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+====Moral evaluations are characterized by a split between the deontic and the aretaic. Deontic theories ascribe moral descriptions to actions, while aretaic theories ascribe moral descriptions to agents. The deontic can be deduced from the aretaic, but not vice versa—that means the aretaic is conceptually prior. ==== |
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+**Gryz '11** (Jarek, Prof in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at York University, "On the Relationship Between the Aretaic and the Deontic," Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 2011, 14:493–501, Springer) OS |
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+The way we use words 'good/bad' and 'right/wrong' seems |
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+AND |
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+attractive ethical theories seem to be much better off than the imperative ones. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The result is a virtue paradigm: ethics is a developmental social phenomenon that is established via inculcation. This does not presuppose descriptive normative claims.==== |
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+**Reader 2k **(Reader, Soren. ~~Late Professor of Philosophy, Durham University~~ "New Directions in Ethics: Naturalism, Reasons, and Virtue." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 3, No. 4, Dec. 2000.) |
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+Virtue is a free disposition to act in certain ways under certain conditions. Virtue |
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+AND |
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+to say about the skill of being moral, with what constitutes it. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+**====Next, virtues are characteristics and habits that assist agents in fulfilling their purposes. ** For the state, that means inculcating civic virtues—the perfection of the state requires civic virtue.==== |
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+**Aristotle 50** ~~Aristotle, man who wrote extensively about bees, 350 BCE, "Politics", http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.3.three.html~~ AG bracketed for gender |
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+There is a point nearly allied to the preceding: Whether the virtue of a |
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+AND |
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+why the two kinds of virtue cannot be absolutely and always the same. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+**====The actor is the state—public colleges and universities are founded and operated by the state.====** |
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+**Collegebound writes** "Differences Between Public and Private Universities and Liberal Arts Colleges" http://www.collegebound.net/content/article/differences-between-public-and-private-universities-and-liberal-arts-colleges/18529/ |
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+In the US, most public institutions are state universities founded and operated by state |
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+AND |
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+universities began as teacher training schools and eventually were expanded into comprehensive universities. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Thus, the standard is promoting civic virtue.==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Counterplan text: Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech except for symbolic speech protections for carrying guns.==== |
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+**KGC n.d.:** |
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+ About Us "Gun Lobby Threatens Safety of
America's Colleges and Universities" by The Campaign to Keep Guns Off Campus http://keepgunsoffcampus.org/about/ DD |
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+"America's colleges and universities are under attack from the gun lobby. Following mass |
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+AND |
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+campuses safer, and protect students, faculty, staff and the community." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Gun ownership creates a cynical worldview that promotes intellectual and social vices, causes racism, kills compassion, and inhibits communal bonds that are key to flourishing==== |
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+**Trivigno '13** (Franco, philosophy professor at Marquette University, "Guns and Virtue: The Virtue Ethical Case against Gun Carrying," Public Affairs Quarterly Vol. No. 4 October 2013, https://www.academia.edu/4778227/Guns_and_Virtue_The_Virtue_Ethical_Case_against_Gun_Carrying_Public_Affairs_Quarterly_2013_) OS |
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+In this section, I turn my attention to the core belief that underlies the |
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+AND |
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+weaken trust and the community bonds that help to make a society flourish. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The mere existence of privately owned guns is a means of shutting down democratic deliberation.==== |
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+FIRMIN DEBRABANDER 12 ~~associate professor of philosophy at the Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore and the author of "Spinoza and the Stoics"~~, "The Freedom of an Armed Society", NY Times, 16 Dec 2012, BE |
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+Individual gun ownership — and gun violence — has long been a distinctive feature of |
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+AND |
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+-violent nature of protest in this country ensures that it can occur. |