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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,38 @@ 1 +I value morality since the word ‘ought’ in the resolution implies moral obligation. Morality is defined as the degree to which something is right or good. 2 + 3 +My value criterion is consistency with international law. International law is defined as the body of law that governs the legal relations among nations. Prefer this for several reasons. 4 + 5 +1. Consistency with international law is the only way to escape moral disagreement and allows people to have universal morals. Don Loeb, a professor of philosophy, writes. 6 +Leob, D, “Moral Realism and the Argument From Disagreement” (June 1998), Springer, Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4320853.pdf?acceptTC=true 7 +The argument from...fundamental moral principles. 8 + 9 +Analytics 10 + 11 +3. Unless we have international law to govern our morals, people just value themselves and their desires the most, instead of valuing the right and moral action. Rick Parrish explains. 12 +Parrish, Rick. “Derrida’s Economy of Violence in Hobbes’ Social Contract”. Theory and Event. Volume 7, Issue 4. 2005. 13 +"For Hobbes truth...affects everybody equally. 14 + 15 +Thus, I contend that public colleges and universities in the United States ought to restrict any constitutionally protected speech in order to be consistent with international law. 16 + 17 +Contention 1: Hate Speech 18 + 19 +Hate speech is protected by the Constitution, despite misunderstandings of exceptions of the First Amendment. Eugene Volokh, of the Washington Post, explains. 20 +Eugene Volokh, Washington Post, 5-7-2015, "No, there’s no “hate speech” exception to the First Amendment," https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/07/no-theres-no-hate-speech-exception-to-the-first-amendment/?utm_term=.fe32733b13d3 21 +I keep hearing...of “hate speech.” 22 + 23 +International law banned hate propoganda. Mari Matsuda, an associate professor of law, says. 24 +Mari Matsuda (Associate Professor of Law, University of Hawaii, the William S. Richardson School of Law), "Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story," Michigan Law Review, 1989 http://www.jstor.org.shs-13.scarsdaleschools.k12.ny.us:2048/stable/pdf/1289306.pdf 25 +The international community...doomed to failure. 26 + 27 +Analytics 28 + 29 +Contention 2: Democracy 30 +Hate speech violates the fundamental principals of democracy by violation rights of equality, freedom, and religion. Cherian George writes. 31 +Cherian, Geroge, 11-1-2016, "Rescuing democracy from the harms of hate speech," openDemocracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/cherian-george/rescuing-democracy-from-harms-of-hate-speech 32 +These groups’ hate...right to expect. 33 + 34 +And, international law is in approval of democracy. Steven Wheatley, a writer for the European Journal of International Law, explains. 35 +Steven Wheatley, 5-1-2011, "Democratic Rule of International Law," No Publication, https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/22/2/525/540655/A-Democratic-Rule-of-International-Law 36 +Democratic legitimacy for...governance through law. 37 + 38 +Analytics - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,19 @@ 1 +The notion of free speech assumes that all voices are equally treated, when in reality power inequities shape who can speak what. Boler 2k 2 +Megan Boler Professor in the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto and editor of Digital Media and Democracy), "All Speech is Not Free: The Ethics of "Affirmative Action Pedagogy," Philosophy of Education, 2000 3 +All speech is...limiting dominant voices. 4 + 5 +Free exchange of ideas is outweighed by need for direct action – anything else accepts racism, neoliberalism, and economic inequality as the norm. Tillett-Saks 13 6 + Andrew Tillett-Saks (organizer with UNITE HERE Local 217), "Neoliberal Myths," Counterpunch, 11/7/2013 7 +The twofold argument...always proved necessary. 8 + 9 +Racism must be rejected in every instance without surcease. It justifies atrocities, and is truly the capital sin. Memmi 2k 10 + Albert, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris, Albert (RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165) 11 +The struggle against...stakes are irresistible. 12 + 13 +Our alternative is a historicized ethics that reveals the racial contradictions within the law, empowering marginalized voices to overcome current problematic discourse. Boler 2k 14 + Megan Boler (Professor in the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto and editor of Digital Media and Democracy), "All Speech is Not Free: The Ethics of "Affirmative Action Pedagogy," Philosophy of Education, 2000 15 +JUSTIFICATIONS FOR HISTORICIZED...within our communities.”7 16 + 17 +Colleges are uniquely key to challenging racism. Gordon and Johnson 95 18 + Jill Gordon (Charles A. Dana Professor of Philosophy, Colby College) and Markus Johnson, "Race, Speech, and a Hostile Educational Environment: What Color Is Free Speech?" Journal of Social Philosophy, 2003 19 +From racially motivated...threatens democracy itself. - EntryDate
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