + 51 +In addition, the...of the trivialist. - EntryDate
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