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+====The aff can't defend a limitation on qualified immunity only as a state of affairs—they have to defend it as a policy action.==== |
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+===="United States ought to" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means==== |
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+**Ericson '03** (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater's Guide, Third Edition, p. 4) |
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+The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains |
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+AND |
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+compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. |
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+====First — Deliberation Skills. Topicality facilitates a process of successive debates that develops important skills and fosters appreciation for multiple perspectives. Abandoning the topic forecloses the educational and democratic benefits of debate. ==== |
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+**Lundberg 10** — Christian O. Lundberg, Associate Professor of Rhetoric in the Department of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, holds a Ph.D. in Communication Studies from Northwestern University, 2010 ("The Allred Initiative and Debate Across the Curriculum: Reinventing the Tradition of Debate at North Carolina," Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century, Edited by Allan D. Louden, Published by the International Debate Education Association, ISBN 9781617700293, p. 299) |
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+In response to the first critique, which ultimately reduces to the claims that debate |
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+AND |
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+a problem as possible, and for translating them into publically useful positions. |
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+====Second — Constructive Constraints. Absolute affirmative flexibility leaves the negative without meaningful ground to advance well-developed counter-arguments. Establishing boundaries is important because they spur imagination and innovation, improving the quality of debates. ==== |
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+**Thomas and Brown 11** — Douglas Thomas, Associate Professor in the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California, founding member of the Critical and Cultural Studies division of the National Communication Association, holds a Ph. D. in Communication from the University of Minnesota, and John Seely Brown, Visiting Scholar and Adviser to the Provost at the University of Southern California, independent cochairman of the Deloitte Center for the Edge, former Chief Scientist and Director of the Palo Alto Research Center at Xerox, holds a Ph.D. in Computer and Communication Sciences from the University of Michigan, 2011 ("A Tale of Two Cultures," A New Culture of Learning: Cultivating the Imagination for a World of Constant Change, Published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN 1456458884, p. 35) |
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+Learning Environments We believe, however, that learning should be viewed in terms of |
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+AND |
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+are substrates for evolution, and they move at varying rates of speed. |
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+ |
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+====Debaters quit—if the aff is a valuable discussion at all then quitting is even worse since debate is a valuable forum==== |
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+**Spiece '03** (Speice and Lyle Patrick Speice, Debater at Wake Forest University, and Jim Lyle, Director of Debate at Clarion University, 2003, "Traditional Policy Debate: Now More Than Ever," Debater's Research Guide, Available Online at http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/ MiscSites/DRGArticles/SpeiceLyle2003htm.htm, Accessed 09-11-2005) |
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+As with any game or sport, creating a level playing field that affords each |
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+AND |
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+field that makes the game of debate fun and educational for all participants. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Engaging the state good==== |
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+**Coverstone 5 **~~MBA (Alan, Acting on Activism) |
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+An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of |
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+AND |
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+that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today. |