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+AC |
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+AC – Hobbes |
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+First, our body is a condensed history of millions of years of mutations, and we continue to be vulnerable to the random laws of genetics. Random mutations create the inevitable conditions for evolution and explain the diversity of life. |
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+Haviland Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu |
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+“At the level of an individual, genetic traits are |
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+… |
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+and thus do not arise out of need for some new adaptation.” (Pg. 41) |
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+Second, our ability to experience the world and how we experience the world is specifically conditioned by evolution. Adaptive pressures refine sensory organs through time. |
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+Haviland 2 Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu |
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+“Adaptation to arboreal life involved changes in primates’ sensory organs. |
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+… |
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+This markedly improves their diet compared to most other mammals..” (Pg. 62-63) |
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+ |
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+Third, agency is specifically a question of evolution. The expansion of our brains was an adaptive response to the environment in early primate evolution. This created the conditions for self-reflection. |
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+Haviland 3 Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu |
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+An increase in brain size, particularly in the |
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+… |
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+cortex provides the biological basis for flexible behavior patterns found in all primates, including humans.” (Pg. 64) |
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+Fourth, speech and language are specifically conditioned by evolution. |
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+Haviland 4 Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu |
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+“Although we have no definitive evidence of Homo erectus’ linguistic abilities, indications of a developing symbolic life |
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+… |
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+—has taken on the characteristic large size seen in contemporary humans in fossil skulls dated to 500,000 years ago (Figure 7.13).” (Pg. 182-183) |
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+The evolution of our brains created the conditions for cultural adaptation. No longer did we have to wait generations to prevail environmental pressures. Through culture, we could overcome challenges that were not possible from a purely biology standpoint. |
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+Haviland 5 Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu UH-DD |
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+“Around this time, the brain size of our ancestors began to grow. |
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+… |
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+Debate within paleoanthropology often features the relationship between biological and cultural change.” (Pg. 167-168) |
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+Next, if cultural conflict is inevitable, then the sovereign must be the one defining meaning in the economy of violence to make the final discriminative judgement, otherwise we have absolute violence. |
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+Parrish Derrida`s Economy of Violence in Hobbes` Social Contract, Richard Parrish |
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+All of the foregoing pints to the conclusion that in the commonwealth the sovereign’s first and most fundamental job is to be the ultimate definer. |
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+… |
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+without which humans would “fly off in all directions” and fall inevitably into the violence of the natural condition. |
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+Thus, the standard is adhering to the will of the sovereign. |
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+1. The sovereign is impossible to avoid. All persons want to become meaning creators and eventually a sovereign will be formed. |
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+Parrish 2 Derrida`s Economy of Violence in Hobbes` Social Contract, Richard Parrish |
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+But even more significantly for his relationship with Derrida, Hobbes argues that in the state of nature persons must |
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+… |
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+less based on "one's sense of self-importance in comparison with others"46 or human nature as a creator of meaning. |
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+This outweighs- individuals are always ontologically self-interested, meaning we are key to ethical motivation. |
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+Mercer 01 In Defence of Weak Psychological Egoism.: Mark Mercer. Erkenntnis (1975-), Vol. 55, No. 2 (2001), pp. 217-23 |
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+To begin: To understand what another has done is both to have a particular sort of true description |
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+… |
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+force of the consideration that spurred action will remain beyond our ken, the action stemming from it unfathomable and inexplicable. |
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+2. Analytic- |
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+Advocacy: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. |
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+Next, the will of the sovereign is determined through the constitution. Theww warrants- |
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+First, the constitution is the will of the sovereign. In an economy of violence, they defined meaning and created the Constitution as the supreme law of the land. This means that the Constitution is the ultimate authority and applies whether you like it or not. |
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+The Constitution as ratified William Jackson (Secretary), signed by John Dickinson, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Edmund Randolph, James Madison, Roger Sherman, James Wilson, and George Wythe (Founding Fathers). Constitution. 1787 |
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+This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. |
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+Second, any public institution is uniquely constrained by the obligations of the Constitution- it asserts the meaning of morality according to the sovereign. |
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+The State Department 04 The Constitution of the United States of America." Almanac of Policy Issues. June 2004. Web. http://www.policyalmanac.org/government/archive/constitution.shtml |
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+It The Constitution establishes the form of the national government and defines the rights and liberties |
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+… |
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+and defines the powers delegated to the national government. In addition, it protects the powers reserved to the states and the rights |
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+ |
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+third, analyci. |
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+This affirms. |
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+1. analytic |
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+2. analytic |
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+The state cannot limit its own power. So, if the states power is affirmed through the constitution, then the state violating its own constitution would limit its authority. |
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+Agamben Agamben, Giorgio. “Homo Sacer – Sovereign Power and Bare Life”. |
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+The paradox of sovereignty consists in the fact the sovereign is, at the same time, |
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+… |
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+will become clear only once the structure of the paradox is grasped. Schmitt presents this structure as the structure of the exception (Ausnahme) |
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+3. Analytic |