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+To negate is defined "as to deny the existence, evidence, or truth of." ((http://www.dictionary.com/browse/negate)) |
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+Thus the burden of proof is on the affirmative to demonstrate an obligation to change speech codes. |
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+I value institutional obligations. A functional ought is the only way to have a coherent system of value. |
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+Smith summarizes Thompson (ON NORMATIVITY MICHAEL SMITH https://www.princeton.edu/~msmith/mypapers/On20Normativity.pdf) |
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+brackets in original |
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+"Thomson argues for (i) by the elimination of alternatives. Something's being a good K1 can't just amount to its being good and a K1 because, if it did, it would follow from something's being a good K1 and its being a K2 that it is a good K2, whereas that does not follow: a good tennis player who plays chess need not be a good chess player (pp.3-6). The obvious diagnosis, here, is that judgements of goodness are made relative to the kind in question: a good K is good qua K. Thomson then argues for (ii) on the grounds that, when we unpack the idea of something's being good qua K, what we discover is that "being a K … must itself set the standards that a K has to meet if it is to be good qua K" (p.21). This is what it is for K to be a goodness-fixing kind. Being a chess player, for example, itself sets the standards for being a good chess player, so being a chess player is a goodness-fixing kind." |
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+And universities aren't moral actors. A precondition to moral action is intentionality; individuals aren't responsible for actions they're not capable of being aware that they are taking. However, a college itself cannot have moral intentions since: a) They are made up of many people who all possess different viewpoints and have no unified consciousness b) colleges are only structures with positions that are constantly changing. Thus any non-functional interpretation makes the resolution illogical - we can only use ethics to evaluate moral actors. |
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+The function of colleges is to provide effective education. |
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+Petrache '14 (An opinion article by Horia I. Petrache, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN 46202 February 22, 2014) |
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+"College is called ... College does that." |
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+Thus I contend that speech codes are necessary for colleges to be consistent with their function to educate. There are well established checks for academic speech - we need to give universities the ability to set policies otherwise libertarian interference causes our education system to collapse. |
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+Byrne '04 (J. Peter Byrne, "THE THREAT TO CONSTITUTIONAL ACADEMIC FREEDOM", Journal of College and University Law 2004 JL) |
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+"As a lawyer ... more libertarian values." |
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+We need restrictions on academic speech for effective education - eg we wouldn't want a physics professor who claimed that the world was flat or an anthropologist who argued in favor of racism. |