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+===fw=== |
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+**====There must be a right to set ends, otherwise ethics is incoherent since it assumes subjects deliberate between multiple possible courses of action. However, to prevent this right from becoming contingent, we must have a conception of property.====** |
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+**Buck '87** (Wayne, Yale, "Kant's Justification of Private Property." In New Essays on Kant. Ed. den Ouden, 227-244.) OS |
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+(1) Because human beings have the right to pursue their ends (i |
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+AND |
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+-365~~). Let us call this intelligible or 'noumenal' relation "ownership." |
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+**====Next, property requires the existence of the general will—rights in the state of nature are provisional, and disputes could only be resolved through unilateral coercion. That means the state is legitimate in coercively enforcing rights claims.====** |
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+**Korsgaard '08 **(Christine, "Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Kant on the Right to Revolution," in The Constitution of Agency: Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology) OS bracketed for gender |
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+Kant also believes that there is a sense in which we have rights in the |
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+AND |
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+, is to settle the particular dispute in question in some lawful way. |
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+====This outweighs:==== |
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+====~~A~~ Property rights must be determined a priori, as possession is abstracted from empirical circumstance.==== |
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+**Kant** (Immanuel, The Metaphysics of Morals, Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy 2nd edition, edited by Mary Gregor, 1996, 1797) OS |
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+The concept of merely rightful possession is not an empirical concept (dependent upon conditions |
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+AND |
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+which they would not otherwise have, to refrain from using the object. |
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+ |
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+====And, that means the coercive general will is key—unilateral wills cannot make conclusive rights claims since they are bound contingently rather than a priori.==== |
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+**Kant** (Immanuel, The Metaphysics of Morals, Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy 2nd edition, edited by Mary Gregor, 1996, 1797) OS |
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+No insight can be had into the possibility of acquiring in this way, nor |
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+AND |
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+and so too possible for any external object to be mine or yours. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Thus, the standard is maintaining a system of equal outer freedom. ==== |
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+===advocacy=== |
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+ |
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+====I defend the resolution as a general principle. If they wish, I'm willing to specify any country or set of countries that currently has nuclear power. I can also specify either immediate decommissioning or a 10-year phase-out.==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===contention=== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====First is environmental justice:==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~A~~ Even standard nuclear power production causes health problems.==== |
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+**Perrow 13** ~~Charles Perrow, emeritus professor of sociology at Yale University and visiting professor at Stanford University, "Nuclear denial: From Hiroshima to Fukushima," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 2013~~ bracketed for grammar |
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+Even the normal operation of a nuclear power plant is expected to release some radiation |
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+AND |
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+increases of 14 percent to 21 percent (Baker and Hoel, 2007). |
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+ |
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+ |
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+**====~~B~~ Nuclear production requires racism. ====** |
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+**WISE 93 ~~**Environmental Racism and Nuclear Development By the WISE-Amsterdam Collective WISE News Communique; 387-388; March 28, 1993; www.antenna.nlwise; Accessed August 8 2016~~ |
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+A nuclear society cannot exist without racism. It is impossible to even imagine a |
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+AND |
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+, and ends on those same lands with weapons testing and waste storage." |
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+ |
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+**====~~C~~ Uranium mining is harmful and disproportionately affects oppressed communities.====** |
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+**PSR 16 ~~**"Dirty, Dangerous And Expensive: The Truth About Nuclear Power". 2016.Psr.Org. Accessed August 8 2016. http://www.psr.org/chapters/washington/resources/nuclear-power-factsheet.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/~~ |
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+Uranium, which must be removed from the ground, is used to fuel nuclear |
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+AND |
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+does not produce tailings but it does threaten contamination of groundwater water supplies. |
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+====~~2~~ Nuclear power amounts to deriving personal benefit at the cost of future generations. This treats individuals as mere means.==== |
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+**Routley and Routley '78** (Richard and Val, Plumwood Mountain, "Nuclear energy and obligations to the future," Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 21:1-4, 133-179, TandF) OS |
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+Given the enormous costs which could be involved for the future, it is plainly |
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+AND |
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+to its desire to protect the interests of those who benefit from them. |
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+====~~3~~ The nature of property rights is such that consuming finite, non-renewable resources like uranium is self-contradictory. This is a violation of freedom for which coercive restriction is a legitimate response.==== |
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+**Ataner '12** (KANT ON FREEDOM, PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. ATTILA ATANER, B.A., J.D. McMaster University MASTER OF ARTS (2012) Hamilton, Ontario (Philosophy). https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/12678/1/fulltext.pdf) OS |
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+Now, at this stage I reiterate my basic claim, per the environmentalist agenda |
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+AND |
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+first place, then some form of legal sanction ought to be applied.) |
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+ |
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+====~~4~~ Nuclear power requires government subsidies—that subjects individuals' means to the ends of the state.==== |
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+**Schneider et al 11** |
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+Mycle – consultant and project coordinator, Antony Frogatt – consultant, Steve Thomas – prof of energy policy @ Greenwich University, "Nuclear Power in a Post-Fukushima World 25 Years After the Chernobyl Accident" World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2010-11, http://www.worldnuclearreport.org/IMG/pdf/2011MSC-WorldNuclearReport-V3.pdf ~~Bob~~ |
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+The economics of nuclear power are such that government subsidies are almost always required to |
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+AND |
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+, will be impossible for most SENES ~~emerging nuclear~~ states."6 |