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+Crime is at an all time law, and has been steadily falling. |
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+Brook and Roeder ’15 Lauren-Brook Eisen, Olivery Roerder; “America’s Faulty Perception of Crime Rates;” Brennan Center for Justice at New York Univeristy School of Law; March 16, 2015 |
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+Today, the national ... decreased alcohol consumption. |
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+ |
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+Threat of litigation causes paralyzed police action. |
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+Homer C. Hawkins (Associate Professor, School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University) and Catherine Montsinger (Assistant Professor, Criminology, Johnson C. Smith University). “Po- lice and Civil Liability: A Practical Guide to Avoiding Litigation.” Law Enforcement Executive Fo- rum • 2007 • 7(1). |
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+Litigaphobia, also referred ... litigation may present. |
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+ |
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+Threat of litigation is high and harms police morale. |
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+Rosen ‘05 Michael M. Rosen (Attorney in San Diego at Fish and Richardson PC, an intellectual property law firm; JD, Harvard Law). “A Qualified Defense: In Support of the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity in Excessive Force Cases, With Some Suggestions for its Improvement.” 35 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. (2005). |
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+This effect dovetails ... of dangerous suspects. |
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+ |
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+Litigation prevents police from upholding the law. |
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+Boutwell ‘79 Paul Boutwell (Special Agent, Legal Counsel Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation). “Qual- ified Immunity of Law Enforcement Officiais.” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. January 1979. |
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+There is no ... by nothing less. |
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+ |
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+Studies show police perceive litigation as hindering job performance |
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+Ferdik ‘13 Frank V. Ferdik (Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice; University of South Carolina). “Perception is Reality: A Qualitative Approach to Understanding Police Officer Views on Civil Liability.” Working Paper No 49, August 2013. |
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+Civil litigation against ... perform their function. |
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+ |
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+Wills and Quail ’06 John Wills,Jeff Quail; “The Emerging Trend of Criminal Complacency;” Officer.com; November 6, 2006 |
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+"Litigaphobia," the irrational ... in their behavior. |
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+ |
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+Crime inherently causes poverty- multiple levels to solve for. |
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+Lippman, ‘91. (Theo, author of Spiro Agnew’s America and Editor at the Baltimore Sun. March 30, 1991.) DOA: 7/6/15. BALTIMORE SUN. “Poverty Doesn’t cause crime. Crime Causes Poverty.” |
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+POVERTY DOESN'T cause ... or replacing property." |
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+ |
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+Poverty is the deadliest form of structural violence – it is equivalent to an ongoing nuclear war. |
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+Gilligan, 96’ James, Former Director of Mental Health for the Massachusetts Prison System, Violence, p. JW |
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+In other words ... throughout the world. |