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+====Empiricism is key to avoid regress==== |
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+**Richards '86** (Robert, "A Defense of Evolutionary Ethics," Biology and Philosophy) bracketed for offensive language |
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+This brief discussion of justification of ethical principles indicates how the concept of justification must |
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+AND |
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+empirical appeal. So moral principles ultimately can be justified only by facts. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Moral disagreement means epistemic reliability must be the starting point for ethics.==== |
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+Neil **Sinhababu '13** The Epistemic Argument for Hedonism, Associate Professor of Philosophy, National University of Singapore, Meta-Ethics, Philosophy of Action, Nietzsche, National University of Singapore |
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+While widespread error leaves open the possibility that one has true beliefs, it reduces |
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+AND |
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+. (Thus the pronoun 'we' in 3, 6, and 8.) |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====That means util—phenomenal introspection is most epistemically reliable.==== |
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+Neil **Sinhababu '13** The Epistemic Argument for Hedonism, Associate Professor of Philosophy, National University of Singapore, Meta-Ethics, Philosophy of Action, Nietzsche, National University of Singapore |
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+Even though phenomenal introspection only tells me about my own phenomenal states, I can |
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+AND |
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+favors the kind of universal hedonism that supports utilitarianism, not egoistic hedonism. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Thus, the standard is maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Impact framing —- moral uncertainty necessitates minimizing existential risk==== |
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+**Bostrom '05** (Nick, professor of philosophy at Oxford~~, July 2005, "On our Biggest Problems" http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/44) PO |
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+Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know |
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+AND |
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+of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. |