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+====Constructivism is true—moral facts aren't "out there" to be found but linguistic categories created by humans for humans.==== |
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+**Parrish** Parrish, Rick. "Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract" Theory and Event 7:4 ~| © 2004 |
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+"For Hobbes truth is a function of logic and language, not of the |
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+AND |
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+regarding whether or not a specific situation fits a commonly-held definition." |
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+ |
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+====There is no higher moral purpose for the state—rather, it's a product of contractual necessity==== |
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+**Koch** Andrew M. Koch, "Dionysian Politics: The Anarchist Implications of Nietzsche's Critique of Western Epistemology" I am not Man, I am Dynamite!: Fredriech Nietzsche and the Anarchist Tradition, ed. John Moore |
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+Following his general genealogical methodology, Nietzsche seeks explanations for the existing social and political |
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+AND |
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+and structure. The practice of politics is the application of that illusion. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====That means absolute sovereignty—it's incoherent for the sovereign to be subject to laws because then it wouldn't be sovereign.==== |
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+**Hobbes** Thomas — philosopher, historian, ethicist, geometrician, squarer of the circle — Leviathan, selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668, ed. w/ intro by Edwin Curley, Hackett. p. 213 |
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+XXIX ~~9~~ A fourth opinion repugnant to the nature of a commonwealth is |
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+AND |
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+and so continually without end, to the confusion and dissolution of the commonwealth |
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+ |
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+====Thus, the standard is consistency with the Hobbesian social contract. This means we must respect sovereign authority.==== |
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+====Additionally:==== |
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+**====~~1~~ Absolute power is key to avoid the problem of private judgment. Widespread ethical disagreement creates disarray – everyone has a different conception of how political systems should be built and what policies should be passed. Only submission to an absolute sovereign solves ====** |
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+**Renzo** MASSIMO RENZO STATE LEGITIMACY AND SELF-DEFENCE (Accepted 4 May 2011) |
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+As Gregory Kavka has persuasively argued, there are at least three kinds of reasons |
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+AND |
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+an important sense there can be no justice in the state of nature. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~2~~ Prefer political philosophy because it grounds our theories in reality and the political convictions we already hold. That guarantees a starting point and avoids regress==== |
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+**Lloyd** SA Lloyd, moral/political/legal philosopher and Hobbesian expert, "Learning from the History of Political Philosophy" http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118328460.ch30/summary |
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+We can see all four of these roles being carried out in Rawls's political philosophy |
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+AND |
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+of Negro slavery, allow for the progressive evolution of our political culture. |
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+ |
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+====I contend limiting QI is inconsistent with sovereign authority.==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Sovereign can do whatever it wants, so the aff is at best permissible.==== |
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+**Hobbes 68** Thomas — philosopher, historian, ethicist, geometrician, squarer of the circle — Leviathan, selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668, ed. w/ intro by Edwin Curley, Hackett. p. 133 |
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+This is absolute power, and summed up in the last words "you shall |
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+AND |
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+which rules are laws; and therefore in him is the legislative power. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Only enforcement solves for the state of nature created by crime==== |
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+**OJP 16 **Office of Justice Programs (Agency of the Department of Justice). "Five Things About Deterrence." National Institute of Justice. 6 June 2016. http://nij.gov/five-things/pages/deterrence.aspx ~~Premier~~ |
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+Does punishment prevent crime? If so, how, and to what extent? |
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+AND |
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+"chasten" individuals convicted of crimes, and prisons may exacerbate recidivism. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Litigation hamstrings the police==== |
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+**King 16 **Andrew King (Assistant Prosecuting Attorney). "Keep Qualified Immunity… For Now." Mimesis Law. 1 July 2016. http://mimesislaw.com/fault-lines/keep-qualified-immunity-for-now/11010 ~~Premier~~ |
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+Plus, qualified immunity, along with other mechanisms, prevents and screens out a |
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+AND |
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+. Let's figure out a better one before tearing down the old one. |