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+====Moral evaluations must be character-based, not action-based.==== |
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+**Gryz '11** (Jarek, Prof in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at York University, "On the Relationship Between the Aretaic and the Deontic," Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 2011, 14:493–501, Springer) OS |
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+The way we use words 'good/bad' and 'right/wrong' seems |
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+AND |
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+attractive ethical theories seem to be much better off than the imperative ones. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The result is a virtue paradigm: ethics is a developmental social phenomenon that is established via inculcation.==== |
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+**Reader 2k **(Reader, Soren. ~~Late Professor of Philosophy, Durham University~~ "New Directions in Ethics: Naturalism, Reasons, and Virtue." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 3, No. 4, Dec. 2000.) |
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+Virtue is a free disposition to act in certain ways under certain conditions. Virtue |
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+AND |
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+to say about the skill of being moral, with what constitutes it. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+**====Because all action must contain an aim that seeks to achieve the ultimate good, the fulfillment of said purpose is Eudaimonia, or human flourishing, the constitutive function of an agent. ====** |
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+**Athanassoulis n.d.** (Nafsika, Keele University, "Virtue Ethics," IEP, http://www.iep.utm.edu/virtue/~~#SH2a) OS |
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+"Eudaimonia" is an Aristotelian term loosely (and inadequately) translated as happiness |
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+AND |
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+is an end in itself and a means to live and fare well. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+**====The actor is the state—public colleges and universities are founded and operated by the state.====** |
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+**Collegebound writes** "Differences Between Public and Private Universities and Liberal Arts Colleges" http://www.collegebound.net/content/article/differences-between-public-and-private-universities-and-liberal-arts-colleges/18529/ |
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+In the US, most public institutions are state universities founded and operated by state |
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+AND |
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+universities began as teacher training schools and eventually were expanded into comprehensive universities. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Thus the standard is promoting virtue. Because states are legal fictions created by individuals to ensure proper conditions, they have the obligation to promote a virtuous society.==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+**====Counterplan text: Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech except for symbolic speech protections for carrying guns.====** |
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+**KGC n.d.:** |
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+ About Us "Gun Lobby Threatens Safety of
America's Colleges and Universities" by The Campaign to Keep Guns Off Campus http://keepgunsoffcampus.org/about/ DD |
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+"America's colleges and universities are under attack from the gun lobby. Following mass |
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+AND |
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+campuses safer, and protect students, faculty, staff and the community." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====It's mutually exclusive—open carry is constitutionally protected symbolic speech.==== |
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+**Blanchfield '14** |
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+Blanchfield, Patrick ~~Freelance Writer; PhD in Comparative Literature, Emory University~~. "What do Guns Say?" The New York Times. 04 May 2014. https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/04/what-do-guns-say/. |
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+According to open carry advocates, their presence in public space represents more than just |
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+AND |
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+demonstration. The state's clear interest in maintaining public order can be narrowly satisfied |
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+ |
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+ |
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+**====Gun ownership creates a cynical worldview that promotes intellectual and social vices, causes racism, kills compassion, and inhibits communal bonds that are key to flourishing====** |
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+**Trivigno '13** (Franco, philosophy professor at Marquette University, "Guns and Virtue: The Virtue Ethical Case against Gun Carrying," Public Affairs Quarterly Vol. No. 4 October 2013, https://www.academia.edu/4778227/Guns_and_Virtue_The_Virtue_Ethical_Case_against_Gun_Carrying_Public_Affairs_Quarterly_2013_) OS |
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+In this section, I turn my attention to the core belief that underlies the |
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+AND |
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+weaken trust and the community bonds that help to make a society flourish. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+**====Guns inhibit social trust, which is a necessary virtue, and harms relationships that are key to flourishing—I control uniqueness====** |
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+**Trivigno '13** (Franco, philosophy professor at Marquette University, "Guns and Virtue: The Virtue Ethical Case against Gun Carrying," Public Affairs Quarterly Vol. No. 4 October 2013, https://www.academia.edu/4778227/Guns_and_Virtue_The_Virtue_Ethical_Case_against_Gun_Carrying_Public_Affairs_Quarterly_2013_) OS |
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+Habitual gun carrying seems not only to manifest social distrust, but to contribute to |
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+AND |
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+and just accept the kind of society that Aristotle would regard as uncivilized. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Independent of the CP, restricting speech in academic setting supports civic virtues.==== |
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+**Byrne 91** ~~J. Peter Byrne, Georgetown University Law, 1991, "Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University", The Georgetown Law Journal, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2592andcontext=facpub~~ AG |
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+The university's relationship to the speech of its members is fundamentally different from the state's |
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+AND |
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+justification for university regulation of speech beyond the curriculum has been insufficiently studied. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====CP turns case:==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~a~~ The mere presence of guns on campus undermines effective free discussion.==== |
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+**PHW 14**: (public Health Watch Keeping an Eye on the Public Impact of Modern Politics "Point Blank: Guns Don't Belong On College Campuses – Here's Why" March 2014) |
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+"In order to foster a healthy learning environment at America's colleges and universities, |
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+AND |
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+the open exchange of ideas that is so critical to the college experience." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~b~~ Gun violence is deadly and racialized==== |
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+**Peniel '15** (Joseph Peniel, Reporter for Newsweek, "Guns Have Been the Most Dramatic Weapon Used Against African-Americans, but Not the Most Effective," Newsweek, 6/23, http://www.newsweek.com/guns-have-been-most-dramatic-weapon-used-against-african- americans-not-most-346101) |
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+African-American veterans returned from World War I with a renewed militancy that helped |
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+AND |
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+racial terror and white power—that has always been backed by guns. |